Chapter 11-13: Study Questions
Nomads were attracted to early settlements based on the services they offered. Which of the following does NOT pair a service of early settlements with its type? a. structures for religious ceremonies, business service. b. burial of the dead, consumer service c. defensive forces to protect the settlement, public service d. place for the exchange of goods, business service e. storage of surplus food, business service
????? c. defensive forces to protect the settlement, public service
Which statement about the patterns of colonial cities in developing countries is correct? a. All Spanish cities in Latin America were built according to the Laws of the Indies. b. There is little evidence of colonial influence in cities that were once under external control. c. Unlike European cities, precolonial cities typically had wider streets and public squares. d. Most cities were built around a central temple structure. e. Existing city structures were usually left intact.
a. All Spanish cities in Latin America were built according to the Laws of the Indies.
The BRICS designation includes which five countries? a. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa b. Bangladesh, Russia, Indonesia, China, and Spain c. Belgium, Romania, Iceland, Croatia, and Singapore d. Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, China, and Saudi Arabia e. Botswana, Rwanda, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, and Senegal
a. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
In which region's cities are the spine and disamenity zones of the sector model evident? a. Latin American city b. Muslim city c. Apartheid-era city d. Southeast Asian city e. French Colonial city
a. Latin American city
What does an analysis of the hierarchy of consumer services reveal? a. Market areas "nest" into each other, creating overlapping areas of different sizes. b. Large settlements tend to be located close together. c. There is no variation in the size of the settlements within a market area. d. In reality, distances between settlements do not follow any sort of regular pattern. e. Larger settlements provide fewer consumer services.
a. Market areas "nest" into each other, creating overlapping areas of different sizes.
Which of the following is considered to have been a hearth of urban settlement? a. Mesopotamia b. Madagascar c. Rome d. Scotland e. Athens
a. Mesopotamia
Use Figure 12-5 to answer the question. Which statement about the periodic markets illustrated in the map is ACCURATE? a. Most customers are able to access a periodic market within a twenty-mile drive every day of the week. b. Most communities are able to shop at a periodic market within a ten-mile drive more than one day a week. c. Customers must plan well in advance to purchase fresh product as periodic markets are distant and unpredictable. d. The scheduled days of the week change annually based on the lunar cycle. e. Farmers travel long distances to sell their produce and work seven days a week.
a. Most customers are able to access a periodic market within a twenty-mile drive every day of the week.
Which statement is TRUE about air pollution? a. Most is generated from power plants and factories. b. It is only associated with hydrocarbons. c. It is less pervasive than acid rain. d. It is only a problem in urban areas. e. It is mostly a problem in East and South Asian cities.
a. Most is generated from power plants and factories.
Use Figure 12-1 to answer the question. In which countries do services account for between 50 and 69 percent of GDP? a. South Africa, Namibia, and Australia b. Mexico, Canada, and Russia c. Canada, the United States, and Brazil d. Brazil, Mexico, and Yemen e. Russia, Australia, and Germany
a. South Africa, Namibia, and Australia
Based on the information presented in Figure 12-7, which statement about North American global cities is TRUE? a. Tampa is gamma-ranked and Denver is beta-ranked. b. Cleveland is gamma-ranked and Toronto is beta-ranked. c. San Diego is gamma-ranked and Denver is alpha-ranked. d. Calgary is gamma-ranked and Denver is alpha-ranked. e. Dallas is beta-ranked and Denver is alpha-ranked.
a. Tampa is gamma-ranked and Denver is beta-ranked.
50) Which statement about the impact of energy on the environment is NOT true? a. The electric grids across the United States have been standardized to ensure efficiency and reliable delivery of service. b. One percent of the world's 90 million vehicles produced and sold in 2018 were powered by electricity. c. The "greenest" source of alternative energy varies by location. d. Electric-powered vehicles may reduce consumption of petroleum if they are charged on non-fossil fuel power grids. e. Carbon capture and storage systems involve reducing CO2 in the atmosphere by capturing and storing it underground.
a. The electric grids across the United States have been standardized to ensure efficiency and reliable delivery of service.
Social area analysis at the local level helps to predict what urban pattern? a. The likely location of older houses in an inner ring. b. The incomes of people clustered in suburban nodes. c. Newer homes planned to "fill in" open areas close to the CBD. d. The location of churches and restaurants by ethnic group. e. The best sector location for a new business based on income levels of surrounding neighborhoods.
a. The likely location of older houses in an inner ring.
Use Figure 12-2 to answer the question. The graph represents both social and economic change in the United States between 1975 and 2015. Which sector and sub-sectors have grown the most significantly? a. The tertiary sector with increases in leisure, health, and retail services. b. The tertiary sector with expanded investment in transportation infrastructure. c. The primary sector with increases in agricultural and mining technology. d. The secondary sector with a revival of manufacturing jobs, mostly in the Midwest. e. The tertiary sector due to increased importance of financial management jobs.
a. The tertiary sector with increases in leisure, health, and retail services.
Which is NOT a way the Roman Empire facilitated settlements in the territory it controlled? a. With Rome as the largest city of the era, culture and commerce spread from a central location. b. The construction of roads allowed for ease of transportation and trade between settlements. c. They reduced reliance on agricultural lifestyles by encouraging urban settlement. d. They were likely amongst the first settlements to offer consumer, business, and public services. e. They established settlements throughout the region to administer the empire.
a. With Rome as the largest city of the era, culture and commerce spread from a central location.
The most significant impact of the United Kingdom's enclosure movement on the rural landscape was a. a dispersed rural settlement pattern. b. decreased urbanization through land redistribution. c. increased settlement because of improved transportation. d. a reinforced traditional clustered rural settlement pattern. e. increased rural population.
a. a dispersed rural settlement pattern.
Which pattern describes the geographic distribution of industry prior to the Industrial Revolution? a. dispersed b.random c. clustered d. nonexistent e. concentrated
a. dispersed
The four main types of consumer services include a. education, retail, health, and leisure. b. wholesale, social, leisure, and information service. c. health. social, professional, and public. d. transportation, education, wholesale, and financial. e. education, retail, professional, and financial.
a. education, retail, health, and leisure.
