Chapter 12: Gender-Based Violence

Power and control wheel

1. One-sided power games. 2. Mind games. 3. Using restrictions. 4. Isolation. 5. Cyber abuse. 6. Unkindness. Violation of trust. 7. Degradation. 8. Separation abuse. 9. Using social institutions. 10. Denial. Minimizing. Blaming. 11. Using the children. 12. Economic abuse. 13. Sexual abuse. 14. Threats and intimidation. 15. Domestic slavery. 16. Physical violence. DOMESTIC ABUSE is reinforced by SOCIAL BELIEFS which give ONE PARTNER the right to DOMINATE the OTHER. Note: From www.speakoutloud.net.

Hate crime

A crime that is motivated by bias.

Rape culture

A culture in which sexual violence is normalized and perpetrators don't fear repercussions.

Cycle of abuse

A cycle with an ongoing abusive relationships that consist of attention building phase, a violent episode, and a loving and contrition phase.

Rape myth

A false belief about how and why rape occurs.

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

A form of domestic violence involving violence by one member of an intimate couple against the other.

Gaslighting

A form of psychological abuse that involves manipulating victims into doubting their memory, perception, or sanity (Dutton, 2006).

Sexual assault

A general term that refers to different types of sexual abuse, including rape, attempted rape, unwanted sexual touching, and/or sexual harassment.

Intimate partners.

A large national study (Clay-Warner & Burt, 2005; Fisher, Cullen, & Daigle, 2005) of female rape survivors suggested that most people who perpetrate rape do so against whom?

Myth of the Black rapist

A myth that perpetuates the idea that black men are driven to assault white women, which unjustly increases fears of black men (Dorr, 2004).

Invisible war

A phenomenon in which a woman who enlists is more likely to be raped by a fellow soldier then be killed by enemy fire (Harman et al., 2008; Ziering, Barklow, & Dick, 2012).

Post-traumatic growth

A positive psychological change that can occur following a struggle with highly challenging life circumstances.

Imperialism

A practice that extends a country's power through either diplomacy or war, or both.

Female genital mutilation (FGM)

A procedure typically performed on children that involves partial or total removal of external female genitalia for nonmedical reasons (Jungari, 2016).

The dark side of resiliency.

A resilient person maintains a positive attitude no matter what they face. This is an example of what type of resiliency?

Elder abuse

A single or repeated act, occurring within the context of a trusting relationship, that causes harm to a person over the age of 60.

Multiple jeopardy

A term coined by feminist sociologist Deborah king (1988) to describe the difficulty in identifying one factor as the most significant explanation for an oppressive act.

Psychological abuse

A type of abuse in which perpetrators act in ways that causes fear, shame, isolation, or deprivation; it can involve emotional and/or verbal abuse. Acts of aggression intended to cause fear, shame, isolation, or deprivation.

Victim blaming

A type of blame that shifts responsibility away from the perpetrator and onto the survivor.

Battered women syndrome

A type of post traumatic stress disorder that includes disruption in interpersonal relationships, body image distortion, and sexual intimacy issues (Walker, 2017).

Coercive power

A type of power that leads survivors to think they will experience negative consequences if they do not comply with their abusers' demands.

Physical abuse

Acts of physical force intended to cause physical pain.

Tonic immobility

An involuntary "frozen" body response that occurs in high-fear situations. Victims feel unable to fight back against a perpetrator.

Domestic violence

Any abusive, violent, coercive, forceful, or threatening act by one member of the family or household toward another.

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA)

Any sexual activity between an adult and a minor.

Emotional abuse

Behaviors that aim to control or manipulate, such as withholding love, affection, or communication.

