Chapter 14

In biochemical systems the term reduction often refers to

A gain of hydrogen or electrons by a compound

The condition of ketoacidosis is

A potentially fatal buildup f acteoacetate or 3 hydroxybutyrate lowering blood pH.

The allosteric enzyme phospofructokinase is switched off by

ATP

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate produced in a glycolysis can be converted to

Acetyl CoA

During glycolysis and under aerobic conditions pyruvate is converted into_____

Acetyl-CoA

When oxygen is in plentiful supply in the cel, pyruvate is converted to

Acetyl-CoA

The main compound used to release energy for metabolism is

Adenosine triphosphate ATP

An enzyme that can facilitate the breakdown of starch into smaller units is

Amylase

Which kind of process is glycogenesis ?

Anabolic

Protein synthesis is a form of

Anabolism

_____ is defined as the reactions that biosynthesize large molecules from small molecules consuming energy in he form of ATP

Anabolism

The electron transport chain

And oxidative phosphorylation together produce ATP.

The fatty acids produced from the hydrolysis of triglycerides can ____.

Be oxidized to produce acetyl- CoA which enters the citric acid cycle.

The compounds formed when fructose 1,6 diphosphate is split are

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is

Exothermic

The biosynthesis of glucose takes place in a series of reaction known as

Gluconeogenisis

What is a possible response to a drop in blood glucose concentration?

Glycogenolysis is switched on and glycogenesis is switched off

What is the possible response to a drop in blood glucose concentration?

Glycogenolysis is switched on and glycogenesis is switched off

The process by which glucose is split into pyruvate is

Glycolysis

In the chemiosmotic model of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is synthesized as

H to power of ((+)) flows though ATO synthase

Insulin reduced blood sugar by

Increasing the rate of glucose uptake by cells

In the absence of oxygen in muscles, pyruvate is converted to

Lactate.

The hydrolysis of triglycerides is performed by the ___ enzymes

Lipase

The digestion of ___ occurs in the small intestine where the large molecules are emulsified by the bile down into ___ before being absorbed into the blood stream

Lipids/ fatty acids/ glycerol and monoacyglycerides

___ is the sum of all the reactions that take place in a living thing

Metabolism

The location in the cell where ATP is produced is the

Mitochondria

The process by which ADP is converted by which ADP is converted to ATP takes place in the ___ and is known as

Mitochondria / oxidative phosphorylation

Digestion of carbohydrates begin in the

Mouth

Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the

Mouth

The NADH and FADH2 used by the electron transport chain are normally produced in the mitochondria; however, ___

NADH is also produced during glycolysis in the cytoplasm

Which of the following choices present products of the citric acid cycle?

NADH, FADH2, and GTP

In the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted to

Pyruvate

Overall, catabolic reactions

Release energy

In step 7 of glycolysis ATP is generated when a phosphate group is transferred directly form 1,3 diphosphoglycerate to ADP in a process known as

Substrate level phosphorylation

Anabolic pathways are

Synthesis reactions- those that build molecules

Which choice is a goal of catabolism

The generation of ATP molecules

During catabolism, proteins are broken down into amino acids. The amine groups are transferred to an a-keto acid by a process known as ____. The a-keto acids are then converted into ___ before being excreted in the urine

Transmination/ urea

Under anaerobic conditions, there is a net production of _____ ATP during glycolysis

Two

NH4+ is normally excreted from the human body by means of ___

Urea

Anabolic reactions are reactions that

Use energy

Starch digestion is initiated by the enzyme

amylase

Gluconeogenesis is a form of

anabolism

The biosynthesis of fatty acid is a form of

anabolism

The process of building up a new molecules in the cell is called

anabolism

Glycolysis is a (n) ___ process

anaerobic

Glycolysis is a form of

catabolism

Lipogenesis A)Produces fatty acids by means of a spiral pathway B)Produces fatty acids by joining two carbon atoms at a time C)Does not produce all of the fatty acids required by humans D) A,B, and C are correct choices

d

The first stage of catabolism is

digestion of large molecules

______ is a series of reactions involving proteins and other molecules in the mitochondria that convert the reduced coenzymes NADH or FADH into ATP

electron transport chain

The citric acid cycle is used in the oxidation of

glucose, fatty acids, and proteins

Which of the following metabolic pathways can occur in the absence of oxygen?

glycolysis

Gluconeogensis is a process by which glucose is produced ____

in the liver from noncarbohydrate sources

If acetyl-CoA concentrations are too high levels,

ketone bodies can be produced leading to a toxic condition.

The overall process of glycolysis

produces 2 ATP molecules

The digestion of ___ occurs in the stomach by the actions of enzymes operating at low pH. This digestion continues in the small intestine and the large molecules are broken down into___

proteins/ amino acids

Under anaerobic conditions, lactate is produced from

pyruvate

___ molecule of glucose can produce 30-32 ATP during catabolism

1

Of the 20 amino acids used by humans ____ can be converted into citric acids cycle

11

Each spiral of the B -oxidative spiral of fatty acid catabolism removes ___ carbon atoms from a fatty acid producing acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH

2

When one glucose molecule undergoes glycolysis it generates

2ATP and 2 NADH

What is the total yield of ATP obtained when 1 glucose molecule goes though glycolysis and the citric acid cycle ?

30-32 ATP

The final products of catabolic reactions are

Carbon dioxide, water, ammonia

____is defined as the reactions that break down large molecules into smaller ones and release energy in the form of ATP

Catabolism

Amylase

Catalyzes hydrolysis of some of the bonds in amylose

Acetyk-CoA produced as a result of glycolysis enters the ___ metabolic pathway

Citric acid cycle

The Acetyl-CoA from the fatty acid catabolism enters the ____ where as the reduced coenzyme NADH and FADH2 enters the ____.

Citric acid cycle/ electron transport chain