Chapter 15 Anatomy Summary Questions

The __________ is an avascular, transparent structure that permits light to enter the eye and bends that light as part of the eye's focusing system.

Cornea

The outer surface of the membranous labyrinth is covered with a very thin layer of cells called the perilymphatic cells.

True

The spiral organ contains supporting epithelial cells and specialized sensory cells called hair cells.

True

The tips of the outer hair cells are embedded within an acellular, gelatinous shelf called the tectorial membrane.

True

When a person cannot see objects in the temporal halves of the visual fields it is known as __________ vision and may indicate a pituitary tumor.

Tunnel

palpebrae

another name for the eyelids

middle ear

air-filled space within the temporal bone

The most sensitive taste buds are found in _____ papillae.

foliate

The ________ separates the posterior chamber from the vitreous chamber.

lens

Light refracts as it passes through the

lens, cornea and humors of the eye.

pupil

the opening in the iris

external ear

the pinna and external auditory meatus are part of this

fovea centralis

the portion of the retina with the greatest visual acuity

optic tract

the route of the ganglionic axons beyond the chiasma

The receptor cells for which of the following special senses are bipolar neurons?

smell

Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus?

smell

Which of the special senses contains receptor neurons that are the only nerve cells in direct contact with the outside environment?

smell

Semicircular canals

Inner ear

Vestibule

Inner ear

Vitreous humor

helps to hold the lens and retina in place.

Arrange the following to reflect the correct sequence an action potential would follow to reach the olfactory cortex of the brain: (1) olfactory bulb (2) olfactory cortex (3) olfactory epithelium (4) olfactory tract

(3) olfactory epithelium (1) olfactory bulb (4) olfactory tract (2) olfactory cortex

The membranous labyrinth is filled with a clear fluid called endolymph.

True

Place the structures of the ear in order for the transmission and interpretation of sound waves from the external ear to the inner ear.

1. Auricle 2. External auditory canal 3. Tympanic membrane 4. Malleus 5. Incus 6. Stapes 7. Oval window 8. Perilymph of scala vestibuli 9. Vestibular membrane 10. Endolymph 11. Basilar membrane 12. Hair cells

Place the parts of the neural layer of the retina in order from the inside of the eye to the outside of the eye.

1. Ganglionic layer 2. Inner plexiform layer 3. Bipolar layer 4. Outer plexiform layer 5. Photoreceptor layer

Place the structures of the inner ear in order for the transmission of action potentials from the spiral organ to the temporal lobe.

1. Hair cells 2. Cochlear nerve fibers 3. Cochlear nucleus 4. Superior olivary nucleus 5. Inferior colliculus 6. Medial geniculate nucleus 7. Auditory cortex

Place the tunics of the eye in the correct order from the inside to the outside.

1. Nervous tunic 2. Vascular tunic 3. Fibrous tunic

Place the items involved in the conveyance of an action potential for taste in the correct order from beginning to end.

1. Taste cell 2. Sensory neurons 3. Cranial nerves 4. Tractus solitarius 5. Thalamus 6. Insula

The __________ chamber lies between the cornea and the iris and contains aqueous humor.

Anterior

The __________, or pinna, is the fleshy part of the external ear that helps to collect sound waves and direct them toward the external ear canal.

Auricle

The visual fields of the eyes partially overlap; the area seen with both eyes at the same time is the area of __________ vision.

Binocular

Which of the following statements is true?

Damaged olfactory neurons are replaced. Correct

Crista ampullaris

Dynamic labyrinth

Cupula

Dynamic labyrinth

Evaluates movements of the head

Dynamic labyrinth

Semicircular canals

Dynamic labyrinth

Cochlear

Inner ear

Auditory canal

External ear

Tympanic membrane

External ear

Endolymph is very similar to cerebrospinal fluid, but perilymph has a high concentration of potassium and a low concentration of sodium.

False

The inner fro of hair cells are involved in regulating the tension of the basilar membrane.

False

The outer row of outer hair cells is primarily responsible for hearing.

False

The tunnels and chambers inside the temporal bone are called the membranous labyrinth.

False

Cornea:

Fibrous tunic

Sclera:

Fibrous tunic

The __________ papillae have no taste buds but are the most numerous papillae on the surface of the tongue.

Filiform

The lens

Focuses light on the retina

The papillae found on the sides of the tongue that contain the most sensitive of the taste buds are the __________ papillae.

Foliate

Eyebrows

Help shade the eyes from direct sunlight

Eyelids

Helps keep eye lubricated by spreading tears over the surface

All of these are changes of special senses that could occur with aging.

Increased flexibility of the lens of the eye, anosmia, polydipsia, otitis media

Cone cells contain a visual pigment, __________, which consists of retinal combined with a photopigment opsin protein.

Iodopsin

The "colored" part of the eye is a contractile structure made of smooth muscle and is known as the __________.

Iris

Auditory tube

Middle ear

Chorda tympani

Middle ear

Ossicles

Middle ear

Extrinsic eye muscles

Movement of the eye

Retina:

Nervous tunic

All of these structures play a major role in visual acuity.

Optic disc, rod cells, ganglion cells

The malleus, incus, and stapes are the auditory __________ and can be found in the middle ear.

Ossicles

The __________ chamber lies between the iris and lens and is filled with aqueous humor.