The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted is the a. hinterland. b. threshold. c. range. d. median. e. meridian
a. hinterland.
Which is NOT likely to contribute to the large per capita consumption of water in North America? a. inefficient municipal pipes b. crop irrigation c. industrial use d. meat consumption e. evaporation in agricultural use or from reservoirs
a. inefficient municipal pipes
In contrast to Fordist production, post-Fordist production is more likely to a. introduce more flexible work rules. b. require larger inventories of parts. c. place greater importance on site factors. d. assign each worker only one task. e. include repetitive and simple tasks.
a. introduce more flexible work rules.
The supply of public housing in the United States a. is often inadequate to meet demand. b. has been reduced as incomes have steadily increased. c. was eliminated in both Chicago and St. Louis. d. has kept pace with demand. e. is only found on an urban periphery.
a. is often inadequate to meet demand.
Which of the following classifications of urban settlements would encompass the largest population? a. metropolitan statistical area b. municipality c. urban area d. micropolitan area e. urban cluster
a. metropolitan statistical area
According to the rank-size rule, the tenth-largest settlement within a country should have __________. a. one-tenth the population of the largest settlement in the country b. the major cultural and economic centers of a country c. one-tenth the economic base as the largest city in the country d. 10 times the population as the next-largest country e. 10 times the land area as the largest city in a country
a. one-tenth the population of the largest settlement in the country
What accounts for the largest share of solid waste in the United States? a. paper products b. tin cans c. beer bottles d. electronics e. frozen food trays
a. paper products
Retail activities which tend to concentrate in the CBD would include those which have a. services for office workers. b. a need for rapid transportation. c. a low threshold. d. a need for large amounts of horizontal space. e. no range.
a. services for office workers.
Which type of service challenges the traditional classifications of services as either a business or consumer service? a. sharing services b. consumer sharing services c. taxi rides d. periodic services e. business sharing
a. sharing services
The largest number of daily automobile trips are made primarily for a. social and recreational endeavors. b. shopping. c. church or school. d. work. e. personal errands.
a. social and recreational endeavors.
Which country is NOT among the four countries that produce 50 percent of the world's industrial output? a. the United Kingdom b. China c. Germany d. Japan e. the United States
a. the United Kingdom
Which type of service includes utilities? a. transportation and information services within business services b. health and social services within consumer services c. government services within public services d. professional services within business services e. professional services within public services
a. transportation and information services within business services *Remember: Transportation and information services comprise almost 6 percent of all U.S. jobs. Forty percent of the jobs of this type are in information services as well as utilities such as water and electricity.
Use Figure 11-14 to answer the question. As a percentage of GNI, the trend indicated is that the share of manufacturing in developed countries a. was roughly equal to manufacturing in developing countries in the early 1980s. b. began to be surpassed by manufacturing in developing countries in the mid-1990s. c. was less than manufacturing in developing countries in the mid-1970s. d. was roughly equal to manufacturing in developing countries in the early 1990s. e. was greater than manufacturing in developing countries in the late 1980s.
a. was roughly equal to manufacturing in developing countries in the early 1980s.
Educational services account for about which percent of jobs in the United States? a. 2% b. 9% c. 1% d. 25 e. 12%
b. 9%
How are offshore financial services and business-process outsourcing in developing countries used to benefit business interests in developed countries? a. Both allow developed countries to avoid employing workers in developing countries. b. Both allow developed countries to circumvent their country's tax and labor laws. c. Both are located near developed countries. d. Both allow the workers of the developing countries to conduct business in their native language. e. Both actively support illegal activities of developed countries.
b. Both allow developed countries to circumvent their country's tax and labor laws.
Which statement linking social area analysis with a specific urban models is correct? a. According to the sector model, high-income households are distributed throughout the city. b. In the nuclei model, households of the same ethnic background cluster in different nodes within the city. c. In the sector model, households with different incomes live in the same sector. d. In the concentric zone model, older housing is located in the outer ring. e. According to the nuclei model, homeowners in older homes live in the city's inner ring.
b. In the nuclei model, households of the same ethnic background cluster in different nodes within the city.
Which of the following is NOT true about acid precipitation? a. It kills the flora and fauna in lakes. b. It converts CFCs to acid. c. It corrodes marble and limestone buildings. d. It has had the highest concentrations in the eastern states of the United States. e. It injures plants by depriving them of nutrients on land.
b. It converts CFCs to acid.
Which laws enacted in 1573 specifically outlined how colonial Spanish cities were to be constructed? a. Laws of the Real Corona b. Laws of the Indies c. Bills of the Americas d. American Indian Laws e. Colonial Center Laws
b. Laws of the Indies
Use Figure 12-4 to answer the question. Which statement about central place theory is NOT supported in this area of North Dakota? a. Larger settlements likely contain services that have larger thresholds. b. Smaller settlements supply all of the services needed to the inhabitants of isolated areas. c. The largest city, Minot, is surrounded by a collection of smaller towns, villages, and hamlets that display a predictable distribution and size ranking. d. Large stores are not likely to be located in Benedict. e. A regular pattern of settlements has been established that reflects businesses in central places who compete against each other to serve as markets for particular goods and services.
b. Smaller settlements supply all of the services needed to the inhabitants of isolated areas.
Which of the following reasons does NOT favor gentrification? a. Houses may possess attractive architectural detail not found in new construction. b. The process tends to increase social diversity. c. Inner city living reduces commute times. d. Renovation of existing housing may be better than a new home. e. Housing costs are generally lower.
b. The process tends to increase social diversity.
Use Figure 11-11 to answer the question. Which describes potential sites for hydraulic fracking of natural gas? a. There is a greater concentration of natural gas fields in the north. b. There is a high concentration of natural gas fields in the Gulf of Mexico. c. located in Illinois and Wisconsin d. The lowest number of natural gas fields are in Oklahoma and Texas. e. not plentiful in Texas and Ohio
b. There is a high concentration of natural gas fields in the Gulf of Mexico.
Use Figure 12-8 to answer the question. Based on the mapped data, which statement is TRUE? a. Vanuatu is a dependency that is also an offshore banking center. b. Vanuatu is an independent microstate that is also an offshore banking center. c. New Zealand is an independent microstate that is also an offshore banking center. d. Bermuda is independent island country that is also an offshore banking center. e. Gibraltar is an independent microstate that is also an offshore banking center.
b. Vanuatu is an independent microstate that is also an offshore banking center.
A primate city is defined as a. the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese. b. at least twice as large as the next smaller city. c. a rapidly growing city. d. a city with political, economic, and cultural functions. e. the center of gravity for a hinterland.
b. at least twice as large as the next smaller city.
Because so few people live in the CBD, urban areas are characterized by a high degree of a. threshold. b. commuting. c. skyscrapers. d. restrictive zoning. e. blockbusting.
b. commuting.
According to social scientist Louis Wirth which of the following is NOT a characteristic of city life? a. large size b. dense traffic c. heterogeneous groups d. high population e. tolerance of difference
b. dense traffic
The gravity model predicts that the optimal location of a service is a. directly related to the range in the area and inversely related to the hinterland. b. directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it. c. directly related to the number of people and services in the area and inversely related to the lengths of highways and railways that access it. d. directly related to the distance people must travel and inversely related to the number of people in the area. e. directly related to the median of people in the area and inversely related to the meridian of people who travel to access it.
b. directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
East Asia's industrial areas developed because of a. oil production. b. export-oriented manufacturing of electronics. c. World War II financing. d. agricultural economies. e. even distribution throughout the Koreas.
b. export-oriented manufacturing of electronics.
Compared to urban settlements in North America, CBDs in Europe a. have a limited variety of land uses. b. have higher numbers of residents and more day-to-day consumer services. c. only house educational facilities and government offices. d. follow the concentric ring model. e. contain only government services and mostly historic sites.
b. have higher numbers of residents and more day-to-day consumer services.
Most U.S. metropolitan areas have a council of government which means a. a tax collection agency. b. it coordinates planning for the overall area. c. it replaces the school districts. d. an organization who provides legal counsel on annexation. e. it works to resist any annexation attempts.
b. it coordinates planning for the overall area.
The textile industry is distributed across a multiple regions because of a. weaving and assembly requiring different skills and equipment. b. labor-intensive steps completed in different low-wage countries. c. site factors such as tax incentives. d. mechanized weaving eliminating jobs in North America. e. the high cost of clothing in developing countries.
b. labor-intensive steps completed in different low-wage countries.
Which factor of production is geographically static and immobile? a. capital b. land c. talent d. communications e. labor
b. land
The maximum distance people are willing to travel for a service is the a. hinterland. b. range. c. median. d. meridian. e. threshold.
b. range.
Which factors contribute to the problem of air pollution at the local scale? a. photochemical smog, cool air, and sulfur dioxides b. slight winds, temperature inversions, and trapped particulates c. residuals released in open areas such as fields and oceans d. heavy rain, concentrated geothermal buildings, and industrial particulates e. acid rain from industry contaminants combined with auto emissions
b. slight winds, temperature inversions, and trapped particulates
Which of the following examples would be considered a nonbasic business? a. computer software design b. supermarket c. global financial services d. potato farming e. aircraft manufacturing
b. supermarket
The energy efficiency of a hybrid car is tied to a. the use of a gasoline engine at high speeds, and at low speeds, when the gas engine is most efficient, an electric motor takes over, energy that would otherwise be gained while coasting and braking is lost. b. the use of a gasoline engine at high speeds, whereas at low speeds an electric motor takes over; moreover, energy that would have otherwise escaped as heat is captured and stored while the car is coasting and braking. c. the use of hybrid gasolines. d. the use of a gasoline engine at low speeds, whereas at high speeds an electric motor takes over; moreover, energy that would have otherwise escaped as heat is captured and stored while the car is coasting and braking. e. the generation of electricity from rooftop solar panels and wind turbines affixed to the sides and undercarriage of the car.
b. the use of a gasoline engine at high speeds, whereas at low speeds an electric motor takes over; moreover, energy that would have otherwise escaped as heat is captured and stored while the car is coasting and braking.
One of the ways that suburban residential segregation is reinforced is through a. homogeneity of urban schools. b. zoning ordinances. c. the high value of industrial land. d. loans to people with low incomes. e. cost of housing in the CBD.
b. zoning ordinances.
At the current rate of demand, how long are the world's proven reserves of coal expected to last? a. 75 years b. 30 years c. 110 years d. 145 years e. 90 years
c. 110 years
The percent of Americans who live in a food desert is estimated to be a. 36.3% b. 9.8% c. 23.5% d. 16% e. 31.4%
c. 23.5%
According to U.S. government estimates, what percentage of the homeless population is comprised of children? a. 5 b. 10 c. 25 d. 15 e. 40
c. 25
Consumer services account for which percent of jobs in the United States? a. 25% b. 10% c. 50% d. 75% e. 5%
c. 50%
Use Figure 12-9 to answer the question. Based on the information presented in the map, which statement about distinctive economic bases found in U.S. communities is TRUE? a. Clocks, carpets, and computers form the economic base of Florida towns. b. Logging and office and household furniture industries support a cluster of communities in the Pacific Northwest. c. Aircraft, boat and ship-building are found in Western communities. d. Agricultural and farm-based businesses are located close to south and eastern ports. e. The Northeast supports mainly luxury goods production, hosiery, and entertainment services.
c. Aircraft, boat and ship-building are found in Western communities.
Which outcome is a potential result of damage to the ozone layer? a. A shortage of chlorofluorocarbons needed for refrigeration. b. Leaks of freon emissions from the Sun that cause skin cancer on Earth. c. Disruption of food chains and other sources of life on Earth. d. Ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere would be completely absorbed. e. Humans and plants would grow too large in size under UV light.
c. Disruption of food chains and other sources of life on Earth.
