Chapter 11: Personality
Age birth to 12 months; erogenous zone is the mouth; pleasure principle; focus is feeding; personality structure is id; structure of mind is unconscious
Describe the oral stage of Freud's psychosexual stage of development.
Age 3-5 years; erogenous zone are the genitals; morality principle; focus is sexual orientation and ambition; personality structure is id, ego, superego; structure of mind is all 3;
Describe the phallic stage of Freud's psychosexual stage of development.
Superego
Develops as a child interacts with others and begins learning the social rules of right/wrong; operates on morality principle; "conscience"/moral compass
Projection
Ego defense mechanism in which a person refuses to acknowledge her own unconscious feelings and instead sees those feelings in someone else
Regression
Ego defense mechanism in which an individual acts younger than their age
Repression
Ego defense mechanism in which anxiety is reduced by removing an overwhelming memory from conscious awareness
Reaction formation
Ego defense mechanism in which someone expresses feelings, thoughts, and behaviors opposite to their inclinations
Castration anxiety
Fear in boys that their father will punish them for feelings of desire for their mother and urge to replace their father in order to gain the mother's attention
Gordon Allport
Founded 4,500 traits that were organized into cardinal, central, and secondary traits
Psychosexual stage of development
Freud's theory that a child's pleasure-seeking urges coming from the id are focused on different areas of the body; stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Franz Gall
German physician that proposed that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal an individual's personality traits, character, and mental abilities by measuring the sizes of brain areas; *phrenology* now seen as pseudoscience
Electra complex
Girl's desire for her father's attention and wishes to replace their mother's place
Galen
Greek physician and philosopher that built upon Hippocrates four separate temperaments by stating that diseases and personality differences are rooted in the temperaments
Persona
Mask that we adopt and is create consciously from both our conscious experiences and collective unconscious; believed by Jung to be the compromise between our true self and what society expects us to be
Projectice testing
Method of assessing personality that relies on projection and consists of interpreting ambiguous cards; Ex. Rorschach, TAT, Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks test, TEMAS, RISB
Defense mechanisms
Methods used by the ego to reduce anxiety through unconscious protective behaviors; includes denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, and sublimation
Five Factor Model (Big Five)
Most popular personality theory that includes 5 traits that are on a spectrum: opennes to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN)
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian; 1st president of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society that broke away from Freud and founded individual psychology; proposed inferiority complex was the basis of personality; *contribution was that birth order affects personality*
Carl Jung
Neo-Freudian; Swiss psychiatrist and protégé of Freud who developed analytical psychology; *proposed extroversion and introversion approaches to life and persona*
Erik Erikson
Neo-Freudian; emphasized that social relationships are important at each stage (8 total) of personality development
Karen Horney
Neo-Freudian; one of the first women trained as a Freudian psychoanalyst; did not support the idea of penis envy but explained the idea as being due to culture where males are given greater privileges; suggested womb envy for men; *focused on role of unconscious anxiety in shaping personality*
Self-concept
One of Carl Roger's main ideas about personality that involves out thoughts and feelings about ourselves
Reactivity
One of the two dimensions of temperament that refers to how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli
Self-regulation
One of the two dimensions of temperament that refers to our ability to control the response to the new or challenging environmental stimuli
Self-efficacy
Our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through out social experiences; affects how we approach challenges and reach goals
Hans and Sybil Eysenck
Personality theorists that believed that people had three specific personality dimensions: extroversion/introversion, neuroticism/stability, and psychoticism/superego control
Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks TEst (C-TCB)
Projective test designed by Robert William that are the first culturally specific project test that involved showing images of African-American lifestyles similar to the TAT procedue
TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS)
Projective test designed to culturally relevant to minority groups, especially Hispanic youths
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)
Projective test in which clients must complete the sentence as quickly as possible; three types are school, college, and adult; used in screening college students and career counseling
Rorschach inkblot test
Projective test that consists of a series of ambiguous inkblot cards that are projected by a client and the responses are interpreted by a psychologist; used to measure depression, psychosis, and axiety
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective test that consists of a series of ambiguous pictures that a client must tell a story about; story can reveal client's social world and reveal hopes, fears, interests, and goals;
Raymond Cattell
Proposed 171 traits that we all have in varying degrees, which gives rise to our uniqueness; identified 16 dimensions of personality
Julian Rotter
Proposed the concept of locus control, which is another cognitive factor that affects learning and personality development, that can be internal or external
Individual psychology
Psychology that focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority; proposed by Alfred Adler
Analytical psychology
Psychology that focuses on working to balance oppose forces of conscious and unconscious thought and experience within one's personality; proposed by Carl Jung
Ego
Rational part of personality; considered to be the self and part of the personality that is seen by others; balances demands of id and superego in context of reality; operates on reality principle
Inferiority complex
Refers to a person's feelings that they lack worth and don't measure up to the standards of others or of society
Culture
Refers to all of the beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society
Locus control
Refers to our beliefs about the power we have over our lives
Personality
Refers to the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways
Heritability
Refers to the proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics; some traits such as leadership, obedience to authority, sense of well0being, alienation, resistance to stress, and fearfulness are more than 0.5 this ratio
Mesomorph
Somatotype that is large in bone structure, well-defined in muscles, broad shouldered, narrow waisted, and have attractive, strong bodies; personality is described as adventurous, assertive, competitive, curious, and fearless; enjoy trying new things but can be obnoxious and aggressive
Endomorphs
Somatotype that is narrow in shoulders, wide in hips, and carry extra fat on their rounded bodies; personality is described as relaxed, comfortable, good-humored, even-tempered, sociable, and tolerant; enjoy affection and detest disapproval
Ectomorphs
Somatotype that is thin with a small bone structure and very little fat on their bodies; personality is described as anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private; enjoy intellectual stimulation and feel uncomfortable in social situations
Walter Mischel
Surveyed several decades of empirical psychological works on trait prediction of behavior and found they did *not* support that a person's personality traits are consistent across situations; *self-regulation/will-power* in marshmallow study
Internal locus of control
Tendency to believe that most of our outcomes are the direct result of our efforts; belief that one's effort and decisions determine outcomes
External locus of control
Tendency to believe that our outcomes are outside of our control; belief that luck, fate, and other people determine outcomes
Neurosis
Tendency to experience negative emotions due to an imbalance in the system of id, superego, and ego
Self-report inventories
Type of objective test used to assess personality through the use of multiple-choice questions or numbered scales called Likert scales (Ex. Image)
MMPI
Type of objective test used to assess personality, *specifically diagnosing psychological disorders*, through many true/false questions that takes 1 to 2 hours to complete
Id
Unconscious strive that contains our most primitives drives or urges and is present from birth; operates on pleasure principle
Collective unconscious
Universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces
Lie (L) Scale
Validity scale that consists of 15 items to assert if the respondent is "faking good"
Warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule-consciousness, social boldness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractedness, privateness, apprehension, openness to change, self reliance, perfectionism, tension
What are Cattell's 16 dimensions of personality?
Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, Karen Horney
What are four notable neo-Freudians (generally agreed on the significance of childhood experiences but deemphasized sex and emphasized on social environment/culture on personality)?
Repression, projection, reaction formation, regression, sublimation, rationalization, displacement, denial
What are the different types of ego defense mechanisms?
Choleric (yellow bile from liver), melancholic (black bile from kidneys), sanguine (red blood from heart), phlegmatic (white phlegm from the lungs)
What are the four temperaments associated with fluids/humors of the body that Hippocrates theorized that are the basis for personality traits and human behaviors?
First axis separated strong and weak emotions (melancholic and choleric from phlegmatic and sanguine), second axis divided changeable/unchangeable (choleric and sanguine/melancholic and phlegmatic)
What are the major axes of personality that Wilhelm Wundt proposed?
Occupational tasks (careers), societal tasks (friendship), love tasks (finding an intimate partner for a long-term relationship)
What are the three fundamental social tasks that we all must experience according to Alfred Adler?
Reactivity, self-regulation
What are the two dimensions of temperament that are important parts of our adult personality?
Biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives versus out internal/socialized control over these drives
What are the two forces according to Freud that are conflicted and help develop our personality?
Congruence
When our thoughts about or real self and ideal self are similar, and, therefore our self-concept is accurate
Incongruence
When there is a discrepancy between our ideal and real selves that can lead to maladjustment
Oedipus complex
Boy's desire for his mother and urge to replace his father who is seen as a rival for the mother's attention; successfully resolved when boy begins to identify with father as an indirect way to have the mother; failure to resolve leads to a vain and overly ambitious personality
Cardinal trait
According to Allport, trait that dominates you entire personality and permeates your life; not common
Secondary traits
According to Allport, traits that are not quite obvious or consistent as central traits; present under certain circumstances and include preferences and attitudes; Ex. Normally not anxious but feeling so before presenting in class
Central traits
According to Allport, traits that make up one's personality such as loyal, friendly, sneaky, or wild
Ideal self
According to Carl Rogers, the person that you would like to be
Real self
According to Carl Rogers, the person you actually are
Passionate, ambitious, bold
According to Galen, a chloleric person is...
Reserved, anxious, unhappy
According to Galen, a melancholic person is...
Calm, reliable, thoughtful
According to Galen, a phlegmatic person is...
Joyful, eager, optimistic
According to Galen, a sanguine person is...
Moving toward people, moving against people, moving away from people
According to Karen Horney, what are the three styles of how children cope with anxiety?
Ectomorphs, endomorphs, mesomorphs
According to William H. Sheldon, what are the three somatotypes/body types that are linked to temperament?
Social-cognitive theory
Albert Bandura's theory of personality that emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality; reciprocal determinism, observational learning, and self-efficacy play a role
Archetypes
Ancestral memories represented by universal themes in various cultures expressed through literature, art, and dreams; Ex. Facing death
Penis envy
Anger in girls toward their mother for not being more like boys
Coping style that centers on detachment and isolation
Describe the moving away from people coping style.
Coping style that relies on affiliation and dependence
Describe the moving toward people coping style.
Traits
Characteristic ways of behaving
Anal-expulsive personality
Characterized as a messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts personality; stemmed in fixation in anal stage
Anal-retentive personality
Characterized as a stingy and stubborn personality, has a compulsive need for order and neatness, and can be considered as perfectionist; stemmed in fixation in anal stage
Reciprocal determinism
Concept in which cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact, each factor influencing and being influenced by the other simultaneously
Selective migration
Concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs
Age 1-3 years; erogenous zone is the anus; reality principle; focus is toilet training; personality structure is id and ego; structure of mind is unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
Describe the anal stage of Freud's psychosexual stage of development.
Age 12+ years; erogenous zone are the genitals; personality structure is all three as well as for structures of the mind; focus is on romantic relationships
Describe the genital stage of Freud's psychosexual stage of development.
Age 6-12 years; no erogenous zone; personality structure is all three as well as for structures of the mind; focus is on pursuits like academic skills, friendships, hobbies, and sports
Describe the latency stage of Freud's psychosexual stage of development.
Coping style that relies on aggression and assertiveness
Describe the moving against people coping style.
