Chapter 15 AP Euro
What affect did his exchange with the estate junkers have?
he was able to triple state revenue and expand the army drastically
imposition of unigeniture (inheritance by one son alone)
why nobles detested Perter's reforms
increase in the bonds of serfdom and gulf between the enserfed peasantry and the educated nobility
why the peasants detested Peter's ruling
When was the Pragmatic Sanction established?
1713
When was Silesia originally territory of Maria Theresa invaded?
1742 by Fredrick the Great
built Eugene's winter palace in Vienna
Fischer
The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state
Junkers
True or false both the Junkers and the peasants had to participate in the Soldier's King's great army
True
classy harmonious, symmetrical, and geometric design
Versailles Baroque Palace
Why did the estate's power decline rapidly
the Great Elector had both financial independence and superior force
dramatic palaces symbolized
the age of absolutist power
After the fall of Constantinope to the Turks in 1453, the princes of Moscow saw themselves as
the heirs of both the Caesars (or emperors) and Orthodox Christianity
Who were the estates dominated by
the nobility and landowning classes known as the Junkers
What did junkers ask for in exchange of Frederick William's consent in order to fund an army?
they asked in exchange for reconfirmation of their own privileges, including authority over the serfs
considered themselves rightful and holy rulers
tsars
What happened between 1683 and 1699 and completed in 1718
the Hapsburg pushed the Ottomans from most of the Hungary and Transylvania
Peter's reforms paved the war for Russia to move closer to European mainstream in its though and institutions during the ______________ especially under Catherine the Great
Enlightenment
completed his grandfather's works, he eliminated the last traces of parliamentary estates and local self-government, he transformed Prussia into a military estate, always wore an army uniform, Prussia had the fourth largest army by 1740 due to him
Frederick William I "the Soldier's King"
What did absolutist rulers in Austria and Prussia have in common?
-in exchange for their growing political authority monarchs allowed nobles go remain as unchallenged masters of their peasants -increased power by building large armies, increasing taxation and suppressing representative institutions -left surfs at the mercy of their lords
Peter the Great and westernization and modernization
- nobles shaved their heavy beards and wore western clothing -there were parties where youg men and women would mix together and chose their own spouses
What were the three provinces Frederick William the "Great Elector" was determined to unify?
-Brandenburg -Prussia (inherited in 1618) -Scattered territories along the Rhine River (Cleve and Mark) inherited in 1614
The largely Protestant representative assembly
Bohemian estates
Who was Silesia (originally belonging to the Austrians)conquered by?
Brandenburg Prussia Fredrick the Great (Fredrick II)
Who was the "inexperienced ruler" ruling Sweden while Peter the Great was trying to take over the Baltic sea and gain opportunities westward
Charles XII
Who was Peter the Great entered in a secret alliance with
Denmark and Poland
who was Peter the Great impressed with (growing economic power)
Dutch and English
What did Ferdinand do to Protestant nobles?
He confiscated their land and gave them to loyal catholic nobles and foreign aristocratic mercenaries who lead his army
collaborated on the summer palace on the city's outskirts
Hildebrandt
What was a fundamental difference between Austria and Prussia regarding the creation of a unified and centralized absolutist state?
In Austria, Catholicism helped fuse a collective identity but in Prussia the army placed the largest role in bringing everyone into a similar cause.
When was the title tsar first taken and by who
Ivan IV and in 1547
he successfully expanded the principality of Moscow toward the Baltic Sea
Ivan the Great (Ivan the III)
2 baroque gems in Eugene's summer home
Lower Belvedere and Upper Belvedere completed in 1722 (building's giants serving as pillars an a magnificent great stair case)
she inherited the Habsburg dominions upon the death of her father Charles VI
Maria Theresa
Who did the Slavic princes of Moscow model themselves after?
Mongols and their institutions such as the tax system, postal route, and cencus
Who spoke of "holy Russia" as the " Third Rome"
Orthodox Churchmen
How did Charles XII suprise Peter
he defeated Denmark quickly in 1700
Peter the Great and state service by the noblity
Peter required all nobles to serve in the army or in civil administration for life since a more modern army and government required skilled experts, they had to go to new schools for five years away form home
a diplomatic agreement of 1713 that had guaranteed Maria Theresa's succession which Frederick the Great broke to invide Silesia
Pragmatic Sanction
led the Austrian Army, smashed the Turks, fought Louis XIV to a stand still, and generally guided the triumph of absolutism in Austria
Prince Eugene of Savoy
a Hungarian who rose in one last rebellion while the Habsburgs were in the War of the Spanish Succession
Prince Rakoczy
begun in 1695 by Emperor Leopold to celebrate Austrian military victories and Habsburg might, architect was Fischer von Erlach
Schonbrunn (Sweden in Western Europe)
new Western-style capital on the Baltic to rival the great cities of Europe, designed to reflect modern urban planning, with wide, straight avenues, buildings set in a uniform line, and large parks
St Petersburg
Who did Denmark, Poland and Russia want to wage a sudden war of aggression agains
Sweden with the goal of securing ACCESS TO THE BALTIC SEA and OPPORTUNITIES FOR WESTWARD EXPANSION
Peter established an interlocking military-civilian bureaucracy with 14 ranks, everyone had to start at the bottom and work to the top(allowed people of non-noble origins to rise high to positions)
Table of Ranks
Louis Le Vau
architecture of Versailles
highest ranking members of Russian nobility that helped the Muscovite Princes consolidate their power
boyars
What did defeat in central Europe encourage the Habsburgs to turn away form?
instead of looking for imperial dominance they focused inward and eastward in an attempt to unify their diverse holdings
the government drafted twenty five thousand to forty thousand men each summer to
labor in St. Petersburg (many of whom died of hunger, sickness, and accidents)
When did Frederick William Persuade the Junkers in the estates to accept taxation without consent in order to fund an army?
1660
When was the turning point for Peter the Great to westernize (first with his army)
1700, getting defeated by Sweden ( Narva disaster)
When did the elector's son receive the title of the King for aiding the Holy Roman emperor in the war of the Spanish succession?
1701
Sweden was crushed at Poltava in (9 years after the disaster)
1709 ( the battle concluded in 1721)
When did Frederick William I order that all Prussian men would undergo military training and serve as reservists in the army (allowing him to preserve both agricultural production and army size)?
1733
an enormous direct tax levied on the wealthy with the peasantry forced to do the manual labor
St. Petersburg
By 1480 Ivan the Great was strong enough to
defy Mongol control and declare the autonomy of Moscow
By the 18th century the immense size of Russia made it
difficult for the monarchy to govern effectively (and probably contributed to the strict control exercised over the serf population)
Taxes could not be levied without the consent of the
estates
in eastern Europe noble servants of royalty built ____________since they became very rich and powerful
grand palaces in capital cities
What did the king achieve other than consent to fund an army from the junkers?
he crushed any potential opposition to his power from the towns
three days per week of unpaid labor became the norm, Protestantism was stamped out
worsening serfdom
