Chapter 15 Anatomy Summary Questions
The __________ is an avascular, transparent structure that permits light to enter the eye and bends that light as part of the eye's focusing system.
Cornea
The outer surface of the membranous labyrinth is covered with a very thin layer of cells called the perilymphatic cells.
True
The spiral organ contains supporting epithelial cells and specialized sensory cells called hair cells.
True
The tips of the outer hair cells are embedded within an acellular, gelatinous shelf called the tectorial membrane.
True
When a person cannot see objects in the temporal halves of the visual fields it is known as __________ vision and may indicate a pituitary tumor.
Tunnel
palpebrae
another name for the eyelids
middle ear
air-filled space within the temporal bone
The most sensitive taste buds are found in _____ papillae.
foliate
The ________ separates the posterior chamber from the vitreous chamber.
lens
Light refracts as it passes through the
lens, cornea and humors of the eye.
pupil
the opening in the iris
external ear
the pinna and external auditory meatus are part of this
fovea centralis
the portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity
optic tract
the route of the ganglionic axons beyond the chiasma
The receptor cells for which of the following special senses are bipolar neurons?
smell
Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus?
smell
Which of the special senses contains receptor neurons that are the only nerve cells in direct contact with the outside environment?
smell
Semicircular canals
Inner ear
Vestibule
Inner ear
Vitreous humor
helps to hold the lens and retina in place.
Arrange the following to reflect the correct sequence an action potential would follow to reach the olfactory cortex of the brain: (1) olfactory bulb (2) olfactory cortex (3) olfactory epithelium (4) olfactory tract
(3) olfactory epithelium (1) olfactory bulb (4) olfactory tract (2) olfactory cortex
The membranous labyrinth is filled with a clear fluid called endolymph.
True
Place the structures of the ear in order for the transmission and interpretation of sound waves from the external ear to the inner ear.
1. Auricle 2. External auditory canal 3. Tympanic membrane 4. Malleus 5. Incus 6. Stapes 7. Oval window 8. Perilymph of scala vestibuli 9. Vestibular membrane 10. Endolymph 11. Basilar membrane 12. Hair cells
Place the parts of the neural layer of the retina in order from the inside of the eye to the outside of the eye.
1. Ganglionic layer 2. Inner plexiform layer 3. Bipolar layer 4. Outer plexiform layer 5. Photoreceptor layer
Place the structures of the inner ear in order for the transmission of action potentials from the spiral organ to the temporal lobe.
1. Hair cells 2. Cochlear nerve fibers 3. Cochlear nucleus 4. Superior olivary nucleus 5. Inferior colliculus 6. Medial geniculate nucleus 7. Auditory cortex
Place the tunics of the eye in the correct order from the inside to the outside.
1. Nervous tunic 2. Vascular tunic 3. Fibrous tunic
Place the items involved in the conveyance of an action potential for taste in the correct order from beginning to end.
1. Taste cell 2. Sensory neurons 3. Cranial nerves 4. Tractus solitarius 5. Thalamus 6. Insula
The __________ chamber lies between the cornea and the iris and contains aqueous humor.
Anterior
The __________, or pinna, is the fleshy part of the external ear that helps to collect sound waves and direct them toward the external ear canal.
Auricle
The visual fields of the eyes partially overlap; the area seen with both eyes at the same time is the area of __________ vision.
Binocular
Which of the following statements is true?
Damaged olfactory neurons are replaced. Correct
Crista ampullaris
Dynamic labyrinth
Cupula
Dynamic labyrinth
Evaluates movements of the head
Dynamic labyrinth
Semicircular canals
Dynamic labyrinth
Cochlear
Inner ear
Auditory canal
External ear
Tympanic membrane
External ear
Endolymph is very similar to cerebrospinal fluid, but perilymph has a high concentration of potassium and a low concentration of sodium.
False
The inner fro of hair cells are involved in regulating the tension of the basilar membrane.
False
The outer row of outer hair cells is primarily responsible for hearing.
False
The tunnels and chambers inside the temporal bone are called the membranous labyrinth.
False
Cornea:
Fibrous tunic
Sclera:
Fibrous tunic
The __________ papillae have no taste buds but are the most numerous papillae on the surface of the tongue.
Filiform
The lens
Focuses light on the retina
The papillae found on the sides of the tongue that contain the most sensitive of the taste buds are the __________ papillae.
Foliate
Eyebrows
Help shade the eyes from direct sunlight
Eyelids
Helps keep eye lubricated by spreading tears over the surface
All of these are changes of special senses that could occur with aging.
Increased flexibility of the lens of the eye, anosmia, polydipsia, otitis media
Cone cells contain a visual pigment, __________, which consists of retinal combined with a photopigment opsin protein.
Iodopsin
The "colored" part of the eye is a contractile structure made of smooth muscle and is known as the __________.
Iris
Auditory tube
Middle ear
Chorda tympani
Middle ear
Ossicles
Middle ear
Extrinsic eye muscles
Movement of the eye
Retina:
Nervous tunic
All of these structures play a major role in visual acuity.
Optic disc, rod cells, ganglion cells
The malleus, incus, and stapes are the auditory __________ and can be found in the middle ear.
Ossicles
The __________ chamber lies between the iris and lens and is filled with aqueous humor.
