Chapter 14 psychology

Extroverts

Tend to be active and self-expressive and gain energy from interaction with other people. (Choleric/sanguine).

Introverts

Tend to be imaginative and to look inward rather than to other people for their ideas & energy. (Melancholic/phlegmatic).

Pleasure principle

The emotion that will bring personal gratification, relief, or pleasure

Utopian

Ideal; described by Skinner

Archetypes

Ideas and images of the accumulated experiences of all human beings (ex: supreme being, young hero).

Sublimation

Individuals can channel their basic impulses into socially acceptable behavior through sublimation.

Libido

Instinctive efforts to survive. "Desire"

Sibling rivalry

Jealousies among brothers and sisters.

Behaviorism

John Watson; defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior

Collective unconscious

Jung: A store of human concepts shared by all people across all cultures.

Individuation

Jung: people could form healthy personalities by bringing together/integrating these conscious elements with the collective unconscious archetypes.

Subjective

Not objective; personal.

Anal stage

1-2 year olds learn that can control their bodily functions, self-control becomes vital.

5 factor model

1. Extroversion 2. Aggreeableness 3. Conscientiousness 4. Emotional stability-instability 5. Openness to experience

Maslow's 5 hierarchy needs

1. Physiological needs -basic survival 2. Security needs -shelter/employment 3. Social needs - belonging 4. Esteem needs - hobby, self worth. 5. Self-actualization needs - personal growth.

B.F.Skinner

1930; agreed that we should pay attention to how organisms behave & avoid trying to see within peoples minds, thought that was unscientific. Emphasized reinforcement on behavior. (Walden Two).

Denial

A person refuses to accept the reality of anything that is bad or upsetting.

Oral stage

First stage; babies find pleasure in putting things in their mouths.

Superego

According to Freud, it's the part of personality that represents the individuals internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement.

Inferiority complex

Adler: describes the feelings of inadequacy and insecurity.

Phallic stage

Age 3, children begin to learn the differences between boys and girls. Children also develop strong attachments to the parent of the opposite text.

Latency stage

Age 5-6 children hid their impulses and emotions.

Trait

An aspect of personality that is considered to be reasonably stable, based on how a person behaves.

Yellow bile

Associated with a choleric or quick-tempered disposition.

Social cognitive theory

Bandura; personality is shaped and learning is acquired by the interaction of personal factors, behavior, & environmental factors.

Bobo doll study

Bandura; wanted to see if people learn aggressive behavior from modeling.

Id

Behaves like a stereotypical two year old. Represents basic drives, demanding pleasure through instant gratification.

Karen horney

Believed that childhood experiences play a major role in the development of adult personality. Also that the greatest influences on personality are social relationships, & parent child relationships

Alfred Adler

Believed that people are basically motivated by the need to overcome feelings of inferiority.

Carl Rogers

Believed that people are good/mentally healthy. All people want to develop their potential, it's apart of our nature. Shape personalities through free will.

Hans J. Eysenck

Focused on the relationship between 2 personality dimensions. Introversion-extroversion & emotional stability-instability.

Reaction formation

Causes one to act contrary to their genuine feelings in order to keep their true feelings hidden.

Black bile

Connected with a melancholic, thoughtful disposition.

Agreeableness

Contrasts kindness, trust, & warmth with hostility, selfishness, & distrust.

Conscientiousness

Contrasts organization, thoroughness, & reliability, with carelessness, negligence, & unreliablity.

Regression

Defense mechanism where an individual retreats to an earlier stage of development when faced with anxiety.

Projection

Defense mechanism where people attribute their own unacceptable impulses to others.

Collectivism

Define themselves according to their group & give priority to the groups goals.

Individualism

Define themselves in terms of their personal identities, giving priorities to their personal goals.

Self- actualization

Desire to reach ones full potential.

Carl Jung

Developed his own theory called analytic psychology

Skinner (socialization)

Discarded ideas of personal freedom, choice, & self-direction. He said environmental influences shape is into who we are.

Albert Bandura

Focuses on the importance of learning by observation, & on the role of the cognitive processes that produce individual differences. Believed that any behavior could be learned.

Sociocultural psychology

Focuses on the roles that ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, & culture play in shaping personality, behavior, & mental processes. Environmental factors are key.

John B. Watson

Founded behaviorism; claims that external forces/influences largely shape peoples behavior.n

Hippocrates

Greek physician that believe that traits were a combination of different humors. There's no physical evidence, but his words are refereed to.

Robert McCrea & Paul T. Costa

Have helped develop the five factor model

Gordon Allport

He believed that traits are inherited & fixed in the nervous system. Cataloged about 18,000 human traits from a list of descriptive words (so,e refer to physical traits & others behavioral).

Behaviorists

Learning is the mechanical result of reinforcement. People are at the mercy of their environments.

Phlegm

Linked with phlegmatic or sluggish, cool disposition.

Blood

Linked with sanguine, warm and cheerful temperament

Defense mechanism

Methods the ego uses to avoid recognizing ideas or emotions that may cause anxiety. They operate unconsciously.

Melancholic

Moody, anxious, rigid, sober, pessimistic, reserved, unsociable, quiet

Emotionally unstable

Neurotic. Melancholic & choleric

Genital stage

Occurs during puberty and the children become more aware of their identity.

Behavior

Ones actions and experience

Phlegmatic

Passive, careful, thoughtful, peaceful, controlled, reliable, even-tempered, calm

Abraham Maslow

People are above animals because they can achieve self-actualization. Believed that people have to take risks to follow their own paths.

Social learning theorists

People engage in purposeful learning. People can influence their enviroment. Internal variables influence how we learn as well.

Emotionally stable

Phlegmatic & sanguine

Analytic psychology

Places greater emphasis on the influences of shared symbols and religion on human behavior.

Drive

Powerful needs or instincts related to self preservation that motivate behavior.o

Acculturation

Process of adapting to a new of different culture.

Purposeful learning

Process that refers to one watching another's behavior and act as we have observed.

Socialization

Process where people learn the socially desirable behaviors of their particular culture & adopt them as a part of their personalities.

Repression

Removes anxiety-causing ideas from conscious awareness by pushing them into the unconscious. Doesn't always work, a person can pop.

Self theory

Rogers theory that revolves around peoples sense of self.

Self concept

Rogers; a view of oneself as an individual. Made up of our impressions of ourselves.

Congruence

Rogers; key to happiness & self adjustment. Consistency between so ones self concept & experience.

Humanists

Self awareness is the core of humanity. Focus on peoples pursuits of self fulfillment & ethical conduct. People are free to do what they want.

Internal factors

Skills, goals, expectations, & self-efficacy expectations.

Sanguine

Sociable, outgoing, talkative, responsive, easygoing, lively, carefree, leadership

Environmental factors

Social, cultural, & political forces that influence behavior.

Personality

The patterns of feelings, motives, and behavior that set people apart from one another.

Ego

The personality component that is conscious and that controls behavior. Develops because a child's demands for instant gratification cannot be met.

Dimensions

The range over which or the degree to which something extends; scope.

Rationalization

The use of self-deception to justify unacceptable behaviors or ideas.

Personal factors

Thoughts, beliefs, values, expectations, emotional disposition, biological & genetic makeup.

Choleric

Touchy, restless, aggressive, excitable, changeable, impulsive, optimistic, active

Displacement

Transfer of an idea/impulse from a threatening/unsuitable object to a less threatening object.

Reality principle

Understanding that, in the real world, we cannot always get what we want.