Which of the following statements about urban and suburban segregation is most accurate? a. Residents and commercial activities are usually segregated from manufacturing activities, which are largely located in cities. b. Zoning ordinances were enacted in the early twentieth century in Europe and North America to discourage spatial separation. c. Housing in a given suburban community is usually built for people of a single social class. d. Suburbs are segregated by social norms that make physical barriers unnecessary. e. Although cities are often segregated by race and ethnicity, this is not the case in suburbs.
c. Housing in a given suburban community is usually built for people of a single social class.
Which trait of periodic markets makes them well suited for developing countries? a. Periodic markets defy the gravity model because distance is not an important factor. b. The frequency of periodic markets varies little from culture to culture. c. Sparse populations and low incomes in developing countries cannot support full-time retailing. d. Periodic markets provide urban dwellers an alternative to expensive grocery stores. e. Periodic markets require permanent structures, which are common in developing countries.
c. Sparse populations and low incomes in developing countries cannot support full-time retailing.
Which of the following is NOT true about the world's energy supply? a. Thirty-three percent of the world's natural gas comes from the United States and other developed countries. b. Thirty-three percent of the world's natural gas is produced in Southwest Asia and Russia. c. The United States produces 50 percent of the world's petroleum output. d. Approximately 50 percent of the world's coal reserves are found in China. e. Russia and Saudi Arabia provide at least 25 percent of the world's petroleum.
c. The United States produces 50 percent of the world's petroleum output.
Which of the following would planners NOT consider when determining the extent of the market area for a new chicken wings restaurant? a. The number of people living within an approximately 10-mile radius. b. The potential range of people who enjoy chicken wings within a 10-minute drive. c. The availability of parking within the threshold of the restaurant. d. The income levels of people living within the threshold. e. The number of people between the ages of 15 and 35.
c. The availability of parking within the threshold of the restaurant.
Which of the following statements about the economic base of settlements in the United States is correct? a. The distribution of individuals with specialized talents is uniform across the country. b. A decline in basic businesses would likely result in an increase in nonbasic businesses. c. The term "basic industries" originally referred to manufacturing but now includes the service sector. d. In a postindustrial society, primary sector activities such as mining are becoming an increasing portion of basic businesses. e. The same basic businesses are located in different cities.
c. The term "basic industries" originally referred to manufacturing but now includes the service sector.
Which statement about energy demand is CORRECT? a. Most of the world's energy resources are found in developed countries. b. The United States consumes more energy that China. c. With only one-twentieth of the world' population North America consumes about a quarter of the world's energy supply. d. The consumption of fossil fuels has been increasing at a more rapid rate in developed countries. e. The primary fuel used in U.S. industries is coal.
c. With only one-twentieth of the world' population North America consumes about a quarter of the world's energy supply.
In contrast to megacities, metacities a. are very large urban settlements and have at least 25 million people. b. were founded in ancient times and have been continuously inhabited. c. are fewer in number. d. are also classified as global cities. e. are primarily located in developed countries.
c. are fewer in number. THERE ARE LESS METACITIES COMPARED TO MEGACITIES
A firm that sells its products primarily to consumers outside its settlement is a a. global industry. b. nonbasic industry. c. basic industry. d. primate city. e. consumer service.
c. basic industry.
The U.S. government has encouraged the use of cars in part by a. charging high gasoline taxes. b. constructing new subways. c. building interstate highways. d. giving tax credits to automobile owners. e. protecting prime agricultural land.
c. building interstate highways.
Which best describes the location of petroleum reserves in Southwest Asia & North Africa? a. concentrated primarily along the Mediterranean Sea b. dispersed throughout the region c. clustered primarily on the Arabian Peninsula d. primarily in Syria and Iraq e. clustered in fields along the western shore of the Red Sea
c. clustered primarily on the Arabian Peninsula
Twenty-eight U.S. states have so-called "right-to-work" laws that a. are located primarily in the industrial centers of the northern states. b. send a powerful signal to employers that workers have the right to join a labor union. c. create obstacles for labor unions attempting to organize workers and bargain with employers. d. make it much more difficult for employers to stop unions from forming. e. curtail powers of factory management to break unions and prevent future union formation.
c. create obstacles for labor unions attempting to organize workers and bargain with employers.
The long-lot system, brought to North America by the French, was developed primarily because of a. collective land ownership. b. inheritance laws. c. desire for access to a river or road. d. long distance communication between farms. e. common grazing land.
c. desire for access to a river or road.
Sprawl is best defined as the a. change in density within an urban area from the periphery to the center. b. increasing population density in rings two and three of the concentric zone model. c. development of new housing sites not contiguous to the existing built-up area. d. land maintained as open space surrounding an urban area. e. period in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.
c. development of new housing sites not contiguous to the existing built-up area.
The presence of "pond scum" of algae indicates a. effluents from the factories killing plant life. b. reduced water supply. c. excessive aquatic plant production due to farm fertilizer run off. d. a decaying water body due to increased salinity. e. excessive evaporation.
c. excessive aquatic plant production due to farm fertilizer run off.
Which is the distinctive feature of the cottage industry system? a. mass production b. factories located near worker residences c. home-based manufacturing d. hand-made luxury goods e. use of machinery in production
c. home-based manufacturing
Which factors best explain why many "call centers" are outsourced to India? a. willingness of students to work night shifts and geographic situational factors b. the wide use of English and a large number of working students c. low wages and the widespread use of English d. low wages and geographic situational factors e. low wages and desperate economic conditions
c. low wages and the widespread use of English
Minimills are more likely than integrated steel mills to select locations because of access to a. raw materials. b. fluid capital. c. markets. d. government subsidies. e. unskilled labor.
c. markets.
In addition to integrated mills, about one-fourth of U.S. steel production is now attributed to a. traditional mills in the South and Southeast. b. minimills that have revitalized the old steel producing center of Pittsburgh. c. minimills which utilize scrap metal in many U.S. locations. d. scrap metal from materials transported to the United States from China. e. nuclear-pellet generating plants in the Northeast.
c. minimills which utilize scrap metal in many U.S. locations.
Large numbers of employees of suburban businesses may suffer hardships because they do not a. commute to the CBD on privately funded transportation systems. b. own automobiles, although in this new urban landscape public transportation is widely available. c. own automobiles in an urban landscape where public transportation is limited. d. experience sprawl. e. have new school districts in an urban landscape where public schools are almost nonexistent.
c. own automobiles in an urban landscape where public transportation is limited.
Typical medieval European urban settlements were characterized by the a. demolition of ancient walls surrounding the town. b. provision of parks and open space surrounding important churches. c. placement of buildings around a central market square. d. dispersal of palaces, churches, and other important buildings throughout the town. e. broad avenues in residential districts.
c. placement of buildings around a central market square.
Which best completes the statement: Corporations that outsource to Mexico for manufacturing of car parts, may a. ensure profits through high tariffs that suppress U.S. sales. b. be unable to find enough laborers to work for low wages. c. take advantage of lax environmental enforcement. d. use obsolete production processes compared with most U.S. assembly plants. e. rely on situation factors such as rivers and inexpensive land in central Mexico.
c. take advantage of lax environmental enforcement.
The clustering of tech jobs and talent in the United States is attributed to a. investment capital distributed evenly throughout the country. b. recent college graduates investing in the economic development of "cool" cities. c. talented people igniting economic advancement in communities, which attracts more talented people. d. financial incentives to individuals, and tax breaks for businesses that move to cities with declining populations. e. cultural factors such as amount of time off permitted by basic businesses.
c. talented people igniting economic advancement in communities, which attracts more talented people.
Industry is increasingly concentrated in developing rather than developed regions because of a. a review of production costs to ensure fair wages to all sectors of the manufacturing process. b. the reduced competition in global markets for goods manufactured in developed countries. c. the ability to outsource production to independent suppliers anywhere in the world. d. the higher costs of fossil fuel energy resources in developed countries. e. vertical integration that frees developed countries from performing unskilled labor.
c. the ability to outsource production to independent suppliers anywhere in the world.
Use Figure 11-5 to answer the question. In East Asia's industrial areas, the chief concentrations of manufacturing in the region include a. the area due east of the Gulf of Bai Hai. b. the western coast of Japan and eastern coast of Korea. c. the river valley east of Wuhan. d. central China. e. the river valley east of Shanghai.
c. the river valley east of Wuhan.
According to the United Nations, the reduction of pollution and the dependency on fossil fuels will require a. revitalization of decommissioned high dams. b. fracking. c. use of carbon capture and storage mechanisms. d. safe disposal of lithium batteries. e. wholesale conversion to solar energy.
c. use of carbon capture and storage mechanisms.
Which of the following practices is the least likely to reduce traffic congestion? a. charging motorists higher tolls to drive on freeways during peak hours b. requiring special permits and proof of ownership of a parking space in the city center c. using an autonomous driving vehicle to travel to the city center during peak hours d. banning cars in portions of the central city e. charging motorists a fee to drive into the central cities during certain hours during the work week
c. using an autonomous driving vehicle to travel to the city center during peak hours
Which is the LEAST likely to be located at a port in a modern CBD? a. aquariums and museums b. lofts and renovated apartments c. warehouses and piers for cargo ships d. recreation and parks e. convention centers and shops
c. warehouses and piers for cargo ships
A census area based on commuting patterns is called a a. Micropolitan Statistical Area. b. Metropolitan Statistical Area. c. Primary Statistical Area. d. Combines Statistical Area. e. Core-based Statistical Area.
d. Combines Statistical Area.
Which statement correctly describes characteristics of one of the three types of services? a. Business services include retail and wholesale businesses. b. Consumer services include police forces, fire protection, and education. c. Business services are provided by educators and other government workers. d. Consumer services comprise the highest percentage of all types of services in the United States. e. Most consumer service jobs are in leisure and hospitality.
d. Consumer services comprise the highest percentage of all types of services in the United States.
Which of the following statements about clustered rural settlements is NOT TRUE? a. Fields typically surround the buildings in a clustered rural settlement. b. They may follow either a circular or linear pattern. c. There is likely to be a small set of business and consumer services in addition to the agricultural structures. d. Family farms are near one another in order to share tools and tractors. e. Linear clustered settlements can be aligned to a river, road, or a dike.
d. Family farms are near one another in order to share tools and tractors.
Which is NOT a way technology is employed to mitigate traffic congestion? a. Charging of tolls directly to drivers through electronic systems. b. Radio stations report traffic problems reported in by cameras or motorists. c. Apps that notify drivers of accidents and delays. d. GPS technology assists drivers in reducing road capacity. e. GPS systems that find and map the quickest route.
d. GPS technology assists drivers in reducing road capacity.
Use Figure 11-4 to answer the question. Which statement is TRUE regarding the industrial areas of North America? a. Industry is dispersed evenly throughout the United States and Canada. b. Canada's industrial areas near Toronto are nearly as extensive as those of the northeastern United States near Boston. c. Canada's far west and the U.S. South have become the continent's principal industrial zones. d. Industry is clustered in and around the Great Lakes in both Canada and the United States. e. The industrial regions of California are more extensive than those of the Midwest and the Northeast combined.
d. Industry is clustered in and around the Great Lakes in both Canada and the United States.
Which example best illustrates a geographic concept associated with China's efforts to create more sustainable cities? a. Rapid urbanization of the rural population producing changes in region and density. b. High rise financial districts in cities such as Shanghai modifying the scale of urban settlements. c. The oldest urban place in China, the Potala Palace in the Autonomous Region of Tibet, being powered by renewable energy. d. Innovative high-speed train systems facilitating connections between city neighborhoods and other urban centers. e. The decline in density of rural communities representing more efficient farming methods across space.
d. Innovative high-speed train systems facilitating connections between city neighborhoods and other urban centers.
