Chapter 15
Which theorist was the biggest intellectual influence on Mischel's ideas about the Cognitive-Affective Personality System? A) George Kelly B) Gordon Allport C) Sigmund Freud D) Hans Eysenck
A
andura's efficacy expectation is a belief about ________. A) what the person is capable of doing B) the amount of work required to be effective C) the worth of an outcome D) All of the above.
A
One danger associated with the use of punishment is that ________. A) it is difficult for the punisher to gauge the severity of the punishment B) punishment motivates concealment of behavior and avoidance of the punisher C) it is difficult to punish in an appropriately consistent manner D) All of the above.
D
The Bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that ________. A) changing efficacy expectations can facilitate behavioral change B) expectancies vary across situations C) children will imitate positive but not negative behaviors D) learning can occur vicariously through observation
D
A ranked ordering of the behaviors that an individual might perform is called a(n) ________. A) expectancy value theory B) efficacy expectation list C) habit hierarchy D) behavior potential
C
According to Dollard and Miller, in order for a reward to be reinforcing and produce behavior change, the reward must ________. A) increase the expectancy value of the behavior B) change the habit hierarchy C) satisfy a need D) produce physiological tension
C
According to Mischel's theorizing, which of the following methods would be the best way to stop yourself from eating a piece of chocolate cake? A) Smelling the cake to trick yourself into thinking that you ate the cake. B) Telling yourself repeatedly that chocolate tastes bad. C) Thinking about the chocolate cake as a piece of brown plastic. D) Imagining how good the cake tastes to replace the actual desire to eat the cake.
C
According to Mischel, what is the most important aspect of personality and cognition? A) Personality traits are subordinate to cognitive processes. B) Cognitive processes are subordinate to personality traits. C) The many systems of personality and cognition interact. D) Systems of personality and cognition operate in a serial process.
C
Bandura's concept of efficacy is similar to what Rotter called ________. A) situational relativism B) reinforcement values C) expectancies D) behavior potential
C
Behavior that acts on the environment and changes environmental conditions to the organism's advantage is ________ behavior. A) respondent B) reinforced C) operant D) shaping
C
If a particular song frequently precedes being touched by your significant other, then eventually hearing the song will make you think of being touched by him or her. This is the basic idea behind ________. A) reductionism B) habituation C) associationism D) hedonism
C
It has been suggested that chronic anxiety is the result of ________. A) pairing a primary reinforcer with a punisher B) the law of effect C) repeated exposure to stimuli that are unpredictable and random D) second-order conditioning and stimulus generalization
C
Pavlov's experiments on the timing of associations demonstrated that two things become associated because ________. A) they occur at the exact same time B) the CS comes well before the UCS C) one concept changes the meaning of the other concept D) they have similar perceptual features
C
Skinner was among the first to insist that classical conditioning and operant conditioning ________. A) function through the same mechanisms B) explain all forms of learning equally well C) are different types of learning D) Both a and b.
C
A major achievement of the learning approaches to personality psychology is that they have ________. A) pushed psychology in the direction of an objective science B) enhanced our understanding of how the environment affects behavior C) led to the development of useful procedures for changing behavior D) All of the above.
D
A parent who relies heavily on punishment to correct his or her child's behavior is likely to find that the child ________. A) is well behaved, even when the parent is not around B) may become more aggressive as an adult C) avoids the parent whenever possible D) Both b and c.
D
According to Rotter, locus of control is analogous to ________. A) self-efficacy B) a specific expectancy C) reinforcement value D) a generalized expectancy
D
Based on recent research, what appears to be TRUE regarding people's ability to forecast emotional reactions to major events? A) People tend to be accurate judges of the emotional impact of future events. B) People tend to underestimate the emotional impact of negative events but not positive events. C) People tend to underestimate the emotional impact of positive events but not negative events. D) People tend to overestimate the emotional impact of both negative and positive events.
D
Behaviorism has its philosophical roots in ________. A) associationism B) empiricism C) hedonism D) All of the above.
D
Behaviorists assert that personality and all of its causes can be directly observed by looking at a person's ________. A) environment B) conscious mind C) behavior D) Both a and c.