Posterior
Lacrimal apparatus
Production of tears
The __________ is the nervous tunic of the eye and where the photoreceptors rods and cones can be found.
Retina
The "white of the eye," or __________, is the firm, opaque outer layer of most of the eyeball.
Sclera
All of these structures RECEIVE information FROM the vestibular neurons.
Trigeminal nerve, optic nerve, hypothalamus, Frontal lobe
The __________ taste results when H+ ions cause depolarization by: 1) entering cell directly through channels, 2) binding to gated channels and preventing other ions from leaving, or 3) opening channels for other positive ions.
Sour
______ is a major tastants
Spicy
The __________ muscle is attached to the stapes and is innervated by the facial nerve (VII).
Stapedius
Detects linear acceleration and deceleration
Static labyrinth
Evaluates head position relative to gravity
Static labyrinth
Otoliths
Static labyrinth
Saccule
Static labyrinth
Utricle
Static labyrinth
Why does a person's nose run when he cries?
Tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct.
Conjunctiva
Thin transparent mucous membrane on the surface of the eye
The __________ taste results when amino acids, such as glutamate, bind to receptors on taste hairs of taste cells and cause depolarization through a G Protein mechanism.
Umami
Which of the following is NOT a primary odor class?
Umami
The __________ papillae are the largest but least numerous of the papillae.
Vallate
Choroid:
Vascular tunic
Ciliary body:
Vascular tunic
Iris:
Vascular tunic
The __________ chamber is completely surrounded by the retina and is filled with a jellylike substance.
Vitreous
vitreous humor
a jellylike substance in the posterior cavity of the eye
Night blindness could be caused by
a lack of rhodopsin
iris
a pigmented contractile structure
macula
a small yellow spot near the center of the posterior retina
olfactory cortex
area of the brain where the olfactory tracts terminate
optic chiasma
area where medial ganglion cell axons cross over
In order for a molecule to be detected by the olfactory neurons, it must
be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium.
Olfactory neurons are
bipolar neurons
Which type of taste has the lowest threshold?
bitter
optic disc
blood vessels enter and the optic nerve exits here
Taste buds
can only perceive taste if the molecules are in solution.
membranous labyrinth
connecting chambers of inner ear filled with endolymph
auditory tube
connects the middle ear to the pharynx
The ciliary body
consists of a ciliary ring and ciliary processes.
The optic disc
contains no photoreceptor cells.
To which colors are the three different kinds of cones sensitive?
red, blue, and green
tympanic membrane
eardrum
perilymph
fluid between the membranous and bony labyrinth
endolymph
fluid in the membranous labyrinth
Auricle
external ear
The ___________ is/are involved in hearing and the __________ is/are involved in hearing and balance.
external ear and middle ear; inner ear
Palpebrae is another name for the
eyelids
You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue". These taste sensations would be carried via the _____ cranial nerve.
facial (VII)
auricle
fleshy portion of the external ear
The area of greatest visual acuity is the
fovea centralis
The sense of taste is called
gustation
Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in some loss of
hearing and balance.
The photoreceptor cells are located
in the photoreceptive layer of the retina
_______ is NOT an intrinsic eye muscle
inferior oblique muscle
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva
bony labyrinth
interconnecting tunnels in the temporal bone
The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are separated by the
iris
The contractile structure that surrounds the pupil is the
iris
Color vision
is a function of cone cells.
The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the
sclera
The bony core of the cochlea is the
modiolus
cones
photoreceptor cells that function in color vision
organ of Corti
organ of hearing
oval window
ossicles connect this structure to eardrum
The taste cortex is located in the ________ lobe.
parietal
inner ear
part of the ear that contains the organ of hearing
external auditory meatus
passageway from the outside to the eardrum
rods
photoreceptor cells that function in black and white vision
eyebrows
protect the eye from falling objects
The photoreceptors that are involved in noncolor vision are __________ and the __________ are photoreceptors that are involved in color vision and visual acuity.
rod cells; cone cells
Rhodopsin is found in the
rods
lacrimal canaliculi
small tubes that drain tears into the lacrimal sac
In bright sunlight, the pupil of your eye constricts and contracts the
sphincter pupillae.
Otoliths
stimulate hair cells to produce action potentials.
ceruminous glands
structures that produce earwax
Sensory structures that detect taste are
taste buds
The olfactory cortex is located in the _____ lobe and the secondary olfactory areas are located in the ___ lobe.
temporal, frontal
The sensation of hearing occurs when sensory impulses from the ears are transmitted to the auditory cortex in the __________lobe from the _________nerve.
temporal; vestibulocochlear
visual field
the area that can be seen with the eyes open
visual cortex
the cerebral area that integrates messages from retina
To focus on objects closer than 20 feet,
the ciliary muscles must contract.
olfactory bulb
the expanded anterior portions of the olfactory nerves
aqueous humor
the fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye
retina
the innermost tunic of the eye
The ability of the olfactory system to adapt to a particular odor may involve
the intermediate olfactory area sending inhibiting impulses to the olfactory bulb.
When you try to focus on the tip of your nose,
the lens becomes more spherical.
auditory ossicles
tiny bones in the middle ear
The newest taste to be described is
umami
Tears
wash foreign objects away from the eye.
