Chapter 13 The Reformation

index of prohibited literature

a list of publications deemed heretical, anti-clerical or lascivious, and therefore banned by the Catholic Church.

The reformation in eastern europe

1. ethnic factors were cause 2. people of bohemia were ruled by germans. they latched on to the ideas of Jan Hus and the emperor was forced to recognize Hussite Church 3. nobility embraced lutheranism 4. the forces of catholic reformation promoted catholic revival in bohemia. caused thirty years war 5. Poland-Lithuania was ruled by king, senate, and parliament, but the areas had separate officials 6. diverse population. 7. the reformed tradition of john calvin appealed to nobles bc it originated in france not germany. bc they weren't united, and bc of the jesuits, poland remained roman catholic

spanish inquisition

1. Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, 2.The Inquisition was originally intended in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted from Judaism and Islam.

luther and zwingli

1. agreed that for reforms to be permanent, political authorities and religious leaders had to accept them 2. zwingli worked w city counsel of zurich, and they appointed pastors who accepted protestant ideas 3. luther worked with political authorities and demanded rulers reform. he told all christians to obey their secular rulers 4. a territory became protestant when its ruler brought a reformer to re-educate the area's clergy sermons, and confiscated church property

Upholding protestantism in england

1. archbishop thomas cranmer simplified the public worship, invited protestant theologians into england, and prepared first Common Book of Prayer 2. mary tudor brought back catholicism. executed protestants. elizabeth took the throne after and was a protestant and started religious stability 3. puritans wanted to purify the church 4. elizabeth helped puritans and catholics by not interfering with people's private beliefs 5. anglican church moved in a protestant direction 6. elizabeth's reign was threatened by european powers trying to reestablish catholics. mary, queen of scots, was catholic and tried to kill elizabeth, with phillip II's support. The english killed mary

Philip II

1. because the english killed mary queen of scots, the pope urged Phillip to retaliate 2. he prepared a vast fleet to said from Lisbon to Flanders, where there were spanish ships. the spanish ships were then going to attack england

protestant vs catholic

1. catholic: salvation achieved by faith and good works. bible and church teachings hold religious authority. church is an institution. nuns and priests 2. protestant: salvation comes from faith alone. god not people initiates salvation. just bible holds religious authority. rejected sacraments. church is spiritual priesthood of all believers. everyone should serve god in an individual calling

Papal Reform (Pope Paul III)

1. church didn't change bc they feared transformation would mean a lost of power, money and prestige 2.changed with pope Paul III, he made the church the center of reform instead of the opponent 3.priests had decorum and piety 4. supported improvements in education for the clergy, the end of simony (selling of church offices) and strict clerical life 5. he established the Holy office, to combat heresy and jurisdiction over the roman inquisition

roman inquisition

1. committee of 6 cardinals with judicial authority of all catholics and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute 2. destroyed heresy within papal states, not without

the eucharist

1. communion, lord's supper, mass 2. protestants didn't agree on this 3. martin luther thought bread and wine did turn into jesus but because of god not a priest 4. zwingli thought it to be a memorial in which christ was there in spirit

Charles V

1. course of reformation was shaped bc of this election 2. Habsburg prince 3. ruled placed with different government but held together by him 4. thought it was his duty to maintain the political and religious unity in the west ( he was catholic) 5. diet of worms

Scandinavia

1. first to accept reformation was king of Denmark/Norway King Christian III 2. Danish scholars studied at the university of Wittenberg, which spread lutheran ideas 3. Process went smoothly in Denmark, but in Norway and Iceland, there were violent reactions. it was imposed on a unwilling population 4. in sweden, gustavas vasa took control of church and protestant ideas spread

Religious Violence

1. france and spain signed the treaty of Cateau Cambresis which ended the Habsburg- Valois wars 2. spain was the victor 3. there wasn't true peace bc everybody resented each other 4. especially in france and netherlands, protestants and catholics used violent actions against each other 5. time of witch persecutions

valois

1. french throne 2. habsburg valois wars

Calvinism

1. french, studied law, but had an epiphany and converted to protestantism 2. believed god picked him to reform the church. accepted to help reform in geneva. he worked there to establish a christian society w church and state 3. Wrote The Institutes of Christian Religion - he believed in absolute sovereignty and total weakness of humanity. men and women are insignificant. no free will. predestination 4. transformed geneva into a community based on his principles 5. the most powerful organization in the city was the Consistory, a group of lay men and pastors charges with investigating and disciplining deviations from proper doctrine 6. geneva became the model of christian community for protestant reformers 7. compelling force in protestantism. spread in europe and found a ready audience in scotland 8. scotland bc monarchy was weak. scottish nobles supported it. John Knox dominated the reform movement which established a state church. he started the presbyterian church of scotland w help from parliament. church was calvinist

