Chapter 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

The effects of aging on an individual's height:

- A decrease in height in middle adulthood is usually associated with bone loss. - Women can lose as much as 2 inches in height during adulthood. - On average, men lose an inch in height from early middle age.

When assessing individual variations in intellectual functioning, Schaie identified three groups:

- Decliners - Stable - Gainers

What has promoted the rectangularization of age distribution?

- Increased longevity - Aging of the baby-boom cohort - Low fertility rates

The following are needs that are linked to the search to find meaning in life:

- Need for purpose - Need for values - Need for a sense of efficacy - Need for self-worth

The six areas of mental abilities assessed in Seattle Longitudinal Study:

- Number - Perceptual speed - Spatial orientation - Vocabulary - Inductive reasoning - Verbal memory

Visible and obvious signs of aging:

- Skin beginning to wrinkle and sag - Pigmentation in the skin producing age spots - Fingernails and toenails developing ridges and becoming thicker

Viktor Frankl said that the three most distinct human qualities are:

- Spiritually - Freedom - Responsibiliy

In Seattle Longitudinal Study, which four intellectual abilities peaked among men and women in middle age?

- Verbal ability - Verbal memory - Spatial orientation - Inductive reasoning

Crystallized intelligence includes:

- accumulated information - verbal skills - effects of culture and reasoning

Sleep problems are more common in individuals who:

- are obese - use a higher number of prescriptions and nonprescription drugs - have cardiovascular disease - are depressed

For many people, middle adulthood is a time of:

- becoming more aware of the young-old polarity - declining physical skills - passing on something meaningful to the next generation

Metabolic syndrome may lead to:

- diabetes - cardiovascular disease

The following side effects may be produced by menopause:

- hot flashes - nausea - fatigue

In middles age, changes occur in one's working memory-- the mental workbench that helps individuals:

- manipulate information - make decisions - assemble information

Due to concerns about the safety of HRT, many women are seeking alternatives such as:

- nonsteroidal medications - relaxation therapy and acupuncture - regular exercise - dietary supplements and herbal remedies

Many cardiovascular problems in middle age can be reduced by:

- weight control - exercise - eating foods low in saturated fat

Fluid intelligence

-Ability to reason abstractly -May begin to decline in middle adulthood

Crystallized intelligence

-Accumulated information and verbal skills -Continues to increase in middle adulthood

According to Roy Baumeister and Kathleen Vohs the four main needs are:

-Need for purpose -Need for values -Need for a sense of efficacy -Need for self-worth

Leisure

-Pleasant times after work -When individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing

Chronic disorders

-Slow onset and a long duration -Rare in early adulthood but increase in middle age

Today, how many retirements are couples most likely to plan?

2.

Menopause typically occurs between the ages of :

39 and 59

Middle adulthood

40-45 years of age to about 60-65 years of age

Late midlife is defined as the age period between:

55 and 65 years

Sarcopenia

Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength

Menopause

Cessation of a woman's menstrual periods

Religiousness

Degree to which an individual is affiliated with an organized religion

Spirituality

Experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner

_______ intelligence involves one's ability to reason.

Fluid

HRT stands for:

Hormone replacement therapy

Metabolic syndrome

Hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance

Erectile dysfunction

Inability to achieve and maintain an erection

The Seattle Longitudinal Study

Involves extensive evaluation of intellectual abilities during adulthood

When ____ is too high it sticks to the lining of the blood vessels, which can lead to atherosclerosis.

LDL

Climacteric

Midlife transition in which fertility declines

Religion

Organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual's connection to a sacred or transcendent other

Perimenopause

Transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all

Adults may have cosmetic surgery or dye their hair to hide the visible signs of ____.

aging

Natural Killer (NK) cells

are a type of white blood cell that is more likely to be present in low-stress circumstances.

A loss of strength in middle adulthood is most common in the:

back and legs

Viagra works by allowing increased ______ _______ to the penis.

blood flow

Many middle-aged adults experience a reduced blood supply that decreases the visual fields creating a problem seeing objects that are _________.

close

Based on data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study, Schaie found more declines using ___________ assessments then in _____________ assessments.

cross-sectional ; longitudinal

Researcher John Horn asserts that there are two aspects of intelligence that include ______ and ________ intelligence.

crystallized ; fluid

In terms of gains (growth) and losses (declines), biological functioning typically ____ in middle adulthood.

decreases

Speed of processing information _____ in middle adulthood.

decreases

The inability to adequately achieve and maintain an erection is known as erectile:

dysfunction

Hot flashes are associated with a decline in the hormones ___________ and _____________.

estrogen ; progesterone

Cross-cultural studies on menopause indicate that Asian women report ____ hot flashes than women in Western societies.

fewer

Because of __________, the workforce today is sometimes outsourced to other countries with a significantly less expensive labor force.

globalization

Physical changes in middle adulthood are usually:

gradual

Stress can affect the ________ system, which consists of millions of white blood cells that fight off bacteria, viruses and tumors.

immune

Starting in middle adulthood, rates of chronic disease begin to:

increase

Spiritually

involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others in society.

Middle adulthood

is a time for evaluation, assessment, and reflection about work.

Menopause

is the time in middle age, usually during the late 40s or early 50s, when a woman's menstrual periods cease.

Declines in everyday problem solving are more likely in:

late adulthood

One of the top six regrets among US adults was not engaging in more:

leisure

Compared to early adulthood, sexual activity in middle adulthood is ____ frequent.

less

The ability of men and women to function sexually shows _____ biological decline in middle adulthood.

little

During middle adulthood, people then to _____ height.

lose

Expertise shows up more often in _______ adulthood than ______ adulthood years.

middle ; early

One study found that almost half of individuals 65-69 years of age considered themselves:

middle-aged

Stress and ______ emotions can affect the development and course of cardiovascular disease.

negative

Chronic disorders have a ____ onset and a _____ duration.

slow ; long

In general, there a little change with regard to lung capacity during middle adulthood, except for a decrease in lung capacity for people who ________.

smoke

Chronic ______ is linked to the overproduction of corticosteroids such as cortisol.

stress

Research has identified a connection between religion and spiritually and a person's ability to cope with _______.

stress

Middle-aged men experience a decline in the production of the hormone _______ at a rate of 1% per year.

testosterone

TRT stands for:

testosterone replacement therapy

Hot flashes are _____ in Mayan women

uncommon

In the latter part of middle age, ____ memory capacity becomes more limited.

working