Chapter 10: Practice Questions

The softest sound which could be heard would have an intensity of A. 0 decibels B. 0.1 decibels C. 1 decibel D. 10 decibels

A. 0 decibels

Which of the following is NOT a touch or pressure cutaneous receptor? A. Golgi Corpuscle B. Pacinian Corpuscle C. Merkel's Disk D. Meissner's Corpuscle

A. Golgi Corpuscle

The most common form of color blindness is deuteranopia, which is congenital absence of the ____ gene. A. M B. L C. S

A. M

_____________ receptors undergo slow adaptation. A. Tonic B. Phasic

A. Tonic

Damage to cranial nerve _____________ would limit the ability to taste sweet substances. A. VII B. V C. X D. XII

A. VII

What is found in the anterior cavity of the eyeball? A. aqueous humor B. blood C. vitreous humor D. pigment

A. aqueous humor

Which type of cone responds to short wavelengths of 420nm? A. blue cones B. green cones C. red cones

A. blue cones

What color of light is best absorbed by rods? A. blue-green B. red C. yellow D. purple

A. blue-green

Impulses of pain are also transmitted to the _____ which is part of the limbic system. A. cingulate gyrus B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. caudate nucleus

A. cingulate gyrus

Which of the following is NOT part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear? A. cochlea B. utricle C. semicircular canals D. saccule

A. cochlea

Light is refracted the most by the A. cornea B. aqueous humor C. lens D. vitreous humor

A. cornea

Vision would be impaired by A. damage to the superior colliculus B. ablation of the medial geniculate nucleus C. damage to the temporal lobe D. damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve

A. damage to the superior colliculus

Long term blockage of the canal of Schlemm can induce A. glaucoma B. cataracts C. macular degeneration D. detached retina

A. glaucoma

What neurotransmitter is released by the inner hair cells once they have depolarized? A. glutamate B. acetylcholine C. ATP D. norepinephrine

A. glutamate

The capsaicin receptor serves as both an ion channel and a receptor for the molecule in chili peppers that causes sensations of A. heat and pain B. cold and pain C. pressure and pain D. heat and pressure

A. heat and pain

Inhibiting phosphodiesterase would cause the photoreceptor to undergo A. hyperpolarization B. depolarization C. repolarization D. EPSPs

A. hyperpolarization

Where do the fibers of the spinothalamic tracts cross? A. in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord B. in the medulla oblongata C. in the thalamus D. the axons do not cross

A. in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord

Chemoreceptors that monitor blood glucose levels are also A. interoceptors B. proprioceptors C. special senses D. exteroceptors

A. interoceptors

Transmission of thermal sensations to the sensory cortex would be impaired by damage to the A. lateral spinothalamic tract B. anterior spinothalamic tract C. medial lemniscus tract D. anterior spinocerebellar tract

A. lateral spinothalamic tract

Which of the following is NOT a cutaneous receptor? A. muscle spindle B. touch receptor C. heat receptor D. pain receptor

A. muscle spindle

The ________________ phenomenon refers to amputees reporting sensations in limbs that are no longer there. A. phantom limb B. lateral inhibition C. referred pain D. adaptation

A. phantom limb

Where on the cerebral cortex is taste information sent? A. prefrontal cortex, postcentral gyrus, and insula B. temporal lobe, precentral gyrus, and prefrontal cortex C. thalamus, insula, and postcentral gyrus D. medulla oblongata, insula, and thalamus

A. prefrontal cortex, postcentral gyrus, and insula

Age-related hearing impairment is known as A. presbycusis B. presbyopia C. conduction deafness D. otosclerosis

A. presbycusis

What causes the release of neurotransmitter when bitter taste has stimulated a taste cell? A. release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum B. opening of extracellular Ca2+ channels C. closing K+ channels D. closing Na+ channels

A. release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum

Which type of eye movements are high velocity (400 to 800 degrees per second)? A. saccadic B. smooth pursuit C. vergence D. papillary

A. saccadic

The cupula is part of the A. semicircular canals B. utricle C. saccule D. cochlea

A. semicircular canals

The ______ system is involved in the pupillary response. A. tectal B. geniculostriate C. optic chiasma D. sensory adaptation

A. tectal

Accommodation would occur when A. the muscles of the ciliary body contract B. the zonular fibers become taut C. objects move further away from the eye D. the lateral rectus muscle contracts