Martin Luther

1. he led to the reformation 2. joined augustinian friars and was a professor 3. "faith alone, grace alone, scripture alone" 4. wrote 95 Theses to archbishop Albert(promoter of indulgences) saying that they undermine the importance of sacrement of penance. 5. nailed to the castle of wittenberg 6. theses were quickly printed7. ordered to come to rome, but he was able to engage in scholarly debate with Johann Eck, a representative of the church. he refused to give up 7. papacy responded with a letter condemning luther's propositions and ordered his books be burned 8. he was excommunicated, but luther's ideas had already spread

emperor Charles V

1. held the diet of worms 2. summoned luther, but luther failed to give up 3. this diet gave him a broader audience

clerical pluralism

1. holding more than one church position but not maintaining them correctly 2. priests from italy had positions in other countries so people felt like their church was foreign

people's grievances with the church

1. indulgences 2. papal conflict with german emperor Fredrick II 3. babylonian captivity 4. great schism 5. papal tax collection 6. popular things showed anticlericalism 7. clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, clerical pluralism 8. orders didn't have to perform civic duties like pay taxes

marriage, sexuality, and role of women

1. luther and zwingli both believed that being celibate is wrong 2. marriage isn't a sacrement but god wants you too 3. women are obedient, men expected to be kinder to their wives 4. marriage is a contract, divorce a last resort 5. selling sex is bad 6. convents were shut down, but that was bad because women were educated there 7. marriage basically the only occupation

Hungary reformation

1. lutheranism spread by students, but concern of german heresy by nobles and catholics made them persecuted 2. Suleiman the Magnificient defeated hungarians killing the king, nobles, and soldiers 3. hungary was then divided into 3 parts 4. nobles accepted lutheranism and most people did too

habsburg dynasty

1. marriage increased power when noble sons and daughters were married, happened with the Habsburg 2. holy roman emperor Frederick III gained money and territory from his marriage w Princess Eleonore of Portugal 3. arranged for son to marry mary of burgundy, so she inherited netherlands and burgundy. through this union,the austrian house of habsburg became an international power. this angered the french which had lots of conflict

Ulrich Zwingli

1. most important early reformer other than Luther 2. swiss humanist, priest, and admirer of erasmus 3. stopped preaching from the church's prescribed readings 4. convinced christian life rested on the scriptures 5. attacked indulgencesm nassm institution of monasticism, and clerical celibacy 6. gradual reform of church of zurich (had support of authorities) 7. followers of him and luther were protestant

appeal of protestant ideas

1. printing press spread protestant message all over Germany 2. by middle of 16th century everyone was protestant 3 attracted educated people and humanists bc he advocated personal religion and scriptures and abolition of ceremonies - what the humanists were asking for 4. people were happy the clergymen had to pay taxes 5. printing press 6. luther had incredible skill with language as seen through his hymns 7. luther translated new testament into german

The German Peasant's War

1. radicals call for social change resonated with the struggling german peasantry 2. crop failures and nobles seized village common lands 3. made demands that they believed conformed to scriptures, citing radical thinkers and luther 4. at first luther sided with the peasants, but luther didn't want rebellion so he switched sides 5. zwingli and luther supported that the scripture had nothing to do with earthly justice 6. nobility crushed the revolt 7. strengthen the authority of lay rulers. reformation lost popular appeal after 1525 and peasant's lives improved

New and Reformed Religious Orders

1. religious orders aimed at raising the moral and intellectual level of the clergy and people 2. existing orders were reformed so they followed more rigorous standards 3. Carmelite nun Teresa d'Avila was a nun that founded new convents and reformed her order. she was once investigated by spanish inquisition bc policies were too strict for women 4. ursuline order of nuns focused on education of women

