Chapter 14 (Blood)
what antigen combination does not occur in the ABO blood typing system?
A, B, and O antigens only ("O" is not a type of antigen. It represents the lack of antigens present)
Type _____ is the rarest ABO blood type.
AB (specifically AB-)
A red blood cell has on its surface the A antigen, and the antigen, but no Rh antigen. What is the blood type?
AB-
An individual with blood type _____ is someone called a ____________ since their blood lacks anti-A and anti-B antibodies
AB; Universal recipient
An individual with blood type _________ is sometimes called a _________ since their blood lacks anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
AB; universal recipient (Type AB blood lacks anti-A and anti-B antibodies and therefore an AB person can receive a transfusion of blood of any other type )
A patient is diagnosed with leukemia and succumbs to the disease 6 weeks later. What type of leukemia did this patient have?
Acute leukemia
What are agglutinins?
Antibodies directed against blood cell antigenic markers
It is preferred that a patient with type ____ blood receive blood transfusion of either type B or type O, but not type A or AB blood.
B
what type of lymphocyte produces antibodies that attack foreign molecules?
B lymphocytes
what type of leukocyte is a small cell with large deep blue granules that can obscure the nucleus?
Basophil
Leukocytes develop from hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow in response to hormones called _______ and _______.
Colony- stimulating factors; interleukins
what is an example of when agglutination would occur?
During a transfusion reaction
If a woman who has developed anti-Rh antibodies becomes pregnant with a second Rh+ fetus, the antibodies in her blood may pass through the placenta and react with the red blood cells of the fetus. The fetus then develops a condition called _____________________ ________
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
describe characteristics of an eosinophil
Large bi-lobed nucleus with deep red granules
Granulocytes and agranulocytes are two categories of ________________.
Leukocytes
usually the largest type of leukocyte (based on size) found circulating in the blood is the ____________.
Monocytes
Patients with type O blood can receive type _____ blood.
O
what is the primary function of leukocytes?
Protect against disease
list 2 names for the cells that transport oxygen in the blood.
Red blood cells and Erythocytes
what are 2 types of lymphocytes
T cells and B cells
True or false: If an Rh- negative female is pregnant for the first time with an Rh+ fetus, it may be uneventful. If a successive pregnancy involves an Rh+ fetus, maternal anti-Rh antibodies can destroy fetal red blood cells and cause erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn).
True (Rh+ cells of the first fetus may enter maternal blood at the time of birth and stimulate production of maternal anti Rh-antibodies that affect a second Rh+ fetus
true or false: A platelet count of 200,000 platelets per microliter is normal
True (a normal platelet count is 150,000 to 350,000 platelets per microliter)
Individuals with which blood type can receive transfusions of type A blood
Type A
Individuals with which ABO blood type (s) would have anti-B antibodies present in their blood plasma?
Type A and Type O
Individuals with _________ blood are sometimes called universal donors because their red blood cells have _____ antigens on their surface
Type O; neither A nor B
With ABO blood typing, an individual's red blood cell membranes display specific antigens called ________. Their blood plasma may contain antibodies called________.
agglutinogens; agglutinins
Monocytes and lymphocytes are classified as ___________.
agranulocytes
Leukocytes move through interstitial spaces using _________, a type of self-propulsion
amoeboid motion
In blood typing "Rh" refers to one of several _____ located on red blood cell membranes
antigens
the presence of ______ on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type.
antigens
What is an antigen?
any molecule that triggers an immune response
The presence or absence of A and/ or B antigens on RBC surfaces determine what feature of the blood?
blood type
Diapedesis is the movement of leukocytes out of ____________
blood vessels
Blood is a type of ________ tissue composed of an extracellular matrix called plasma surrounding a variety of cells
connective
the labeled leukocyte in this image is undergoing what process?
diapedesis
what is the function of T lymphocytes
directly attack microorganisms and tumor cells
the leukocytes called _____ function to moderate allergic reactions and inflammation, and also fight certain parasitic worm infections
eosinophils
What is the correct term to describe red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, all included together?
formed elements
what is the primary function of platelets?
help in repair of damaged blood vessels
The chemical called ________, released by a type pf white blood cells called ________, causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.
histamine; basophils
Basophils migrate to damaged tissues where they release ________ (which promotes inflammation) and _______ (which inhibits blood clotting).
histamine; heparin
The class of blood cells called ________ include lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, _____________, and ____________.
leukocytes; eosinophils; basophils
what is the term for the condition in which there are too many white blood cells?
leukocytosis
which of the following would suggest the presence of an acute infection?
leukocytosis
the condition called _________ is a WBC count below 3,500 cells per microliter
leukopenia
the smallest white blood cells are the ________, which have a large round nucleus and a cytoplasm that lacks granules.