Which statement best describes the range of a service? a. A service must identify a location that maximizes accessibility. b. There are the minimum number of consumers needed for a business to remain profitable. c. Potential customers have access to at least one large settlement. d. People will travel a long distance to obtain some services. e. Potential customers within an area depend on the product being sold.
d. People will travel a long distance to obtain some services.
Which would NOT be an anticipated outcome of urban land use policies in the United Kingdom? a. New growth concentrated in existing towns. b. The extension of new areas adjacent to settlements. c. Higher housing prices in urban areas. d. The construction of more discontinuous suburbs. e. The creation of greenbelts or open space.
d. The construction of more discontinuous suburbs.
The process of urbanization can be analyzed by looking at which two dimensions of growth of a city? a. The density and heterogeneity of people. b. The number and homogeneity of people. c. The size and density of people. d. The number and percentage of people. e. The percentage and density of people.
d. The number and percentage of people.
Use Figure 11-20 to answer the question. Which statement about changes in U.S. manufacturing from 1950 to 2017 is TRUE? a. Right-to-work states are only located in the southern portion of the United States b. The percentage of manufacturing jobs decreased only in the Midwest and Northeast. c. The percentage of manufacturing jobs increased in North Carolina. d. The number of manufacturing jobs decreased in Ohio, Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania. e. The number of manufacturing jobs increased only in "right-to-work" states.
d. The number of manufacturing jobs decreased in Ohio, Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the impact of motor vehicles in urban areas? a. In the centers of large urban areas such as New York, motor vehicle ownership is nearly universal. b. The U.S. government discourages the use of cars and trucks by limiting funds for interstate highways. c. Urban areas have no recourse to relieve congestion except by banning automobiles altogether. d. The over-reliance upon automobiles, especially for work-related trips, has created congestion problems in urban areas. e. Outside of the United States, large cities such as Munich rely on motor vehicles almost exclusively because public transportation, such as rail service, is not widely available.
d. The over-reliance upon automobiles, especially for work-related trips, has created congestion problems in urban areas.
Compare the three models of urban structure, and choose the attribute that is unique to the sector model. a. The sector model identifies five separate concentric zones. b. The sector model does not have a single central business district. c. The city of Chicago is based on the sector model. d. The sector model was developed by an economist. e. In the sector model, middle-class housing is found directly adjacent to working-class housing.
d. The sector model was developed by an economist.
Use Figure 13-8 to answer the question. Which of the following conclusions is NOT supported by the data in the graph? a. The standards set for 2020 will be nearly double of the levels seen in the 1970s. b. Improving fuel economy was not a concern of the U.S. from 1990 to 2010. c. U.S. cars achieved standards of 35 miles to the gallon in approximately 2012. d. Trucks have improved fuel efficiency since 2010 due to conversion to electric vehicles. e. The efficiency of cars improved more significantly than that of trucks in the mid-1980s.
d. Trucks have improved fuel efficiency since 2010 due to conversion to electric vehicles.
The supply of energy remaining in discovered deposits is known as a. exhausted reserve potential. b. mostly in tropical locations. c. a potential reserve. d. a proven reserve. e. reserve profitability.
d. a proven reserve.
According to central place theory, which of the following locations is likely to be the most profitable for a business? a. a site located the farthest away from other competitors b. a site located close to a competitor's store c. a site located beyond the range consumers are willing to travel d. a site where potential shoppers exceed its threshold e. a site located far from any existing market area
d. a site where potential shoppers exceed its threshold
Choose the phrase that best completes the sentence. Periodic markets a. are unreliable and therefore contribute to the existence of food deserts for urban dwellers. b. are widely distributed across developed countries during holiday shopping seasons. c. directly compete with service providers in developing countries. d. are located in both developing and developed nations in both rural and urban areas. e. are only found in developing countries where income levels are too low to support full-time retail services.
d. are located in both developing and developed nations in both rural and urban areas.
The term that describes the amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given amount of organic waste is a. hydrofluorocarbon measure. b. carbon dioxide levels. c. chlorofluorocarbon quantity. d. biochemical oxygen demand. e. air quality index.
d. biochemical oxygen demand.
Use Figure 11-3 to answer the question. Italy's Po River Basin developed as an industrial area a. in the twenty-first century to become Southern Europe's newest industrial area. b. and now represents one-fourth of the country's industry. c. because it has cheaper labor compared to southern Italy and the island of Sicily. d. by taking advantage of inexpensive hydroelectricity from the Alps. e. by taking advantage of expensive hydroelectricity from the Alps but inexpensive nuclear energy from France.
d. by taking advantage of inexpensive hydroelectricity from the Alps.
Which is NOT a business service? a. professional b. information c. financial d. clerical e. transportation
d. clerical
Which explains why some residents of inner-city neighborhoods face challenges in achieving economic prosperity? a. high employment rates and illiteracy b. social mobility and government services c. childcare services and police protection d. distance from jobs and low technical skills e. public transportation and education
d. distance from jobs and low technical skills
Global cities are identified and ranked by a combination of a. hinterland and gravity models. b. economic, service, industrial, and infrastructure factors. c. central place theory and gravity models. d. economic, political, cultural, and infrastructure factors. e. political and infrastructure factors.
d. economic, political, cultural, and infrastructure factors.
Which material is 100 percent recyclable?I a. metal b. tin c. paper d. glass e. plastic
d. glass
Settlements on the periphery of cities in less developed countries that often house the poor or new urban arrivals are known as a. council estates. b. the outer ring. c. the zone in transition. d. informal settlements. e. public housing.
d. informal settlements.
Using the city of Shanghai as an example, which does NOT accurately describe a key geographic trend in urbanization? a. a city connected to the world through international finance and communication b. a change in scale as it transformed from a small port city to settlement of 24 million c. the rapid urbanization of the world's most populous country d. lack of public transportation systems that could encourage the development of the city e. spaces within the city shared by both rich and poor
d. lack of public transportation systems that could encourage the development of the city
Compared to other industries, aluminum manufacturers are more likely to locate near sources of a. transportation infrastructure. b. low-cost coal-fired power plants. c. low-cost labor. d. low-cost hydroelectricity. e. aluminum oxide.
d. low-cost hydroelectricity.