D
Behaviorists believe that all causes of behavior can be found in an individual's ________. A) unconscious mind B) conscious mind C) personality traits D) environment
D
Bob eats a new dish at his favorite restaurant and throws up an hour later. Bob will most likely ________. A) become nauseated at the sight of all restaurants B) try the dish again when another chef prepares it C) attribute his vomiting to an illness D) never eat that dish again
D
Dollard and Miller view psychological conflict as the result of ________. A) conflict between the id and the superego B) conflict between primary and secondary drives C) habit hierarchy disorder D) approach-avoidance conflict
D
A light goes on in a room just before an excruciatingly loud buzzer sounds. A subject who startles when the light goes on shows ________ behavior, but one who leaves the room to avoid the noise exhibits ________ behavior. A) respondent; operant B) operant; respondent C) conditioned; counterconditioned D) counterconditioned; conditioned
A
According to Dollard and Miller's theory, love, prestige, power, fear, and humiliation are considered ________. A) secondary drives B) primary reinforcers C) primary drives D) biological needs
A
According to Dollard and Miller, ________ provides the motivating force for human behavior. A) expectancy B) self-efficacy C) reinforcement value D) drive reduction
A
As a conflicted goal gets closer, the tendency to ________ goal becomes stronger than the corresponding tendency to ________ goal. A) avoid a negative; approach a positive B) approach a negative; approach a positive C) approach a negative; avoid a positive D) avoid a positive; avoid a negative
A
Experiments have shown that if one receives rewards and/or punishments randomly (i.e., regardless of what one does), then one is likely to develop depression. This phenomenon is known as ________. A) learned helplessness B) angst C) social learning theory D) reverse conditioning
A
Hedonism provides the ________ necessary for learning and behavior to occur. A) motivation B) cognition C) emotion D) knowledge
A
Mark thinks that if he asks for a $50-a-week raise, he will definitely get it. He really wants a $75-a-week raise, and thinks his chances of getting a raise of that amount are about 25%. Expectancy value theory would predict that Mark will ask for a ________-a-week raise, and classic behaviorism would predict that he will ask for a ________-a-week raise. A) $50; $75 B) $75; $50 C) $50; $50 D) $75; $75
A
The attempt to determine how behavior is connected to the environment is called ________. A) functional analysis B) empiricism C) associationism D) behavioral linking
A
The idea that, in time, you can get used to almost anything is associated with which learning mechanism(s)? A) Habituation B) Classical conditioning C) Operant conditioning D) Both b and c.
A
Which philosophical idea explains the learning process? A) associationism B) empiricism C) hedonism D) utilitarianism
A
According to Dollard and Miller, ________ drives include drives for food, water, physical comfort, sexual gratification and so on, whereas ________ drives include drives for love, prestige, money, and power. A) classical; operant B) primary; secondary C) primary; tertiary D) behavioral; cognitive
B
According to Dollard and Miller, a state of psychological tension that feels good when it is reduced is called ________. A) a behavior potential B) a drive C) motivation D) psychological conflict
B
As a child, Robin was frequently surrounded by many people and came to see herself as a very sociable person. As an adult, Robin has chosen a career that requires her to interact with other people on a daily basis. As a result, Robin is becoming even more sociable than before. This process is called ________. A) the approach-avoidance goal system B) reciprocal determinism C) vicarious learning D) the expectancy value theory
B
Barbara thinks that Joe will go out on a date with her if she can ever get up the courage to ask him. Barbara's perception of the likelihood that Joe will accept reflects her ________, whereas her doubts about her ability to ask him out reflect her ________. A) reinforcement value; behavior potential B) expectancy; efficacy expectation C) efficacy expectation; expectancy D) behavior potential; reinforcement value
B
Dollard and Miller's key idea concerns ________. A) defense mechanisms B) the habit hierarchy C) behavior potential D) reciprocal determinism
B
Following Bandura, many social learning theorists agree that the important causes of behavior ________. A) are located only in the environment B) involve an interaction between the individual's mind and the environment C) are located only in the conscious mind D) mostly result from direct reinforcement for the behavior
B
From the perspective of expectancy value theory, your belief about how likely a behavior is to attain a certain goal is called your ________. A) behavior potential B) expectancy C) reinforcement value D) general self-efficacy
B
If you are frustrated because your coworker's performance prevented you from getting the end-of-the-year bonus you expected, Dollard and Miller would predict that you respond to this frustration with ________. A) depression B) aggressive behavior C) feelings of humiliation D) avoidance of the situation
B
John Locke's conception of the newborn mind as a tabula rasa (blank slate) is closely associated with the idea of ________. A) associationism B) empiricism C) rationalism D) reductionism
B
Julian Rotter's social learning theory focuses primarily on ________. A) drives B) decision making C) drive reduction D) reciprocal determinism
B
On the first day of kindergarten, Terry's teacher responds to the students every time they ask her a question. By the end of the first week, the teacher will only respond to students who are sitting quietly at their desks. At the end of the second week, the teacher will only respond to students' questions if they are quietly seated, raise their hands, and wait to be called on before asking their questions. Terry's teacher is using ________ to change the students' behavior. A) habituation B) shaping C) punishment D) secondary conditioning
B
Pavlov's famous studies, when the presentation of meat was frequently preceded by the sound of a bell, dogs ________. A) refused to eat the meat B) began to salivate at the sound of the bell C) showed fear responses to the bell D) salivated only when given the meat
B
Perhaps the biggest problem associated with the use of punishment is that ________. A) behaviorists have not been able to identify consequences that are generally punishing B) it is almost always administered incorrectly C) alternatives to punishment are seldom available D) punishing the specific behavior only does not appear to reduce the frequency of that behavior
B
Punishment involves ________. A) removing an aversive stimulus in order to increase the frequency of a behavior B) introducing an aversive consequence in order to decrease the frequency of a behavior C) reinforcing incompatible behavioral responses D) Both a and b.