Sex trafficking

Commercial sex induced by force, fraud, or coercion.

a. The Dominant Model: "Sex is either wanted and consensual or unwanted and nonconsensual"

Consensual and Wanted: Not rape. Consensual and Unwanted: NOT POSSIBLE. Nonconsensual and Wanted: NOT POSSIBLE. Nonconsensual and Unwanted: Rape. (A model for understanding rape and consent. Adapted from Peterson & Muehlenhard 2007).

b. The Dominant Model: "Rape is unwanted, nonconsensual sex"

Consensual and Wanted: Not rape. Consensual and Unwanted: Not rape. Nonconsensual and Wanted: Not rape. Nonconsensual and Unwanted: Rape. (A model for understanding rape and consent. Adapted from Peterson & Muehlenhard 2007).

c. The New Model: "Wanting and consenting are different concepts; nonconsensual sex is rape."

Consensual and Wanted: Not rape. Consensual and Unwanted: Not rape. Nonconsensual and Wanted: Rape. Nonconsensual and Unwanted: Rape. (A model for understanding rape and consent. Adapted from Peterson & Muehlenhard 2007).

Stranger harassment (street harassment)

Harassment of women in public places by men who are strangers.

Rape myth 2

Myth: Rape is usually committed by a stranger or scary "other." Reality: Rape is mostly committed by intimate partners or acquaintances. In a large national study of female rape survivors, perpetrators were reported to be intimate partners (51.1%), acquaintances (40.8%), family members (12. 5%), and strangers (13.8%; Black et al., 2011).

Rape myth 7

Myth: Rape only happens to heterosexual women. Reality: Rape can happen to anyone. Between 3% and 8% of boys and men in the United States have experienced sexual assault (Coxell & King, 2010; Lowe & Rogers, 2017). Although the majority of assaults are perpetrated by other men, between 6% and 15% involve a female assailant (Fisher & Pina, 2013; Russell, Doan, & King, 2017).

Rape myth 4

Myth: Sex with someone who is incapacitated or drunk is not rape. Reality: If someone is not able to give consent, sex with that person is rape.

Rape myth 6

Myth: Sexual force is a normal aspect of male sexuality. Reality: There is no evidence that force is a normal aspect of male sexuality.

Rape myth 1

Myth: Women lie about being raped. Reality: Women rarely lie about being raped; in fact, rape is extremely under reported. Research suggests that only 0.05% to 7% of all reported rapes are unsubstantiated or false (Ferguson & Malouff, 2016; Lisak, Gardinier, Nicksa, & Cote, 2010; Lonsway, Archambault, & Lisak, 2009).

Violent resistance

Occurs in response to violence from a partner.

Rape

Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim.

1. Racism. 2. Homophobia. 3. Belief in a just world.

People who accept rape myths also tend to exhibit what three things?

Unacknowledged rape

People who experience an incident that meets the legal definition of rape but won't actually label their experience as rape; they may use a more benign label such as "bad sex" or "miscommunication" (Wilson & Miller, 2016, p. 1).

Honeymoon stage (loving and contrition phase)

Phase in the cycle of abuse in where it's a time when a perpetrator apologizes and provides gifts, admiration, and attention.

Acquaintance rape

Rape perpetuated by an intimate partner or someone known to the victim.

Incapacitated rape

Rape that occurs when a victim is intoxicated, unconscious, or asleep.

Restorative justice

Rehabilitation modeled on Indigenous peacemaking processes involving facilitating meetings between perpetrators and survivors, with the goal of achieving reconciliation and commitment to peace.

Token resistance

Saying "no" to sex but really meaning "yes".

Compliant sex

Sex that occurs when a person agrees to sexual acts that are actually unwanted. Sex that is unwanted but consensual.

Verbal abuse

Speech that is denigrating or humiliating.

Militarism

The prioritization and justification of military values within both military and civilian life.

Princess effect

The tendency for a man to make his partner feel uniquely special, a strategy to increase attachment and loyalty.

Traditional rape script

Thinking that a "typical" rape includes physical aggression and is perpetrated by a stranger (Clark & Carroll, 2008).

1. People of color. 2. The poor. 3. People with mental illness.

Using incarceration to achieve justice in cases of domestic violence tends to involve the punishment of whom?

