Chapter 11

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers' expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

Attribution theory

______________refers to the impaired decision making that occurs in a team when making the right decision is less important than maintaining harmony in a team.

Group think

Joshua is very emotional about his partner Cindy. He is also possessive and gets jealous when she talks to other men in the neighborhood. He demands closeness from her but does not trust her. Which of the following attachment style is evident from Joshua's behavior?

anxious attachment

Sherif's Robbers case study showed that perceptions of the out-group are affected by _____.

competitive and cooperative activities

Equity is a strong predictor of relationship satisfaction _____. (Hint: When?)

during the early stages but not later stages of a relationship

What is the key social emotion involved with altruism?

empathy

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of inner dispositions upon another's behavior is called _____.

fundamental attribution theory

The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as _____.

individuation

Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she is a selfish and unhappy person, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make commitment right now. Jack is making a(n) _____ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas John is making a(n) _____.

internal attribute/ external attribute

Social psychologists believe that _____ is particularly strong during the early stages of a relationship, and that _____ increases as the relationship grows and matures.

romantic love/ affectionate love

According to _____, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

social exchange theory

A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

stereotype

Individuals who have positive illusions about the self _____.

tend to show high levels of self-being

Social loafing refers to the _____.

tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups then when working alone

Cognitive dissonance theory states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals _____.

try to align their attitude and behavior