Religious Wars in Switzerland and Germany

1. ruler determined religion 2. luther's ideas appealed to german rulers bc he appealed to national feeling, it would give them more territory from the roman church, and to enhance their independence from the emperor 3. charles V's religious pride led to religious wars, first in switzerland bc some cantons were protestant and other's catholic 4.zwingli was killed on the battlefield, so both sides decided a treaty was a better solution, so every canton could choose which religion they wanted to be 5. charles V tried to stop religious division so he called an imperial diet to meet in Ausburg

Netherlands under Charles V

1. self-governing and made own laws, united under emperor 2. lutheranism took root, but charles V held it back. then he died and Phillip II took over. protestant ideas spread (mainly calvinism) 3. seriousness, moral gravity, and labor appealed to them. also it encouraged opposition to political authority to ungodly 4. spanish authorities attempted to suppress worship and raised taxes, causing riots. Phillip sent 20000 troops with duke of alva to pacify low countries, alva killed a bunch of people. also opened "The Council of Blood" 5. civil war raged between catholics and protestants 6. the 10 southern provinces came under control of spain a and the top 7 led by Holland, formed the Union of Utrecht and declared independence. 7. Phillip II refused and war continued until Spain agreed to a truce that the united province were independent

Jesuits

1. society of jesus founded by Ignatius Loyola 2. focused on improving people's spiritual condition rather than altering doctrine 3. tight nit that vowed obedience, poverty, chastity 4. reformed catholic church 5. jesuit schools adopted the modern humanist methods and educated rich and poor

the radical reformation

1. some individuals and groups rejected the idea that church and state needed to be united 2. groups in switzerland, germany, and netherlands tried to create a voluntary community of believers separate from the state 3. called radicals for their insistence on more extensive break with prevailing ideas. some adopted the baptism of adult believers (Anabaptists /rebaptizers) 4. some groups attempted communal ownership of property, living very simply 5. some reacted harshly to deviation, others accepted religious tolerance 6. they raided German city Munster bc they thought it was the end of the world 7. they were persecuted bc unwilling to accept a state church 8. their beliefs stayed bc of martyrdom

Henry VIII and the Reformation in England

1. started bc King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon for Anne Boleyn, but the pope was a prisoner of Charles V 2. he removed the church from papal jurisdiction and used parliament to make him head of church 3. he beheaded those who opposed him, such as Thomas More 4. had anne boleyn beheaded 5. church retained catholic principles 6. under archbishop of cateburry, he placed an english bible in every church 7. dissolved monasteries for money, and money went to upper classes in parliament. new departments of state were set up. and they had a better economy 8. opposition in the north started the Pilgrimidge of Grace, the largest rebellion for UK 9. people converted slowly 10. catholicism was strong in ireland. armed rebels caused England to take catholic property and sell it for money

Council of Trent

1. started by pope paul III to reform catholic church and secure reconciliation with protestants 2. lutherans and calvinist were allowed to participate but they believed in only scriptures 3. political objections from france and charles V also hindered 4.laid a solid basis for spiritual renewal. validity to sciptures, seven sacraments, forbidding sale of indulgences, education and training,seminary professors to determine if being a priest was right for u. made marriage public

the spread of protestant ideas

1. states within the holy roman empire were the first to accept the protestant reformation, but later change came to Denmark-Norway, Sweden, England, France, and Eastern Europe 2. most important second generation reformer was John Calvin, he influenced social thought

french religious wars

1. the habsburg -valois wars forced france to increase taxes and borrow 2. King Francis I tried new devices to raise money: sale of public office and treaty with the papacy 3. Concordat of Bologna gave french crown the right to appoint priests 4. rulers had no need to revolt against rome 5. a lot of those who ruled were attracted to calvinsim 6. most french calvinists, called huguenots lived I'm major cities 7. the feebleness of the french monarchy caused violence 8. nobles adopted protestanism. armed clashes between catholics and calvinists occurred 9. calvinist teaching didn't want pictures of religious figures, so they smashed statues. catholics responded by killing 10. catholic attack on saint bartholomew's day during the wedding of margaret of valois to Henry of Navarre (henry IV). it was intended to reconcile Huguenots and Catholics but calvinists were massacred. led to 15 year massacre. agriculture destroyed, commercial life declined, and death

Ausberg Confession

1. the lutherans developed a statement of faith called the ausburg confession 2. charles refused to accept it 3. protestant territories formed a military alliance. the emperor could not respond quickly bc he was in the midst of the habsburg-valois wars 4. attempts to heal the split were tried, but everyone was too stubborn 5. charles V realized he was fighting for both church and empire. fighting began and initially he was successful. this alarmed the pope bc he didn't want charles to have more power, so the pope withdrew the papal troops, and catholic king of france sent money to lutherans 6. in 1555 charles finally agreed to the peace of ausberg which officially recognized lutheranism. most northern and central germany became lutheran, while the south remained roman catholic. 7. ruler still chose which religion

The Spanish Armada

1. the most fortunate fleet 2. 130 vessels 3. met an english fleet before it reached flanders, and the english ships were better 4. england won 5. 65 ships reached home ports 6. war between spain and england went on for years 7. prevented phillip from reimposing catholicism

protestant

1. the name originally given to followers of luther, which came to mean all non-catholic western christian groups 2. originated from the protest of reforming german princes at the Diet of Speyer

politiques

1. ultimately saved france 2. catholic and protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from a total collapse 3. favored huguenots as a recognized group. 4. henry de navarre became Henry IV , he was a politique

the great european witch hunt

1.began before the reformation 2. both protestants and catholics tried 3. heightened sense of god's power 4. believed women were making a deal with the devil for powers 5. began in switzerland and south germany 6. hatred of women 7. change of legal system, inquisitorial system made it so no one has to know who's accusing who 8. most witch trials began with a single accusation 9. confession followed with execution 10. witch panic = large witch hunt caused by divide in religion 11. eventually outlawed.

war of three henry's

1.the eighth and final conflict in the series of civil wars in France known as the Wars of Religion. The war was fought between the royalists, led by Henry III of Poland and France; the Huguenots, led by the heir-presumptive Henry of Navarre; and the Catholic League, led by Henry I, 2.The war was instigated by King Philip to keep Spain's enemy, France, from interfering with the Spanish army

edward VI

Henry VIII sickly son. in his reign, protestant ideas exerted a significant influence on the religious life of the country. Archbishop thomas cranmer simplified the worship, invited theologians to england, and made the first book of common prayer.

Edict of Nantes

Henry converted to catholicism but issued this which granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to Huguenots

John Knox

John Knox dominated the reform movement which established a state church in Scotland. he started the presbyterian church of scotland w help from parliament. church was calvinist

francis xavier

a Basque Roman Catholic missionary born in Xavier, Kingdom of Navarre (now part of Spain), and co-founder of the Society of Jesus. He was a study companion of St. Ignatius of Loyola and one of the first seven Jesuits who took vows of poverty and chastity.He led an extensive mission into Asia

dutch revolt (80 years war)

a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces against the political and religious hegemony of Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands.

the catholic reformation

as a response to protestant reformation

diet

assembly of the nobility, clergy, and cities of the Holy Roman Empire

transubstantiation

believed by catholics. by the consecrating words of the priest during mass, the bread and wine become actual blood and body of christ

mary 1 (mary tudor)

brief reign in which she restored the religion back to catholicism. her marriage to phillip II was unpopular, and she executed many protestants so they all fled

jan hus

denied papal authority, called for translations of the bible int local Czech language, and declared indulgences useless. had a strong following and they succeeded at defeating the armies of the pope so the emperor recognized the Hussite Church in Bohemia, which survived the reformation

Johann Tetzel

dominican friar who sold indulgences and mounted an advertising blitz

john wycliffe

english scholar and theologian that thought scripture alone should be the standard of christian belief and practice and that papal claims of secular power had no foundation in the scriptures. his followers the lollards were persecuted, but their ideas spread to hus.

banking families

in florence during the renaissance the banking families flourished. contributed to the city's economic vitality and allowed the banking families to control cities politics and and culture

anticlericalism

opposition to the clergy

clerical ignorance

priests who didn't know latin so didn't know what they were talking about

clerical immorality

priests who were drunkards and not celibate

Pope Leo X

sold indulgences to bring art into rome

the Colloquy of Marburg

summoned to unite protestants, failed to resolve the Eucharist difference but managed to solve everything else

simony

the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.

nepotism

the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs.