Chapter 14

Which organ originates in the embryo as two lobes in the pharyngeal region and plays a major role in T-cell maturation.

Thymus

Which of the following are considered to be lymphoid organs?

Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes

Which two organs can be surgically removed in adults with little consequence but result in severe immunodeficiencies for children if they are removed?

Thymus and spleen

True or False: A chemical substance produced by white blood cells and tissue cells that regulates development inflammation and immunity is called a cytokine.

True

True or False: Enzymatic digestion of bacteria can occur with 30 minutes.

True

True or False: Fever is initiated by circulating pyrogens.

True

True or False: Interferon is host specific but not virus specific.

True

True or False: Pus-forming bacteria are also called pyogenic organisms.

True

True or False: Serous fluid exudate is clear in color.

True

With respect to inflammation _ is the Latin term for swelling.

Tumor

The flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels is __.

Unidirectional

_________ is a term for the widening of blood vessels that increases blood flow to an injured area.

Vasodilation

Which of the following have an antimicrobial effect?

sebum saliva and tears

Natural or ________ markers of the body are those recognized by the hosts immune system

self

____ cells are white blood cells that give rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies

B

_______ cells when activated give rise to antibody-secreting plasma cells

B

Lymphocytes include _______ cells.

B T NK

Which of the following host defenses are part of the third line of defense?

B cells Antibodies T cells

The membrane attack complex creates __ in the membrane or vital envelopes of pathogen resulting in their eventual lysis.

Holes

__ is another name for platelet.

Thrombocyte

In which body site do human T cells mature?

Thymus

Which three of the following are components of lymph?

Antibodies dissolved salts water

Where are axillary lymph nodes located?

Armpit

Chemical mediators that stimulate the movement and migration of white blood cells are called _____ or ______.

chemotactic factors; chemokines

During inflammation a protein-rich fluid called _______ moves from the venules into the extracellular space resulting in the swelling of tissue called _________.

exudate edema

All interferons bind to surface receptors on target cells and induce changes in ________ expression.

gene

A type of white blood cell with noticeable cytoplasmic granules is called a(n) ___.

granulocyte

Host defense can be divided into _________ or inborn nonspecific protections and ________ or adaptive specific immunities

innate and acquired

The 3 main types of phagocytosis are

1. Monocytes 2. Neutrophils 3. Macrophages

Give the correct order of location for the events of hematopoiesis during embryonic development.

1. Yolk sac 2. Liver and lymphatic organs. 3. Red bone marrow.

List the correct order of events in phagocytosis

1. chemotaxis 2. Endocytosis 3. Destruction 4. Release

Give the correct order for the stages of complement activation.

1.Initiation 2.Amplification 3.Polymerization 4.Membrane attack

The complement system is a cascade of serum proteins that can be used in __ different pathways to destroy bacteria and viruses.

3

Normal body temperature is ___ degrees Celsius

37

The classic complement is a pathway of complement activation initiated by

A specific antigen-antibody interaction.

Which of the following are not exogenous pyrogens?

Histamine Interferon TNF Interleukin-1

Human B cells mature in the __.

Bone marrow

Which is Latin for warmth during inflammation?

Calor

Chemical mediators that stimulates movement of white blood cells are also called ________ factors.

Chemotactic

Antigen-antibody complexes activate the _ complement pathway.

Classical

A __ cell is a large antigen-processing cell characterized by long branch-like extensions of the cell membrane.

Dendritic

The Latin term __ represents a symptom of inflammation that is caused by stimulation of nerve endings.

Dolor

Accumulation of serous exudate leads to which of the following?

Edema

Which of the following are medical terms for swelling?

Edema and Tumor

Which of the following are granulocytic white blood cells?

Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils

The scientific term for red blood cells is __.

Erythrocyte

Which two of the following body compartments are part of the immune system?

Extracellular fluid-filled spaces and Lymphatic system

True or False: Macrophages develop from activated neutrophils.

False

True or False: Pus-forming bacteria are also called pyrogenic organisms.

False

Coughing and sneezing are ________ line defenses that expel air from the respiratory tract.

First

Defecation and vomiting are considered to be components of the_________line of defense.

First

Which of the following is not found in blood plasma?