A land use typically excluded from a North American CBD is a. office. b. legal. c. public administration. d. manufacturing. e. retail.
d. manufacturing.
Before the advent of the shopping mall, which of the following activities was the LEAST likely to be found in a CBD? a. legal services b. high-end jewelry store c. city hall d. medical services e. office supply store
d. medical services
Use Figure 11-1 to answer the question. The diffusion of the Industrial Revolution was delayed in part because European railways were a. not built in Russia until after 1876. b. not built in France until 1826. c. built in Russia, France, and Serbia by 1856. d. not built in Greece until after 1876. e. not built in Russia until 1836.
d. not built in Greece until after 1876.
A significant driver of suburban growth in the United States has been a. population decline after WWII. b. commuter railways. c. the annexation of rural areas. d. rising incomes of the middle class. e. the Industrial Revolution.
d. rising incomes of the middle class.
Which service traditionally found in a central business district (CBD) is the most likely to still be located there today? a. department stores b. jewelers c. single-family homes d. services in advertising, banking, and finance e. factories
d. services in advertising, banking, and finance
Location factors related to the transportation of materials to and from a factory are called a. single-market factors. b. market forces. c. site factors. d. situation factors. e. labor supply.
d. situation factors
In terms of global financial services, which two major benefits do developing countries offer? a. privacy and low wages b. command and control centers and low wages c. command and control centers and dependent centers d. tax breaks and privacy e. dependent centers and tax breaks
d. tax breaks and privacy
Where did the Chernobyl incident occur? a. India b. China c. Cuba d. the Soviet Union e. the United States
d. the Soviet Union
The Industrial Revolution began in a. Japan. b. Russia. c. the United States. d. the United Kingdom. e. the Fertile Crescent.
d. the United Kingdom.
Which of the following is NOT a problems associated with exploiting potential reserves of petroleum? a. the increased cost of exploration and technology b. pipeline construction that may be controversial for environmental reasons c. the remote location of remaining reserves d. the falling value of petroleum on the world market e. risks associated with deep sea drilling
d. the falling value of petroleum on the world market
In which type of settlement do most people in the world live? a. dispersed rural b. agricultural c. primordial d. urban e. clustered rural
d. urban
Maintaining control over all phases of a highly complex production process, as opposed to outsourcing, is known as a. the new international division of labor. b. horizontal integration. c. right-to-work. d. vertical integration. e. convergence.
d. vertical integration.
The highest per capita consumption of energy is in North America, but by 2040, developing countries will consume which percentage of the world's fossil fuels? a. 40 b. 50 c. 80 d. 70 e. 60
e. 60
Which definition of an "urban area" is correct? a. The term "urban area" is synonymous with "metropolitan area." b. The term "suburb" is defined by the census differently than "city" and does not include urban areas. c. A "metropolitan statistical area" includes urbanized areas with a population of at least 10,000. d. An urban area includes only the central city and excludes surrounding suburbs. e. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, urban areas can be classified as either "urban clusters" or "urbanized areas," depending upon the population.
e. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, urban areas can be classified as either "urban clusters" or "urbanized areas," depending upon the population.
Use Figure 12-12 to answer the question. According to the map, the vast majority of megacities are located in a. South America b. Africa. c. Europe. d. North America. e. Asia.
e. Asia.
Which statement about the legal definition of a central city is true? a. Many areas classified as cities are not self-governing. b. An urban area includes only the central city. c. The Census Bureau definition of a metropolitan area is the legal definition of a city. d. The term "city" is synonymous with "suburb." e. Cities are legally incorporated as municipalities.
e. Cities are legally incorporated as municipalities.
Use Figure 13-3 to answer the question. Which of the following conclusions about housing construction in Paris is supported by the data presented in the map? a. Between five and nine percent of new housing is located southeast of the CBD near the river. b. Paris does not follow the multiple nuclei model. c. More than 10 percent of new housing has been built in the CBD and to the east of downtown. d. New housing construction follows the path of the Seine River. e. Concentric rings of new housing are visible radiating from the CBD.
e. Concentric rings of new housing are visible radiating from the CBD.
Which statement accurately compares patterns of urban structure in Europe and the United States? a. Europe's CBDs contain fewer day-to-day consumer services than CBDs in the United States. b. Similar to the United States, the poor often live in sectors within the European city, whereas the wealthy live in rings surrounding the city. c. As in the United States, older housing is found in the outer rings of cities. d. Similar to U.S. cities, European cities generally have high-rise structures and wide streets. e. In contrast to U.S. urban areas, most ethnic and racial minorities in Europe reside in the suburbs.
e. In contrast to U.S. urban areas, most ethnic and racial minorities in Europe reside in the suburbs.
Use Figure 11-16 to answer the question. Which is a way that shirt production illustrates the new international division of labor? a. T-shirt fabric and other clothing textiles are bulk-gaining industries that pass along shipping costs to the consumer. b. Spinning, weaving, and assembly of clothing are clustered in high-skilled labor countries, lowering the costs to the retailer. c. Labor costs are kept at a small percentage of overall production costs, making clothing manufacturing a capital-intensive industry. d. While spinning and weaving are low-skilled manufacturing, assembly of items must be completed by skilled labor in developed countries. e. In spite of being labor-intensive, labor costs are a tiny fraction of clothing consumer prices.
e. In spite of being labor-intensive, labor costs are a tiny fraction of clothing consumer prices.
Which of the following statements about the multiple nuclei model is correct? a. It hypothesizes that heavy industry and high-class housing will often be found in the same neighborhood. b. It does not include a central business district. c. It theorizes that a city grows outward, similar to the growth rings of a tree. d. It is the only model of the three that does not include suburbs. e. It describes the city as a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.
e. It describes the city as a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.
