Chapter 14
In biochemical systems the term reduction often refers to
A gain of hydrogen or electrons by a compound
The condition of ketoacidosis is
A potentially fatal buildup f acteoacetate or 3 hydroxybutyrate lowering blood pH.
The allosteric enzyme phospofructokinase is switched off by
ATP
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate produced in a glycolysis can be converted to
Acetyl CoA
During glycolysis and under aerobic conditions pyruvate is converted into_____
Acetyl-CoA
When oxygen is in plentiful supply in the cel, pyruvate is converted to
Acetyl-CoA
The main compound used to release energy for metabolism is
Adenosine triphosphate ATP
An enzyme that can facilitate the breakdown of starch into smaller units is
Amylase
Which kind of process is glycogenesis ?
Anabolic
Protein synthesis is a form of
Anabolism
_____ is defined as the reactions that biosynthesize large molecules from small molecules consuming energy in he form of ATP
Anabolism
The electron transport chain
And oxidative phosphorylation together produce ATP.
The fatty acids produced from the hydrolysis of triglycerides can ____.
Be oxidized to produce acetyl- CoA which enters the citric acid cycle.
The compounds formed when fructose 1,6 diphosphate is split are
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is
Exothermic
The biosynthesis of glucose takes place in a series of reaction known as
Gluconeogenisis
What is a possible response to a drop in blood glucose concentration?
Glycogenolysis is switched on and glycogenesis is switched off
What is the possible response to a drop in blood glucose concentration?
Glycogenolysis is switched on and glycogenesis is switched off
The process by which glucose is split into pyruvate is
Glycolysis
In the chemiosmotic model of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is synthesized as
H to power of ((+)) flows though ATO synthase
Insulin reduced blood sugar by
Increasing the rate of glucose uptake by cells
In the absence of oxygen in muscles, pyruvate is converted to
Lactate.
The hydrolysis of triglycerides is performed by the ___ enzymes
Lipase
The digestion of ___ occurs in the small intestine where the large molecules are emulsified by the bile down into ___ before being absorbed into the blood stream
Lipids/ fatty acids/ glycerol and monoacyglycerides
___ is the sum of all the reactions that take place in a living thing
Metabolism
The location in the cell where ATP is produced is the
Mitochondria
The process by which ADP is converted by which ADP is converted to ATP takes place in the ___ and is known as
Mitochondria / oxidative phosphorylation
Digestion of carbohydrates begin in the
Mouth
Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the
Mouth
The NADH and FADH2 used by the electron transport chain are normally produced in the mitochondria; however, ___
NADH is also produced during glycolysis in the cytoplasm
Which of the following choices present products of the citric acid cycle?
NADH, FADH2, and GTP
In the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted to
Pyruvate
Overall, catabolic reactions
Release energy
In step 7 of glycolysis ATP is generated when a phosphate group is transferred directly form 1,3 diphosphoglycerate to ADP in a process known as
Substrate level phosphorylation
Anabolic pathways are
Synthesis reactions- those that build molecules
Which choice is a goal of catabolism
The generation of ATP molecules
During catabolism, proteins are broken down into amino acids. The amine groups are transferred to an a-keto acid by a process known as ____. The a-keto acids are then converted into ___ before being excreted in the urine
Transmination/ urea
Under anaerobic conditions, there is a net production of _____ ATP during glycolysis
Two
NH4+ is normally excreted from the human body by means of ___
Urea
Anabolic reactions are reactions that
Use energy
Starch digestion is initiated by the enzyme
amylase
Gluconeogenesis is a form of
anabolism
The biosynthesis of fatty acid is a form of
anabolism
The process of building up a new molecules in the cell is called
anabolism
Glycolysis is a (n) ___ process
anaerobic
Glycolysis is a form of
catabolism
Lipogenesis A)Produces fatty acids by means of a spiral pathway B)Produces fatty acids by joining two carbon atoms at a time C)Does not produce all of the fatty acids required by humans D) A,B, and C are correct choices
d
The first stage of catabolism is
digestion of large molecules
______ is a series of reactions involving proteins and other molecules in the mitochondria that convert the reduced coenzymes NADH or FADH into ATP
electron transport chain
The citric acid cycle is used in the oxidation of
glucose, fatty acids, and proteins
Which of the following metabolic pathways can occur in the absence of oxygen?
glycolysis
Gluconeogensis is a process by which glucose is produced ____
in the liver from noncarbohydrate sources
If acetyl-CoA concentrations are too high levels,
ketone bodies can be produced leading to a toxic condition.
The overall process of glycolysis
produces 2 ATP molecules
The digestion of ___ occurs in the stomach by the actions of enzymes operating at low pH. This digestion continues in the small intestine and the large molecules are broken down into___
proteins/ amino acids
Under anaerobic conditions, lactate is produced from
pyruvate
___ molecule of glucose can produce 30-32 ATP during catabolism
1
Of the 20 amino acids used by humans ____ can be converted into citric acids cycle
11
Each spiral of the B -oxidative spiral of fatty acid catabolism removes ___ carbon atoms from a fatty acid producing acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH
2
When one glucose molecule undergoes glycolysis it generates
2ATP and 2 NADH
What is the total yield of ATP obtained when 1 glucose molecule goes though glycolysis and the citric acid cycle ?
30-32 ATP
The final products of catabolic reactions are
Carbon dioxide, water, ammonia
____is defined as the reactions that break down large molecules into smaller ones and release energy in the form of ATP
Catabolism
Amylase
Catalyzes hydrolysis of some of the bonds in amylose
Acetyk-CoA produced as a result of glycolysis enters the ___ metabolic pathway
Citric acid cycle
The Acetyl-CoA from the fatty acid catabolism enters the ____ where as the reduced coenzyme NADH and FADH2 enters the ____.
Citric acid cycle/ electron transport chain