chapter 10
Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures.
Which of the following is a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
Its clinical method of gathering evidence is suspect.
The _________ mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.
unconscious
In psychological testing,__________refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
validity
Which of the following situations represents acculturation among immigrants living in the United States?
A child from France is learning English at home.
When is the id first present in the mind?
At birth
_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.
Carl Jung
Jim overhears a classmate explaining toa friend that peopleare free to do what theychoose with theirlives and that the meaning of theirlives is whattheygive to it. He further explains that peoplehave unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of _____.
Carl Rogers
Greg becomes a chain smoker in his early teens. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____.
oral stage
According to Erikson, which of the following is the goal of adolescence?
Ego identity
__________in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.
Existentialism
Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by the collective unconscious.
FALSE
Hippocrates associated a choleric personality with warmth and cheerfulness.
FALSE
Learning theory focused on enduring personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system.
FALSE
The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test.
FALSE
Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?
Forced-choice format
Lewis generally comes across as a quick-tempered individual. His anger is easily triggered by trivial situations. According to Eysenck's dimensions, which of the following is true of Lewis?
He is extraverted and unstable.
Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?
Humanistic theorists
_________ tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.
Individualists
Discuss the role of observational learning in Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory.
Observational learning is one of the primary parts of the social cognitive theory. It refers to receiving knowledge by watching other people. For operant conditioning to happen, an organism must first participate in a response that must be reinforced for the organism to learn from it.
__________is also termed as modeling.
Observational-learning
Apart from Freud, who are the other well-known psychoanalytic theorists? In what ways do they differ from Freud?
Other well-known psychoanalytic theorists include Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson. Carl Jung differs from Freud because he did not think sex was as big of a deal rather than a simple instinct humans experience. Alfred Adler agreed with Jung and thought Freud made it a greater deal. Karen Horney and Erik Erikson both thought social relationships were important than sexual ones on how they reflect a personality.
__________are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.
Self-efficacy-expectations
Kelly has devoted her weekends to working in a homeless shelter. Due to her philanthropic activities, her manager has considered her for a promotion at work. According to Watson and Skinner, which of the following statements will most likely explain Kelly's motivation to do social work?
She has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors previously.
Describe the focus of the sociocultural perspective. Explain the characteristics of the individualists and the collectivists.
Sociocultural perspective focuses mainly on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in how it forms the personality, behavior, and mental process of an individual. An individualist is a person who characterizes themselves through personal traits/hobbies and makes their goals a top priority. Their main focus is themselves. A collectivist is a person who characterizes themselves in terms of relationships to others Their top priority is that of a team or groups. These people tend to be team players rather than focusing on themselves.
Carl Rogers believed that we all have unique frames of reference.
TRUE
Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken?
The Thematic Apperception Test
Describe the five-factor model. What is its use?
The five-factor model uses five basic personality factors, not two. These include extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience. It is used to describe certain personality structures. They can help find behavior patterns, psychological disorders, and different kinds of personalities.
Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?
Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships in childhood.
The Electra complex involves:
a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother.
Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the__________.
anal-stage
When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is a Catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. He defines himself in terms of these relationships that he maintains with other people. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, this kind of description is characteristic of:
collectivists.
According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism,__________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.
conscientiousness
Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.
conscious, unconscious, and preconscious
Jessica is observed to be gloomy and pensive most of the time. According to Hippocrates' view of personality, Jessica is most likely to be associated with a__________temperament.
melancholic
Jessica is observed to be gloomy and pensive most of the time. According to Hippocrates' viewof personality, Jessica is most likely to be associated with a _____ temperament.
melancholic
The Electra complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.
phallic stage
The Oedipus complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.
phallic stage
According to Freud, the id follows the__________.
pleasure-principle
Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality.
psychodynamic theories
According to Freud, the ego is guided by the__________.
reality-principle
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called__________.
self-actualization
Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes__________.
self-awareness
According to Carl Rogers, _________ refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.
self-ideals
The _________ functions according to the moral principle.
superego
The__________functions according to the moral principle.
superego
_________ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.
Self-efficacy expectations
According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.
reality principle
Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____by socialcognitive theorists.
self-efficacy expectations
Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them _________ regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.
unconditional positive