B
The key target for psychotherapy, according to Bandura, is ________. A) to change the client's overt behavior B) to achieve a match between the client's efficacies and capabilities C) to change the client's reinforcement values D) to modify the client's habit hierarchy
B
The most important limitation of the strict behaviorist approaches to personality psychology is that they ________. A) focus only on psychological disorders and ignore humankind's positive qualities B) underemphasize or ignore cognition C) underemphasize the effect of the specific situation on an organism's behavior D) lack scientific rigor
B
What is the most recent addition to Mischel's theory? A) if and or contingencies B) if and then contingencies C) personal constructs D) social scripts
B
What term refers to Bandura's idea that the self-system, environmental factors, and behavior are all dynamically interlinked? A) efficacy expectations B) reciprocal determinism C) the transactional triad D) the cogntive person system
B
Whereas classic behaviorism states that learning affects behavior, Dollard and Miller's social theory of learning states that learning affects ________. A) the association between a UCS and a CR B) the hierarchy of an organism's behaviors C) an organism's self-system D) Both a and b.
B
Which of Bandura's ideas has proven to be the most influential? A) his specific approach to therapy B) his emphasis on observational learning C) his concept of expectancies D) his discovery of if and then contingencies
B
The basic idea behind empiricism is that ________. A) two things become linked mentally if they are experienced close together in time B) the structure of the mind determines our experience of reality C) everything we know is the result of our experience D) every large phenomenon can be understood by breaking it down into smaller components
C
The element of reciprocal determinism that departs most significantly from classic behaviorism is the idea that ________. A) the organism's behavior is a function of the environment B) the environment cannot be changed by an organism's behavior C) the self can affect behavior, independent of the environment D) learning occurs through direct reinforcement for behavior
C
The philosophical belief called ________ claims that people learn in order to seek pleasure and to avoid pain. A) associationism B) empiricism C) hedonism D) utilitarianism
C
When a new mobile is first hung over baby Jessica's crib, she looks at it frequently. After several weeks pass, she spends hardly any time looking at the mobile. Jessica has become ________ to the mobile. A) classically conditioned B) operantly conditioned C) habituated D) counterconditioned
C
Which of the following is NOT an optimal way to administer punishment? A) Provide multiple alternatives to the punishment-inducing behavior. B) Be clear and specific about what behavior you are punishing. C) Administer a punishment after the individual has had time to reflect on his or her behavior. D) Condition a secondary punishing stimulus.
C
In contrast with social learning theory, behaviorism ________. A) views human beings as passive organisms B) ignores observational learning C) ignores motivation and cognition D) All of the above.
D
Utilitarianism, a social philosophy, claims that ________. A) people learn in order to seek pleasure and to avoid pain B) behavior changes as a function of experience C) two things become mentally connected into one if they are repeatedly experienced close together in time D) the best society produces the most happiness for the largest number of people
D
What two important ideas are combined in Mischel's Cognitive-Affective Personality System? A) An individual's construal of the world is important, and individuals have completely stable personality traits. B) Observation is the most important source of learning, and individuals have completely stable personality traits. C) Observation is the most important source of learning, and the cognitive system has multiple tracks. D) An individual's construal of the world is important, and the cognitive system has multiple tracks.
D
Which of the following cannot be classically conditioned? A) eye blinks B) claustrophobia C) insulin release by the pancreas D) All of the above can be classically conditioned.
D
Which of the following is NOT part of the CAPS system? A) cognitive and behavior competencies B) encoding strategies C) subjective stimulus values D) social scripts
D
Which of the following is one of the main principles of Dollard and Miller's approach-avoidance conflict theory? A) Weaker drives typically cause one to approach a goal. B) The tendency to approach a positive goal declines the closer one is to the goal. C) Whenever there are two competing responses, the weaker one prevails. D) The avoidance gradient is steeper than the approach gradient.
D
Which of the following psychologists was NOT considered a social learning theorist? A) Bandura B) Dollard C) Rotter D) Thorndike
D