A. the muscles of the ciliary body contract

What type of G-proteins are associated with the visual cycle? A. transducins B. gustducins C. roducins D. None apply

A. transducins

Which taste modality involves membrane receptors that are coupled to G-proteins? A. umami B. salty C. sour D. All apply

A. umami

The structures that function in equilibrium are known as the A. vestibular apparatus B. cochlea C. bony labyrinth D. organ of Corti

A. vestibular apparatus

Which of the following is NOT part of the organ of Corti? A. vestibular membrane B. tectorial membrane C. basilar membrane D. hair cells with sensory fibers

A. vestibular membrane

Retinaldehyde (retinal) is derived from A. vitamin A B. vitamin C C. opsin D. vitamin D

A. vitamin A

Which of the following is true of olfaction? A. There may be as many as a 1000 different olfactory receptor proteins B. Humans can distinguish up to 10,000 different odors C. Humans have the most acute sense of smell of all the mammals D. All apply

B. Humans can distinguish up to 10,000 different odors

The bending of the stereocilia of the organ of Corti opens membrane channels that are permeable to mainly ____, which causes depolarization. A. Na+ B. K+ C. Ca2+ D. All apply

B. K+

What new procedure is used by many people to correct refractive problems? A. lens replacement B. LASIK C. corrective lenses D. refractometry

B. LASIK

Sensorineural deafness can be caused by all of the following except A. excessively loud noises B. build up of wax in the ears C. damage to the cochlear nerve D. loss of hair cells in the cochlea

B. build up of wax in the ears

The aggregation of cystallin proteins in the lens produces A. glaucoma B. cataracts C. astigmatism D. myopia

B. cataracts

What causes the release of neurotransmitters from sweet and umami tastes? A. opening of extracellular Ca2+ channels B. closing of K+ channels C. release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum D. closing of Na+ channels

B. closing of K+ channels

Which of the following is NOT a type of cortical visual neuron? A. simple B. compound C. complex D. hypercomplex

B. compound

Dominant retinitis pigmentosa is characterized by A. deterioration of the striate cortex B. degeneration of photoreceptors C. degeneration of the optic nerve D. degeneration of the cornea

B. degeneration of photoreceptors

Sympathetic stimulation is responsible for pupil _____________ in _________ light. A. dilation, bright B. dilation, dim C. constriction, bright D. constriction, dim

B. dilation, dim

Myopia generally occurs when the A. eyeball is too short B. eyeball is too long C. lens is uneven D. cornea is uneven

B. eyeball is too long

As the magnitude of a generator potential increases the _____________ of action potentials in the sensory neuron increases. A. adaptation B. frequency C. amplitude D. sensitivity

B. frequency

The hertz is a measure of A. distance B. frequency C. duration D. intensity

B. frequency

What structure connects the scala vestibuli with the scala tympani? A. round window B. helicotrema C. oval window D. cochlear duct

B. helicotrema

Where do the tracts carrying impulses of proprioception and pressure cross? A. in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord B. in the medulla oblongata C. in the thalamus D. the axons do not cross

B. in the medulla oblongata

Gustducin A. is an olfactory G-protein B. is related to transducin of the eye C. activates second-messenger systems that hyperpolarize the receptor cell D. All apply

B. is related to transducin of the eye

What causes cGMP to convert to GMP and close Na+ channels in a photoreceptor? A. dark current B. light C. darkness D. opsin

B. light

Ganglion cells are stimulated optimally by A. light striking the entire retinal surface B. light striking a spot on the retina C. a bar of light moving on the retina D. a bar of light striking a spot on the retina

B. light striking a spot on the retina

Some ganglion cells of the retina contain _______ that is sensitive to luminance and helps the hypothalamus regulate circadian rhythms. A. melatonin B. melanopsin C. retinal D. photopsin

B. melanopsin

Which of the special senses is most closely linked with the limbic system? A. hearing B. olfaction C. taste D. vision

B. olfaction

Axons from the nasal portions of both eyes will decussate in the A. lateral geniculate nucleus B. optic chiasma C. superior colliculus D. striate cortex

B. optic chiasma

Information from both eyes is present in all of the following except the A. optic tract B. optic nerve C. optic radiation D. occipital lobe

B. optic nerve

The law of specific nerve energies can be used to explain A. phantom limbs B. paradoxical cold C. sensory adaptation D. lateral inhibition

B. paradoxical cold

The scala vestibuli of the cochlea is filled with A. endolymph B. perilymph C. ectolymph D. mesolymph

B. perilymph

The tip region of the photoreceptor cells are removed by cells of the retinal pigment epithelium by A. apoptosis B. phagocytosis C. opsin D. the bleaching reaction

B. phagocytosis

As ____________ increases, the two-point threshold decreases. A. receptor number B. receptor density C. receptor sensitivity D. receptor sensation

B. receptor density

Vertigo occurs due to activation of the A. utricle B. semicircular canals C. saccule D. cochlea

B. semicircular canals

What structure holds the lens in place? A. canal of Schlemm B. suspensory ligament C. choroid D. iris

B. suspensory ligament

What is the role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium? A. produce new bipolar receptor cells B. to oxidize volatile hydrophobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble C. to repair damaged receptor cells D. to form basal stem cells

B. to oxidize volatile hydrophobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble

Which of the following is the correct neural pathway for hearing? A. vestibulocochlear nerve, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, thalamus, temporal lobe B. vestibulocochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus, temporal lobe C. vestibulocochlear nerve, thalamus, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, temporal lobe D. None apply

B. vestibulocochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus, temporal lobe

Which of the following is a special sense? A. touch B. vision C. pain D. All apply

B. vision

What is the name of the process that re-isomerizes the all-trans retinal back to the 11-cis form? A. dark adaptation B. visual cycle of retinal C. bleaching reaction D. dark current

B. visual cycle of retinal

The letter 'â•'' would be projected onto the retina as A. â•' B. â•› C. â•• D. ╘

B. â•›

The optic radiations project fibers from the lateral geniculate nuclei to area A. 9 of the occipital lobe B. 19 of the occipital lobe C. 17 of the occipital lobe D. 21 of the occipital lobe

C. 17 of the occipital lobe

______________ occurs when there is significant asymmetry of the cornea and/or lens. A. Myopia B. Hyperopia C. Astigmatism D. Presbyopia

C. Astigmatism

The __________ fibers are thin myelinated axons that carry sensations of heat, cold, and pain to the spinal cord. A. A-delta B. B-gamma C. C D. A-beta

C. C

Which of the following is TRUE of taste? A. Taste receptors are considered interoceptors B. Sweet is sensed at the tip of the tongue C. Chemicals must be dissolved to stimulate the taste cells D. All apply

C. Chemicals must be dissolved to stimulate the taste cells

Olfactory receptors are coupled to A. transducins B. Na+/Ca2+ channels directly C. G-proteins D. adenylate cyclase

C. G-proteins

_____________ is the perception of pain in a somatic location that is caused by damage to an internal organ and not by the activity somatic nociceptors. A. Sensory adaptation B. Lateral inhibition C. Referred pain D. Phantom limb

C. Referred pain

Which of the following statements is true? A. Our senses can perceive a wide range of energies B. Different modalities of sensations have different types of impulses C. Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses D. The brain cannot distinguish between impulses of cold and heat

C. Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses

What role do outer hair cells play in the transmission of sound? A. They dampen strong vibrations from very loud sounds B. They bend and depolarize with specific wavelengths of sound waves C. They amplify softer sound and sharpen pitch perception D. All apply

C. They amplify softer sound and sharpen pitch perception

Damage to cutaneous receptors would limit the ability to detect all of the following except A. pain B. thermal sensations C. body position D. touch

C. body position

The ________________________ is a membrane ion channel on sensory neurons that responds to cold in the 8º to 28ºC range by producing a depolarization. A. capsaicin receptor B. two-point threshold C. cold or menthol receptor D. pacinian corpuscle

C. cold or menthol receptor

Which of the following is NOT true of the functions of the pigment epithelium of the retina? A. absorption of scattered light B. stabilize ion composition surrounding the photoreceptors C. creating the dark current of the photoreceptors D. delivery of nutrients to the photoreceptors

C. creating the dark current of the photoreceptors

An individual with astigmatism would have their vision corrected by A. a convex lens B. a concave lens C. cylindrical lens D. a magnifying lens

C. cylindrical lens

What is the medium found in the cochlear canal? A. air B. perilymph C. endolymph D. ectolymph

C. endolymph

Cutaneous receptors respond to stimuli that are outside the body and are therefore also A. proprioceptors B. interoceptors C. exteroceptors D. special senses

C. exteroceptors

Which of the following are NOT types of tongue papillae? A. foliate papillae B. circumvallate papillae C. glossoform papillae D. fungiform papillae

C. glossoform papillae

Acute itch is produced by _______ binding to its receptors. A. capsaicin B. menthol C. histamine D. glutamate

C. histamine

What condition occurs when the eyeball is too short and the focal point appears behind the eyeball? A. astigmatism B. myopia C. hyperopia D. presbyopia

C. hyperopia

Different layers of the __________________ analyze input from cones (and rods) differently such that one layer can add input from L and M cones to obtain information about light intensity, while another could subtract such input to obtain red-green color information. A. hypothalamus B. superior colliculi C. lateral geniculate nucleus D. red nucleus

C. lateral geniculate nucleus

Sensations are sharpened via A. two-point discrimination B. adaptation C. lateral inhibition D. phantom limb

C. lateral inhibition

Otoliths are associated with the A. crista ampullaris B. cupula C. macula D. semicircular canals

C. macula

A common visual impairment in older people that is caused by damage to the central fovea is A. geniculostriatum B. retinitis pigmentosa C. macular degeneration D. bleaching

C. macular degeneration

Proprioception and pressure impulses are carried by large, _______ neurons in the ______ columns of the spinal cord and are ____. A. myelinated, ventral, contralateral B. unmyelinated, lateral, ipsilateral C. myelinated, dorsal, ipsilateral D. unmyelinated, dorsal, contralateral

C. myelinated, dorsal, ipsilateral

Information obtained via _____________ is transmitted directly to the limbic system. A. gustation B. audition C. olfaction D. touch

C. olfaction

What area of the retina has no photoreceptors? A. fovea centralis B. macula C. optic disc D. None apply

C. optic disc

Which of the following is NOT an auditory ossicle? A. incus B. malleus C. otolith D. stapes

C. otolith

Within the eye, electrical impulses pass from A. photoreceptors to ganglion cells to bipolar cells B. ganglion cells to bipolar cells to photoreceptors C. photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells D. bipolar cells to photoreceptors to ganglion cells

C. photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells

Which cells have the ability to re-isomerize the all-trans retinal back to the 11-cis form? A. photoreceptor cells B. ganglion cells C. pigment epithelial cells D. bipolar cells

C. pigment epithelial cells

The bending of light as it passes through different media is called A. accommodation B. visual acuity C. refraction D. astigmatism

C. refraction

The outermost layer of the eyeball is the A. choroid B. retina C. sclera D. lens

C. sclera

Having the ability to ignore constant phasic stimuli is called A. the law of specific nerve energies B. tonic adaptation C. sensory adaptation D. phasic adaptation

C. sensory adaptation

Nociceptors may be either myelinated or unmyelinated and function to carry pain sensations to the spinal cord using ____________ and ________________ as neurotransmitters. A. substance P, norepinephrine B. glutamate, acetylcholine C. substance P, glutamate D. acetylcholine, substance P

C. substance P, glutamate

How many neurons conduct sensory impulses from the periphery to the postcentral gyrus? A. one B. two C. three D. four

C. three

What is found in the posterior cavity of the eyeball? A. aqueous humor B. blood C. vitreous humor D. pigment

C. vitreous humor

Which of the following is NOT a type of cone? A. red B. blue C. yellow D. green

C. yellow

When an object is more than 20 feet from the eyes, A. the ciliary muscle relaxes B. there is tension on the zonular fibers of the suspensory ligament C. the lens is pulled and flattened D. All apply

D. All apply

Which of the following is true of vestibular nystagmus? A. It consists of involuntary oscillations of the eyes B. It may be a symptom of Ménière's disease C. It is loss of equilibrium D. All apply

D. All apply

Which of the following structures are important to the maintenance of balance and equilibrium? A. eyes B. proprioceptors from joints and muscles C. vestibular apparatus D. All apply

D. All apply

_____________ in the retina connect photoreceptors and ganglion cells. A. Horizontal cells B. Retinal epithelium C. Amacrine cells D. Bipolar cells

D. Bipolar cells

When stereocilia are bent toward the kinocilium, the cell membrane will be A. hyperpolarized B. depolarized C. releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter D. Both depolarized and releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter are correct

D. Both depolarized and releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter are correct

The potential produced by sensory receptors is called a A. local potential B. generator potential C. receptor potential D. Both generator and receptor potentials are correct