Gender-based violence

Violence that is motivated by anger, hatred, or bias because of a person's gender.

Intimate terrorism (coercive controlling violence)

Violence that occurs with more regularity and that increases in severity overtime (Jaffe, Johnston, Crooks, & Bala, 2008). It differs from common couples violence because perpetrators show clear patterns of emotionally abusive intimidation, domination, coercion, and control (Johnson, 1995, 2009; Johnson & Ferraro, 2000). When people, including researchers, use the term IPV to talk about domestic violence, they're usually talking about this (Johnson, 2011).

1. Common couples violence (situational couple violence). 2. Intimate terrorism (coercive controlling violence). 3. Violent resistance.

What are the 3 main types of IPV (Johnson, 2009)?

1. When a woman tries to leave, the likelihood of her abuser attacking her, and even killing her, increases. (Campbell et al., 2003; Campbell, 2004; Dobash & Dobash, 2012; Halket, Gormley, Mello, Rosenthal, & Mirkin, 2014). 2. Abusers may threaten to kidnap children if the relationship ends. 3. Women often don't tell others about the abusive situation for fear of losing their children if child protection agencies become aware of it (Rivett & Kelly, 2006; Robinson & Spilsbury, 2008).

What are three main factors that make it difficult for a woman to leave an abusive relationship?

Native American women tend to be assaulted by non-native American men, (yet for other racial groups, assailants are typically from the same race).

What differentiates sexual assault against native American women from other types of sexual assaults?

It links (both implicitly and explicitly) sexual content with aggression.

What is true of the adult entertainment industry in regard to aggression?

Common couples violence (situational couple violence)

When conflict spontaneously escalates to violence and isn't severe. The most frequent form of IPV, occurs when stress is high and a couple's normal coping strategies break down (Stark, 2010).

It is often perceived to be a result of caregiver stress.

Why is elder abuse often ignored as a crime?

1. Viewers report greater support for sexist beliefs. 2. Viewers are more tolerant of sexual violence. 3. Viewers feel less empathy for girls and women.

How are people affected by viewing sexualized images of girls and women in the media (3 things)?

Bystander intervention

Intervening whenone witnesses a problematic situation.

Structural violence

Involves the systemic ways in which social structures hurt or otherwise disadvantage certain people (De Antoni & Munhós, 2016; Mukherjee et al., 2011). e.g., After Alexi was raped, police asked what she was wearing and why she was out alone. These questions reflect...

Affirmative consent

Mutual, explicit, voluntary, active consent that is given before a sexual act. Keisha, who said she wants to have sex asks if her partner does as well. This is an example of what type of consent?

Rape myth 8

Myth: Consent is clear-cut and can be readily understood. Reality: The process of consent is not as simple as it may seem. A verbal "yes" or "no" is the clearest form of consent, yet most people negotiate sexual consent through a combination of verbal and nonverbal cues (Jozkowski, Sanders, Peterson, Dennis, & Reece, 2014; Marcantonio, Jozkowski, & Lo, 2018).

Rape myth 5

Myth: Girls and women are partially responsible for being raped if they wear revealing clothing, acting promiscuous ways, or make risky choices like being out alone or drinking at a party. Reality: The only one responsible for rape is the rapist.

Rape myth 3

Myth: Most survivors of rape actively fight off their attacker. Reality: Many women who are raped are not able to fight back. Most survivors of rape don't resist their attacker, especially if they know the attacker or are intoxicated (Ford, 2017; Porges & Pepe, 2015).

Learned hopefulness

The belief that an abuser can change, which can contribute to survivors remaining committed to abusive relationships. The belief that a violent partner can change and the violence will end.

Belief in a just world

The belief that most people get what they deserve.

Resiliency

The capacity to successfully adapt to trauma or stress.

Rape threat

The ever-present fear of being raped.

Cultural spillover theory

The idea that widespread cultural support for violence leads to increased acceptability for violence in other aspects of life. The tendency for those in the military to perceive aggression as more acceptable in civilian life.