Formed elements

The acronym GALT stands for

GUT-associated LYMPHOID Tissue

Which type of interferon activates macrophages?

Gamma

The two types of leukocytes that can be distinguished microscopically are?

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Which is NOT a cutaneous barrier?

Intestinal villi and meninges

Which is an insoluble protein that protects skin?

Keratin

Which of the following are complement pathways?

Lectin classical alternate.

__ fluid is a plasma-like fluid that moves in and out of tissues but does not red blood cells.

Lymph

The spleen thymus lymph nodes and GALT are all components of the _____ system.

Lymphatic

Which two of the following statements regarding lymphatic vessels are correct?

Lymphatic capillaries are prevalent in bone. & Lymphatic vessels are generally subject to low pressure.

Which of the following cell types are NOT major players in the third line of host defense?

Macrophages Mast cells Neutrophils

Interferon gamma regulates __ and __as well as neutrophils.

Macrophages lymphocytes

__ are non-motile cells that are bound to connective tissue along capillaries that contain granules that store inflammatory mediators.

Mast Cells

How long do most acute inflammatory responses last?

Minutes to hours.

Medical experts suggest that in light of the potential benefits of fever that is a __ fever should be allowed to run its course.

Moderate

Phagocytes have receptors that recognize pathogen-associated __ __ on microbes.

Molecular patterns

Which two of the following body compartments are part of the immune system?

Mononuclear phagocyte system and Blood stream

An elevated number of white blood cells in particular the __ are a sign of bacterial infection.

Neutrophils

Match each line of defense with the correct type of immunity

Nonspecific line of defense. - First and Second line of defense. Specific line of defense. -Third line of defense.

Erythrocytes transport ______ and carbon dioxide to and from tissues.

Oxygen

The process of engulfing attacking and dismantling foreign cells is termed

Phagocytosis

Which is NOT a function of platelets?

Phagocytosis

_ is a type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane actively engulfs large particles or cells into vesicles.

Phagocytosis

Hair cilia and microvilli are ________ barriers that protect portals of entry against pathogens invading the body.

Physical

_____ is opaque matter found during inflammation that consists of serum exudate tissues debris leukocytes and microorganisms.

Pus

The hydrolytic lysozyme is found in:

Saliva and tears

Lymph moves only through the contraction of __ muscles.

Skeletal

Which is NOT linked by moist mucous membranes?

Skin

Along with GALT and MALT tissue _________-associated lymphoid tissue SALT and _________ -associated lymphoid tissue also provide microbial defense.

Skin; bronchial

The __ is a lymphoid organ located in the upper left abdominal cavity.

Spleen

__ cells are pluripotent undifferentiated cells of the bone marrow.

Stem

Which of the following are oxidizing agents that participate in digestion by phagocytes?

Superoxide Hydrogen Peroxide Halogen ions

Interferon gamma is derived from _ cells.

T

Which two of the following statements regarding the immune system is correct?

The immune system does not exist in a single site in the body. The immune system includes the lymphatic system.

_______ ______ is a liquid connective tissue consisting of erythrocytes leukocytes and platelets suspended in plasma.

Whole blood

How is an acidic pH maintained in the vagina?

action of microbiota

Monocytes and lymphocytes are ___________ white blood cells because they lack cytoplasmic granules.

agranulocytic

Which cell(s) produce histamine?

basophils and mast cells

Thymocytes develop specificity and are released as mature T cells which subsequently settle in lymphoid organs such as the (choose two)

lymph nodes and spleen

A cytoplasmic organelle that contains lysozyme and other digestive enzymes is called a

lysosome

The largest phagocytic white blood cell derived from a monocyte which is involved with specific immune reactions is called a tissue ________

macrophage

A(n) ____________ is any trait factor or receptor of a cell virus or molecule that makes it distinct and recognizable

marker

Which are agranulocytic white blood cells?

monocytes and lymphocytes

All organs and tissues contain a network of fibers and macrophages called the ____ ____ system.

mononuclear phagocyte

Erythrocytes lose their ________ prior to entering circulation.

nucleus

Which sign of inflammation is caused by increased fluid in tissues?

tumor

Which receptors do interferons bind to?

uninfected host cell receptors

The flow of _______ flushes the urethra.

urine

________ is the main fluid in plasma

water