Chapter 10/Section 2: the Crusades

What was Saladin's background?

As a young man he was more interested in Islam than warfare. Under Saladin and during the Second Crusade, Muslims regained much territory lost during the first one.

Review: What were the results of the First Crusade?

1) The Christians won. 2) The captured land was turned into four Crusader states.

Crusaders failed to take control of the _____________ _______________, but the Reconquista in ______________ was successful.

Holy Lands / Spain

What is the Holy Land?

Jerusalem and the area of land around it is considered sacred to the Christians, Jews, and Muslims.

What group of people took control of Palestine and came into conflict with the Orthodox Christians of Eastern Europe?

Seljuk Turks

Under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella leadership, their armies captured cities and their Church officials used a court to punish people who opposed church teachings. What was this court called?

The Inquisition

The Second Crusade began when this group of people recaptured the Crusader state of Edessa?

The Muslim Turks

Who won the battle in Edessa?

The Muslims defeated the Crusaders at Damascus

What is a pilgrim?

A person who makes a holy journey, or a pilgrimage.

What are the Crusades?

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land, located in Palestine, from Muslim rule.

In 1906, the first Crusade began. Where were the European Christian armies headed?

Constantinople

With the newly captured or conquered land, what did the Christian forces decide to do with it.

Divide it into four Crusader states.

What name did the Europeans call Salah-al-Din?

Saladin

What was the outcome the Second Crusade?

Saladin captured Jerusalem.

Once Egypt was settled, what did Saladin do?

Saladin gathered a large army and the Second Crusades began. They attacked the Crusader states of Antioch, Tripoli and Jerusalem.

After the war, what did Saladin do?

Saladin took control over the Egyptian government and unified the Muslims that lived there.

Name the four Crusader states.

1) Edessa, 2) Antioch 3) Tripoli 4) Jerusalem

What were the conditions of the truce that ended the Third Crusade?

1) Muslims would remain in control over Jerusalem. 2) Muslims would allow Christians pilgrims to visit the city's holy places.

Name three long lasting effects or legacies of the Crusades.

1) Crusaders brought back Asian goods, which meant increased trade. 2) The Christians became more hostile towards the Jews because they thought that ALL-non Christians were their enemies..Jews and Muslims. 3) Muslims allowed Jews and Christians to live in peace.

What were the three causes of the crusades?

1) They were mad at the Seljuk Turks for not allowing them to make pilgrimages to the Holy Land. 2) Warfare meant money to feudal princes. 3) After the Seljuk forces attacked the Byzantine Empire, the emperor asked the pope for help and he sent his soldiers.

One effect of the Crusades, Christians viewed all non-Christians as their enemies. Name three outcomes of their hostility.

1) When they were on their way to to Palestine, Crusaders massacred European Jews and continued the killing in Palestine. 2) Jews were expelled, or kicked out of England and France. 3) Many of the expelled Jews moved to Eastern Europe.

Who was Richard the Lion-Hearted?

A Christian soldier, who fought during the Third Crusade and later became an English king, because of his courage and skill in battle.

What was the Reconquista?

A long effort by Christian armies to drive the Muslims out of Spain, which is located on the Iberian Peninsula.

What was the outcome of the Third Crusade?

Ended in a truce: Christians were successful, but did not achieve their goal of retaking Jerusalem.

Not willing to give in, Christian soldiers from these two European countries went on a Crusade.

Germany and France

What was the Pope's reaction to losing Jerusalem?

He ordered a Third Crusade.

Background: Saladin military career started when he joined his uncle, who was also a military leader, here.

In Syria and they together they fought to defend Egypt against the Christian soldiers.

One effect of the Crusades, trade was increased between Europe and Asia. How did this change Europe.

Increased trade across the Mediterranean helped European towns grow and made the role of urban or city merchants more important.

Why did they want to overtake Constantinople?

It was the capital of the Byzantine empire.

By 1000s, Muslim unity broke down and the Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms joined together during Reconquista to defeat Muslim forces. Name the king and queen of Spain that unified the forces.

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

What was the outcome of the Inquisition?

Many Jews and Muslims in Spain and Portugal were tortured or executed.

What problems did the European Christian soldiers face?

Many died - they didn't take enough supplies. Others were captured or enslaved.

Wars are expensive. Who helped the feudal princes finance the crusades?

Merchants

What was the outcome of the Reconquista?

Muslim rulers and many Jews were forced out of the Iberian Peninsula.

Why were the merchants in favor of the crusades?

New land meant access to rich trade routes that connected with Asia.

Name three cities the European Christian soldiers captured during the first crusades.

Nicaea, Antioch, and then Jerusalem.

Did the Crusades have a permanent effect on the Muslims?

No, people continued to live very much like they did before the Crusades started.

After they overtook Constantinople, the European Christian armies planned on attacking _________________.

Palestine

Review: Besides Spain, what other country is located on the Iberian Peninsula?

Portugal

Who began a series of wars to conquer Palestine?

The Christian Crusaders under the direction of the Pope.

After the Crusades, Muslims allowed Jews and Christians to live in peace. How did this position effect the Crusaders that still lived in Palestine?

The Crusaders who settled in Palestine respected the Muslims, but hated the Jews.

Why couldn't the Muslims take control of the other three Crusader states?

The leadership of Muslim nation was having disagreements.

Now that Edessa was captured by the Muslims, who kept control of the other Crusader states?

The three other Crusader states, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem continued to be controlled by the Christians.

Did the Germans and the French armies march together or separately?

They marched separately to Palestine.

What was reason for the Christian soldiers capturing Constantinople?

They wanted to put a political ally, or friend, in charge of the Byzantine Empire. The Fourth Crusade resulted in the Western crusaders capturing the Byzantine empire, making it the Latin Empire

What was the reason behind the Christian soldiers starting the Fourth Crusade?

To pay back Italian traders and t0 get cash, the Crusaders agreed to attack the Byzantine city of Zara.

When did the Muslim disagreements in leadership end?

When Salah-al-Din took control as a political and military leader. He was the Muslim leader during the Second Crusade.

Was the First Crusade successful for the European Christian soldiers?

Yes

Did the Europeans try to start more Crusades after the fourth one?

Yes, but the Muslims put an end to them quickly, so they never got started.

Did the Crusades have a permanent effect of the Christians?

Yes: Christian traders remained in Palestine and European pilgrims continued their pilgrimages it to the regions Holy Lands, which created a cultural exchange.

Who were the Seljuk Turks?

a member of a Turkish people that controlled central and western Asia from the 11th to the 13th century