D. Both generator and receptor potentials are correct

Which of the following is true of the auditory tube? A. It is a passageway from the middle ear to the oropharynx B. It is usually collapsed C. It opens due to the action of the tensor tympani muscle D. Both it is usually collapsed and it opens due to the action of the tensor tympani muscle

D. Both it is usually collapsed and it opens due to the action of the tensor tympani muscle

Which of the following cranial nerves conveys gustatory information? A. facial B. glossopharyngeal C. hypoglossal D. Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct

D. Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct

The structure for hearing is the A. vestibular apparatus B. spiral organ C. organ of Corti D. Both the spiral organ and the organ of Corti are correct

D. Both the spiral organ and the organ of Corti are correct

What extracellular ion is necessary for release of neurotransmitter for salty and sour tastes? A. Mg2+ B. K+ C. Na+ D. Ca2+

D. Ca2+

Olfactory receptor proteins are especially located on the membrane of their nonmotile cilia and are coupled to A. cAMP B. cGMP C. Ca2+ D. G-proteins

D. G-proteins

What characteristic does the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth have that is unusual? A. It is similar to the perilymph that surrounds the membranous labyrinth B. It has a higher than normal concentration of Na+ C. It has a lower than normal concentration of Cl- D. It has a higher than normal concentration of K+

D. It has a higher than normal concentration of K+

Pupil diameter would be increased by A. contraction of the circular muscles B. contraction of the ciliary body C. contraction of the superior rectus muscle D. contraction of the radial muscles

D. contraction of the radial muscles

In the absence of light, there is movement of Na+ in the photoreceptors causing a depolarization. This is called the A. dark adaptation B. visual cycle of retinal C. bleaching reaction D. dark current

D. dark current

Chemoreceptors that respond to chemical changes in the external environment are called A. interoceptors B. nociceptors C. proprioceptors D. exteroceptors

D. exteroceptors

The optic nerve is formed from fibers of A. rods and cones B. bipolar cells C. amacrine cells D. ganglion cells

D. ganglion cells

Where is the primary gustatory cortex? A. postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe B. prefrontal cortex C. temporal lobe D. insula

D. insula

The least amount of energy that produces adequate stimulation of a receptor is the A. sensory adaptation B. generator potential C. all-or-none law D. law of specific nerve energies

D. law of specific nerve energies

Destroying the ciliary body would prevent the _____________ from receiving nutrients. A. cornea sclera B. iris C. pupil D. lens and cornea

D. lens and cornea

Which type of receptor responds to physical deformation of its cell membrane? A. chemoreceptors B. photoreceptors C. thermoreceptors D. mechanoreceptors

D. mechanoreceptors

Stimulation of the hair cells of the vestibular apparatus sends impulses to the cerebellum and _________ by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve. A. cerebrum B. midbrain C. pons D. medulla oblongata

D. medulla oblongata

Vibrations in the stapes directly induce vibrations in the A. tympanic membrane B. incus C. round window D. oval window

D. oval window

Loss of accommodation with age is A. astigmatism B. myopia C. hyperopia D. presbyopia

D. presbyopia

Which of the following is NOT true of outer hair cells of the organ of Corti? A. innervated by motor neurons B. will shorten when depolarized and lengthen when hyperpolarized C. occur in multiple rows in each turn of the cochlear duct D. relay sound information by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve

D. relay sound information by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve

What type of eye movement helps you to follow a moving object? A. vergence B. saccadic C. fixational D. smooth pursuit

D. smooth pursuit

Eye movements are regulated by information sent to the A. lateral geniculate nucleus B. hypothalamus C. inferior colliculus D. superior colliculus

D. superior colliculus

Specialized cells on the tongue that distinguish salty, sour, sweet, meaty, or bitter flavors are called A. taste buds B. umami cells C. gustducin D. taste cells

D. taste cells

Match the type of receptor with the stimulus that would activate it. nociceptors burning your mouth 1. thermoreceptors 2. photoreceptors 3. chemoreceptors 4. mechanoreceptors

smell of pizza 3 a refreshing cold drink 1 a pat on the back 4 seeing an old friend 2

Match the cutaneous receptor with the sensation it responds to. 1. free nerve endings 2. Meissner's corpuscles 3. Ruffini corpuscles 4. Pacinian corpuscles 5. Merkel's discs

texture and slow vibration 2 sustained pressure 3 deep pressure and fast vibration 4 light tough, temperature, and pain 1 sustained touch and pressure 5