chapter 15 exam review

Which type of continental coastline features a much broader continental shelf? A. Passive continental margins B. Active continental margins

A. Passive continental margins

Wave crests _________: A. Refract (bend) so as to impact the shore in a nearly parallel manner B. Refract so as to impact the shore nearly perpendicular to the shoreline C. Reflect directly backward from the angle at which they approached the shoreline D. Are reflected off the shoreline, but never refract

A. Refract (bend) so as to impact the shore in a nearly parallel manner

____________ make up a majority of the ocean floor worldwide. A.Abyssal plains B. Continental rises C. Continental shelves D. Continental slopes

A. abyssal plains

What percentage of seawater, on average, consists of dissolved salt ions? A. 1.5% B. 3.5% C. 5.5% D. 6.5%

B. 3.5%

The density of seawater increases with _________: A. Increasing temperature and increasing salinity B. Decreasing temperature and increasing salinity C. Increasing temperature and decreasing salinity D. Decreasing temperature and decreasing salinity

B. Decreasing temperature and increasing salinity

Rip currents flow _________: A. Directly toward the shoreline B. Directly away from the shoreline C. Parallel to the shoreline

B. Directly away from the shoreline

The most prominent force inducing tides on Earth is the _______: A. Sun's gravitational pull B. Moon's gravitational pull C. Electromagnetic attraction between Earth and the Sun D. Gravitational attraction between ocean waters and the continents on Earth

B. Moon's gravitational pull

The form and topography (depth profile) of the ocean floor is termed: A. Orogeny B. Bathymetry C. Allocthony D. Aquitopography

B. bathymetry

Compared to continental lithosphere, oceanic lithosphere is: A. Thicker B. Thinner C. Approximately the same thickness

B. thinner

Approximately what percentage of Earth's surface is covered with water? A. 30% B. 50% C. 70% D. 85%

C. 70%

Most of the igneous rocks within oceanic abyssal plains are ____________. A. Exposed at the surface of the seafloor B. Covered by sand and gravel introduced by rivers at deltas C. Covered by clay and the skeletal remains of microplankton D. Covered by limestone made up of the fragments of large invertebrate shells

C. Covered by clay and the skeletal remains of microplankton

As compared to freshwater, saline ocean water is ____________ and therefore provides ____________ support to floating objects. A. Less dense; more buoyant B. Less dense; less buoyant C. Denser; more buoyant D. Denser; less buoyant

C. Denser; more buoyant

Sand groins _______. a. have solved the problem of beach drift b. increase erosion rates in the region upcurrent from the groin c. increase erosion in the region down current from the groin d. increase depositional rates in the region down current from the groin

C. Increase erosion rates in the region downcurrent from the groin

Longshore currents flow _________: A. Directly toward the shoreline B. Directly away from the shoreline C. Parallel to the shoreline

C. Parallel to the shoreline

The shallowest portion of the ocean is found along the margins of continents in regions termed: A. Abyssal plains B. Continental rises C. Continental shelves D. Continental slopes

C. continental shelves

The deepest segments of the ocean floor are found ______: A. Along mid-ocean ridges B. In the geographic centers of abyssal plains C. In trenches associated with passive margins D. In trenches associated with subduction zones

D. In trenches associated with subduction zones

Of the choices below, which portions of the sea floor are most steeply tilted? A. Abyssal plains B. Continental rises C. Continental shelves D. Continental slopes

D. continental slopes

Which trench includes the world's deepest sea floor (more than 11 km below sea level)?

Mariana Trench

Estuaries most commonly have salinity that is ________

brackish (between freshwater and marine salinity)

Major oceanic surface currents travel _______. a. parallel to the prevailing direction in the region b. in direct opposition to prevailing winds as a result of the Coriolis effect c. at an angle to prevailing winds as a result of the Coriolis effect d. at an angle to prevailing winds as a result of the Doppler effect

c. at an angle to prevailing winds as a result of the Coriolis effect

As waves approach shore in shallow water their speed ________

decreases

A bathymetric map of the ocean would utilize contours to connect points of equal __________

depth of the sea floor below sea level

If currents are largely directed toward shore, the area is likely to experience __________:

downwelling

When the sea level rises, the ocean may invade a river valley, producing a nearshore body of water of mixed and variable salinity termed a(n) ________

estuary

As compared to continental interiors, surface temperatures in coastal regions _________

experience a less extreme range throughout the year

The strongest winds within a hurricane are found in the _______

eye

Every shoreline experiences a tidal reach (difference in elevation between high and low tide) of about 3m. true or false

false

When high tide occurs at any single shoreline, that means it is also high tide at all other coasts throughout the world: true or false

false

Flooded valleys that were excavated by glaciers are termed ___________

fjords

Wave refraction causes longshore currents to travel _________

from headlands towards embayments

Tidal reach will be greatest locally during a _________

full or new moon

Because of wave refraction, erosion along an irregular coastline is ____________

greatest in headlands (points of land projected out toward the sea)

At the equatorial ocean basins, sea surface temperatures may reach 30°C or greater; at the sea floor 5 km below, the temperature is _______

near freezing (2-4 C)

A wave will disturb the water to a depth equal to _______

one-half of its wavelength

Due to the Coriolis effect, surface currents in the oceans are always pulled to the ____________ in the northern hemisphere as compared to the prevailing wind direction

right

Global circulation of ocean water is influenced by ________

surface winds, coastal upwelling and downwelling, and sinking of cold and saline water

Tidal reach is affected by _________

the position of the Sun

A coastline is more likely to consist of a tidal flat than a beach if ___________

the shore is protected from strong waves

The magnitude of tidal effect (lateral extent of the intertidal zone between low and high tides) is affected by ____________

the slope of the coastline, and the position of the Sun

Rogue waves arise from constructive interference of multiple convergent waves; these waves occasionally can be more than 100 feet high true or false

true