Which states are the biggest exporters of solid waste? a. California, Nevada, and Arizona b. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Maryland c. Washington, Oregon, and Idaho d. Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico e. New York, New Jersey, and Illinois
e. New York, New Jersey, and Illinois
Which of the following statement justifies the classification of New York as a global city? a. New York is a center for the provision of crops and other food products in the global economy. b. New York is a "beta" city. c. New York is centrally located within the United States. d. New York is a national capital. e. Several major, international financial institutions are headquartered in New York.
e. Several major, international financial institutions are headquartered in New York.
Which statement most accurately describes the three-dimensional nature of the central business district (CBD)? a. Skyscrapers are useful to attract retail and business services, but noise from the CBD makes them unsuitable as residences. b. Lower land values in the CBD attract people and activities. c. Cities in cold regions tend not to use space below street level because temperatures are not suitable for most activities. d. Utility networks in the CBD tend to be above ground so they can service the street-level retail businesses. e. The high demand for space means the CBD must function above as well as below street level.
e. The high demand for space means the CBD must function above as well as below street level.
Which feature would NOT be found in urban areas in the United States prior to the widespread use of automobiles for commuting? a. Elevated train lines operated by steam or horse-power. b. Clusters of "streetcar suburbs" along the route of the railway lines. c. Horse-drawn carriages and buggies moving slowly through crowded city streets. d. Overcrowding in downtown areas because people needed to live in walking distance to their place of employment. e. Widespread development of suburbs outside the inner rings of the CBD for wealthy business owners.
e. Widespread development of suburbs outside the inner rings of the CBD for wealthy business owners.
The Griffin-Ford model would classify the Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City as a. a zone of in situ accretion. b. a zone of maturity. c. a suburban settlement. d. the market. e. a spine.
e. a spine.
The three types of services are a. public, primary, and support. b. tertiary, secondary, and secret. c. business, tertiary, and consumer. d. public, business, and customer. e. business, consumer, and public.
e. business, consumer, and public.
The "Boswash" corridor that stretches from Boston to Washington, D.C., was named "Megalopolis" a. by economist, philanthropist, and geographer Harm DeBlij. b. because it conformers to the urban model of Homer Hoyt. c. because it covered more than one-fourth of the total U.S. land area. d. because it was planned to house more than half of the U.S. population. e. by geographer Jean Gottmann.
e. by geographer Jean Gottmann.
The growth of which industry was LEAST affected by the diffusion of technology? a. food processing b. chemicals c. iron smelting d. textiles e. coal mining
e. coal mining
The underground CBD is characterized by a. high-end boutique shops serving downtown workers. b. chain restaurants and experimental theater. c. public services such as municipal offices. d. high threshold retail and business services. e. communication networks, subway trains, and pedestrian passages.
e. communication networks, subway trains, and pedestrian passages.
Use Figures 11-18 and 11-19 to answer the question. Between 1980 and 2017 the share of global steel production from developing countries a. increased from 1 percent to 6 percent. b. increased from 5 percent to 50 percent. c. decreased from 12 percent to 8 percent. d. increased from 14 percent to 64 percent of the total. e. increased from 19 percent to 64 percent of the total.
e. increased from 19 percent to 64 percent of the total.
Central place theory predicts larger settlements will be a. more numerous and closer together. b. more numerous and farther apart. c. less numerous and closer together. d. more numerous. e. less numerous and farther apart.
e. less numerous and farther apart.
Use Figure 11-17 to answer the question. Which describes the twenty-first century distribution of Nucor minimills in the United States? a. concentrated in Mississippi, California, Illinois, Kentucky, and Maine b. distributed evenly in nearly every U.S. state c. primarily situated close to Northeastern markets d. concentrated in Mississippi, Alabama, North Carolina, and Florida e. operational in at least 20 different states
e. operational in at least 20 different states
The reuse of unwanted material is called a. redesigning. b.refurbishing. c. reselling. d. rebranding. e. recycling.
e. recycling.
Throughout history, oil prices have experienced dramatic price changes. Which is NOT an event that led to a sharp fluctuation in the price per barrel? a. OPEC's refusal to sell oil to allies of Israel in 1973 resulting in higher prices b. the end of the Iran-Iraq war in 1988 resulting in lower prices c. the Iranian Revolution in 1979 and Iran-Iraq war triggering oil shortages and higher prices d. control of the supply in Southwest Asia by oil companies in the early 70s keeping prices low e. removal of all U.S. government subsidies in 1980 to major oil companies like Exxon-Mobil causing increased prices
e. removal of all U.S. government subsidies in 1980 to major oil companies like Exxon-Mobil causing increased prices
Which is NOT associated with post-Fordist production? a. leveling b. consensus c. increased productivity d. teams e. steep organizational chart
e. steep organizational chart
Use Figure 13-7 to answer the question. Total transit trips in the United States indicate that a. all major cities in Texas have established rail systems used by at least 100,000 riders. b. passengers rely on public rail systems in all major cities in Michigan. c. Atlanta is the only city in the south to provide a rail system to commuters. d. the number of transit trips in Minneapolis is comparable to that of Miami. e. subway systems are used by millions of people near cities in the Boswash corridor.
e. subway systems are used by millions of people near cities in the Boswash corridor.
Which is the main reason why OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, was established? a. to thank the United States after Reagan's attack on Libya in 1986 b. to control oil prices after 9/11/2001 c. to support foreign-owned transnational oil companies in Southwest Asian countries in 1972 d. to raise prices in response to Desert Storm in 1991 e. to gain control of oil production, profits, and pricing in 1960
e. to gain control of oil production, profits, and pricing in 1960
Which of the following is NOT primarily a consumer service? a. education b. health c. hospitality d. retail and wholesale e. transportation
e. transportation
The city plus its surrounding built-up suburbs is the a. consolidated metropolitan statistical area. b. regional government federation. c. metropolitan statistical area. d. central city. e. urbanized area.
e. urbanized area.