Posterior

Lacrimal apparatus

Production of tears

The __________ is the nervous tunic of the eye and where the photoreceptors rods and cones can be found.

Retina

The "white of the eye," or __________, is the firm, opaque outer layer of most of the eyeball.

Sclera

All of these structures RECEIVE information FROM the vestibular neurons.

Trigeminal nerve, optic nerve, hypothalamus, Frontal lobe

The __________ taste results when H+ ions cause depolarization by: 1) entering cell directly through channels, 2) binding to gated channels and preventing other ions from leaving, or 3) opening channels for other positive ions.

Sour

______ is a major tastants

Spicy

The __________ muscle is attached to the stapes and is innervated by the facial nerve (VII).

Stapedius

Detects linear acceleration and deceleration

Static labyrinth

Evaluates head position relative to gravity

Static labyrinth

Otoliths

Static labyrinth

Saccule

Static labyrinth

Utricle

Static labyrinth

Why does a person's nose run when he cries?

Tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct.

Conjunctiva

Thin transparent mucous membrane on the surface of the eye

The __________ taste results when amino acids, such as glutamate, bind to receptors on taste hairs of taste cells and cause depolarization through a G Protein mechanism.

Umami

Which of the following is NOT a primary odor class?

Umami

The __________ papillae are the largest but least numerous of the papillae.

Vallate

Choroid:

Vascular tunic

Ciliary body:

Vascular tunic

Iris:

Vascular tunic

The __________ chamber is completely surrounded by the retina and is filled with a jellylike substance.

Vitreous

vitreous humor

a jellylike substance in the posterior cavity of the eye

Night blindness could be caused by

a lack of rhodopsin

iris

a pigmented contractile structure

macula

a small yellow spot near the center of the posterior retina

olfactory cortex

area of the brain where the olfactory tracts terminate

optic chiasma

area where medial ganglion cell axons cross over

In order for a molecule to be detected by the olfactory neurons, it must

be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium.

Olfactory neurons are

bipolar neurons

Which type of taste has the lowest threshold?

bitter

optic disc

blood vessels enter and the optic nerve exits here

Taste buds

can only perceive taste if the molecules are in solution.

membranous labyrinth

connecting chambers of inner ear filled with endolymph

auditory tube

connects the middle ear to the pharynx

The ciliary body

consists of a ciliary ring and ciliary processes.

The optic disc

contains no photoreceptor cells.

To which colors are the three different kinds of cones sensitive?

red, blue, and green

tympanic membrane

eardrum

perilymph

fluid between the membranous and bony labyrinth

endolymph

fluid in the membranous labyrinth

Auricle

external ear

The ___________ is/are involved in hearing and the __________ is/are involved in hearing and balance.

external ear and middle ear; inner ear

Palpebrae is another name for the

eyelids

You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue". These taste sensations would be carried via the _____ cranial nerve.

facial (VII)

auricle

fleshy portion of the external ear

The area of greatest visual acuity is the

fovea centralis

The sense of taste is called

gustation

Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in some loss of

hearing and balance.

The photoreceptor cells are located

in the photoreceptive layer of the retina

_______ is NOT an intrinsic eye muscle

inferior oblique muscle

conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva

bony labyrinth

interconnecting tunnels in the temporal bone

The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are separated by the

iris

The contractile structure that surrounds the pupil is the

iris

Color vision

is a function of cone cells.

The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the

sclera

The bony core of the cochlea is the

modiolus

cones

photoreceptor cells that function in color vision

organ of Corti

organ of hearing

oval window

ossicles connect this structure to eardrum

The taste cortex is located in the ________ lobe.

parietal

inner ear

part of the ear that contains the organ of hearing

external auditory meatus

passageway from the outside to the eardrum

rods

photoreceptor cells that function in black and white vision

eyebrows

protect the eye from falling objects

The photoreceptors that are involved in noncolor vision are __________ and the __________ are photoreceptors that are involved in color vision and visual acuity.

rod cells; cone cells

Rhodopsin is found in the

rods

lacrimal canaliculi

small tubes that drain tears into the lacrimal sac

In bright sunlight, the pupil of your eye constricts and contracts the

sphincter pupillae.

Otoliths

stimulate hair cells to produce action potentials.

ceruminous glands

structures that produce earwax

Sensory structures that detect taste are

taste buds

The olfactory cortex is located in the _____ lobe and the secondary olfactory areas are located in the ___ lobe.

temporal, frontal

The sensation of hearing occurs when sensory impulses from the ears are transmitted to the auditory cortex in the __________lobe from the _________nerve.

temporal; vestibulocochlear

visual field

the area that can be seen with the eyes open

visual cortex

the cerebral area that integrates messages from retina

To focus on objects closer than 20 feet,

the ciliary muscles must contract.

olfactory bulb

the expanded anterior portions of the olfactory nerves

aqueous humor

the fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye

retina

the innermost tunic of the eye

The ability of the olfactory system to adapt to a particular odor may involve

the intermediate olfactory area sending inhibiting impulses to the olfactory bulb.

When you try to focus on the tip of your nose,

the lens becomes more spherical.

auditory ossicles

tiny bones in the middle ear

The newest taste to be described is

umami

Tears

wash foreign objects away from the eye.