lymphocytes
Monocytes have many _________, the type of organelle that contains digestive enzymes. the presence of these structures allows monocytes to be effective in breaking down organic molecules.
lysosomes
Platelets are fragments of cells. They are fragments of very large cells called_________________
megakaryocytes
what is an antibody?
molecule produced during immune response that attacks an antigen
the most mobile and active phagocytic white blood cells are the neutrophils and the __________
monocytes
The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) controls the rate of red blood cell formation through ___________ feedback mechanisms.
negative
the type of leukocyte that has a lobed nucleus (two of five segments) and fine cytoplasmic granules that appear light purple is called
neutrophil
what type of leukocyte has also been called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) because of the variation in the shape of the multi-lobed nucleus from cell to cell?
neutrophils
which type of white blood cell is the first to arrive at an infection site and functions to phagocytize bacteria and other pathogens
neutrophils
describe the nucleus of a neutrophil
neutrophils have a lobed nucleus
the number of _______ may increase during bacterial infections. The number of __________ may increase during parasitic infections or allergic reactions. the number of _______- may decrease in HIV infection and AIDS.
neutrophils; eosinophils; lymphocytes
White blood cells comprise about ______% of the blood volume.
one
Describe a macrophage
originally a monocyte that migrates into the tissues
Name the 2 blood gases that are most important to homeostasis
oxygen and carbon dioxide
what is a hematocrit, or packed cell volume (PCV)?
percentage of RBCs by volume in a sample of blood.
Within the circulation, ___________ is a complex cell free solution of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones, and gases.
plasma
the formed element called _________ are very small, capable of amoeboid movement, and live for about ten days.
platelets
the hormone thrombopoietin is responsible for stimulating the production of
platelets
what is the alternative term for thrombocytes
platelets
Leukocytes develop in _______ in response to various hormones.
red bone marrow
platelets are a source of ____________, a strong vasoconstrictor.
serotonin
Why are Rh- women given anti-Rh antibodies before and within hours after delivering an Rh+ baby?
the antibodies bind to the fetal red blood cells, preventing the mother's immune system from making anti-Rh antibodies
what is true of basophils?
they are the least abundant of the WBC types
Patients with type A blood should receive transfusions of blood type ______ or type ____ in order to avoid the agglutination that occurs with a transfusion reaction
type A and O
For a transfusion recipient with type B blood, the preferred blood type of donor is _______ and the permissible blood type of donor (in a emergency) is __________.
type B; type O
persons with _____ blood have neither antigen A nor antigen B on their red blood cells but have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma.
type O
What distinguishes granulocytes from other types of white blood cells?
visible granules are present in the cytoplasm
when does positive chemotaxis occur?
when damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes
Type A blood Type B blood Type AB blood Type O blood
- Plasma contains anti-B antibodies, but not anti-A antibodies - Plasma contains only anti-A antibodies, but not anti-B antibodies -Plasma contains neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies -Plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
List 3 functions of blood
- Prevents fluid loss -Transports body heat -prevents infection (white blood cells and antibodies do this)
Indicate 2 characteristics of granulocytes.
-Have granular cytoplasm -Short life spans, averaging about 12 hours
what two statements describe a differential white blood cell count
-list of the percentages of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample - useful for diagnosing whether an illness is due to a bacterial infection or allergic reaction
Type O Type A Type B Type AB
-neither A nor B antigens are present - only A antigens are present - only B antigens are present -both A and B antigens are present
which 3 statements describe thrombocytopenia?
-platelet count is below 150.000 platelets per microliter -conventional treatment is transfusion of platelets -associated with bruise like spots called petechiae
indicate 3 characteristics of platelets
-they are less than half the size of a RBC -they are capable of ameboid movement -they live for about ten days
Indicate 3 characteristics of monocytes
-they are the largest WBC -shape of their nucleus is variable (oval, kidney-shaped, spherical) - they can phagocytize large particles.
list 3 types of formed elements of the blood
-white blood cells -red blood cells -platelets
place in order the events in the life cycle of red blood cells
1.Erythropoiesis takes place in the red bone marrow 2. Red blood cells are released in the bloodstream and live for ~120 days 3. RBCs are destroyed by macrophages in liver and spleen 4. hemoglobin liberated is broken down into heme and globin 5. Iron is transported to bone marrow and recycled; biliverdin and bilirubin are excreted.
lymphocytes make up about __________ of the circulating white blood cells
25%-33%
what is a normal white blood cell count (WBCC or WCC)?
3,500-10,500 cells per microliter
Someone with type A blood can only receive type ____ or type _____ blood.
A and O
which of the following options correctly describes leukemia?
A form of cancer that results in very high numbers of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood
