Chapter 10 HIS131
Which type of publication first began to be produced in the late 1820s?
"alternative" newspapers, such as labor and abolitionist publications
The Second Bank of the United States was created..?
by Congress in 1816, with the support of President Madison.
What group did all of the Presidential candidates in 1824 run with/as and why?
-Democratic-Republicans -Because the Federalists ceased to be a strong party at this point.
Causes of the Panic of 1837 and outcome of it in terms of politics
-Jackson's Specie Circular (a rule that made western land sales be conducted using gold or silver only) -Lowering cotton prices -Jackson was not favored anymore by the public, and Van Buren became president during the next election.
Scandals during Jackson's Presidency
-The rotation in office with loyalists to Jackson stealing money, which was seen as the spoils system -The Petticoat Affair
Differences between the parties
-Whigs were wealthier people who believed in the federal government being directly involved in improving the nation -Democrats were more common people and wanted a smaller role for the government
Alexis de Tocqueville
A French aristocrat who came to America and wrote about the marvels of the amount of democracy present, but also on the fact that he believed democracy would overthrow all monarchies.
"Bucktail" Republicans
A NY faction named because members wore a deer's tail on their hats; gained political power by cultivating loyalty to the will of the majority. They emphasized pragmatic approaches to things and helped amend the state constitution to eliminate the spoils system
Worcester v. Georgia
A Supreme Court case where a Christian missionary was thrown in jail because he lived with Natives, but in the end the judge ruled in favor of Worcester.
Tyranny of the Majority
A concept Tocqueville believed would rise up in America where the opinions and beliefs of the majority would completely overrun and overshadow anything regarding the minorities.
The Whigs
A new political party that formed in response to what some people saw as tyranny from Jackson. Even though they did not win the first election they competed in, they believed in a strong federal government whose job is to better the people
Black Hawk's War
A war in which some Natives, led by Chief Black Hawk, attempted to get their land back by fighting White settlers. In the end, the Natives did not get their territory back.
Which occurred during the election of 1828?
Adams's supporters questioned the morality of Andrew Jackson's wife, Rachel.
1830 Indian Removal Act
An act made by the all-around hatred for Natives that called for the Five Civilized Tribes to be relocated out West. The Natives took their case to the Supreme Court, but nothing could be done since the Natives didn't meet the requirements to be called their own separate nation.
In the presidential election of 1824, who received the most votes but failed to win a majority of either the popular or electoral votes, thus requiring the House of Representatives to elect a president?
Andrew Jackson
How were all Native Americans depicted by White people?
As ruthless, uncivilized savages
1840 Election
Both parties presented their candidates (D=Jackson, W=Harrison) as heros, but the Democrats launched the Log Cabin Campaign in an attempt to make Harrison look bad, but in the end the Whig's hard work caused Harrison to win in the first modern election
In what way was the 1840 Whig campaign for president similar to recent presidential campaigns?
Both stressed that the presidential candidate can relate to the average citizen.
The Bank War
Congress approved a second national bank for the U.S. but many, including Jackson, viewed it as a way to promote the wealthy as only paper money was being given out. When the bank was supposed to be renewed, Jackson vetoed it in order to "protect the people" and it helped him win his re-election.
American System
Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements, such as improving and making roads; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. President Quincy Adams was in support of all of these.
Universal Manhood Suffrage
Giving all adult men the right to vote, whether they owned property or not. This was mostly believed by the lower and middle class and this idea helped reform many state constitutions.
What was the primary reason Andrew Jackson opposed the Bank of the United States?
He believed that no institution should possess such concentrated power and economic privilege, unaccountable to the people.
1828 Campaign
In this campaign, supporters of Jackson worked to make Adams and his colleagues look like awful people. Both candidates were at each other's throats. Jackson ended up winning by a landslide and the Democrats finally took office.
Kitchen Cabinet
Informal advisors that were loyal to Jackson even after the Petticoat affair. These people included Van Buren.
Which of the following represents Andrew Jackson's position on the Second Bank of the United States?
It was an unacceptable concentration of power and economic privilege.
Which president's vision for America most resembled Alexander Hamilton's plans?
John Quincy Adams's
What argument does "The Memorial of the Non-Freeholders of the City of Richmond" make against the policy of granting the right to vote only to those who own property?
Land ownership is not evidence of superior intelligence or moral judgement.
What did the tariffs of 1832 and 1833 do?
Lower the price of the tariffs to try to appease the South, but only the 1833 one was partially successful in doing this.
In terms of voting, what was land ownership replaced by to ensure most White men could vote but African-Americans could not?
Minor tax-paying requirements for all, Skin color in general, or property requirements for POC
What is true about race in the mid-nineteenth-century United States?
Race replaced class as the boundary between men who enjoyed political freedom and those who did not.
What was a broadly accepted idea in the United States in the 1830s that was also a departure from Western thought?
Sovereignty belongs to the mass of ordinary citizens.
Election of 1824
No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain." This is considered a turning point in politics because the people's vote mattered for the first time in an election.
Petticoat Affair/Peggy O'Neal
Peggy O'Neal was a married socialite who was known to have relations with another man and, after her husband committed suicide, she married the other man (John Eaton) with Jackson's support. This divided Jackson's supporters into people who believed she was a low-class member of society (such as VP Calhoun) and those who were okay with her, such as Jackson (for personal reasons).
Which was a result of the Panic of 1819?
Some states suspended debt collections.
Which state was the only one to support nullification?
South Carolina
Tariff of Abominations
Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored/protected manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South because the South relied far more on imports
Five Civilized Tribes
The Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Cherokee tribes who were highly civilized, practiced Christianity, spoke and wrote English, and practiced slavery. They were still viewed as savages by the Whites.
What was the role of the Supreme Court in the protection of Native American lands?
The Supreme Court was unable to enforce any form of protection because it could not be affirmed that the Natives formed their own separate nation.
Specter of Secession
The idea that aggrieved states at the mercy of an aggressive majority would be forced to leave the Union.
Which statement is true in regard to democracy in the Age of Jackson?
The justification for the disenfranchisement of women was similar to that used against blacks.
Nullification Crisis
The lessening revenue and Federal force the South felt was enough for Calhoun to protest Jackson and argue that if the states were hurt so badly then they should nullify the law.
Code of Deference
The practice of showing respect for individuals who had distinguished themselves through accomplishments or birth. This was seen in political people in the U.S. This benefitted all of the early presidents, excluding John Adams.
Spoils System
The system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power
Second Party System
The system when Democrat-Republicans and Federalists were replaced by Democrats and Whigs. Voter turnout was far higher with this system.
Trail of Tears
The term describing the deathly relocation of thousands of Natives to Ohio.
Which statement is a correct assessment of the Whigs?
They argued that the role of government was to promote the welfare of its people.
What was the Force Bill of 1833 and what was its purpose?
This bill allowed the Federal government to use federal troops to put down state issues, and it was put in place to go against the opposite law put in place by South Carolina.
What was the point of high tariffs?
To make people want to buy American-made goods, thus helping out American industry.
Which statement is true about the Whigs?
Whigs were strongest in the Northeast.
Whose 1840 presidential campaign portrayed him as a common man who was born in a log cabin?
William Henry Harrison
Which of the following characterizes the practice of politics in America during the Age of Jackson?
a mass spectacle that served as a kind of public entertainment
In the early to mid-nineteenth century, property qualifications for voting..?
continued in Virginia because large-scale slaveholders dominated the state's politics.
By 1860, free black men could vote on the same basis as whites only in?
five New England states.
What was a voting requirement that all states except Rhode Island had eliminated by 1860?
owning property
Which characterizes newspapers during the Age of Jackson?
partisan, presenting issues through the lens of their own parties' platforms
In 1821, the New York constitutional convention that removed property qualifications for white voters also
raised the property requirement for black voters, so most black New Yorkers could no longer vote.
The claim that a "splendid" government was always "built upon the ruins of popular rights" is typical of which group in the 1830s?
the Democratic Party
Which tribes were targeted by the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
the Five Civilized Tribes
In justifying nullification, Exposition and Protest drew on what precedent ?
the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798
The Force Act of 1833-
was "nullified" by South Carolina.
The Panic of 1837...
was caused, in part, by a decline in British demand for American cotton.
The nullification crisis ended..?
with a compromise tariff.
