Chapter 16

An unlevered firm has a cost of capital of 17.5 percent and earnings before interest and taxes of $327,500. A levered firm with the same operations and assets has both a book value and a face value of debt of $650,000 with a 7.5 percent annual coupon. The applicable tax rate is 38 percent. What is the value of the levered firm? A. $1,397,212 B. $1,398,256 C. $1,402,509 D. $1,407,286 E. $1,414,414

$1,407,286

Stacy owns 38 percent of The Town Centre. She has decided to retire and wants to sell all of her shares in this closely held, all equity firm. The other shareholders have agreed to have the firm borrow $650,000 to purchase her shares of stock. What is the total market value of The Town Centre? Ignore taxes. A. $1,710,526 B. $1,748,219 C. $1,771,089 D. $1,801,406 E. $1,808,649

$1,710,526

The Jean Outlet is an all equity firm that has 146,000 shares of stock outstanding. The company has decided to borrow the $1.1 million to repurchase 7,500 shares of its stock from the estate of a deceased shareholder. What is the total value of the firm if you ignore taxes? A. $18,387,702 B. $18,500,000 C. $19,666,667 D. $21,000,000 E. $21,413,333

$21,413,333

L.A. Clothing has expected earnings before interest and taxes of $48,900, an unlevered cost of capital of 14.5 percent, and a tax rate of 34 percent. The company also has $8,000 of debt that carries a 7 percent coupon. The debt is selling at par value. What is the value of this firm? A. $222,579.31 B. $223,333.33 C. $224,108.16 D. $225,299.31 E. $225,476.91

$225,299.31

Bright Morning Foods has expected earnings before interest and taxes of $48,600, an unlevered cost of capital of 13.2 percent, and debt with both a book and face value of $25,000. The debt has an 8.5 percent coupon. The tax rate is 34 percent. What is the value of the firm? A. $245,500 B. $247,600 C. $251,500 D. $264,800 E. $271,300

$251,500

New Schools, Inc. expects an EBIT of $7,000 every year forever. The firm currently has no debt, and its cost of equity is 17 percent. The firm can borrow at 8 percent and the corporate tax rate is 34 percent. What will the value of the firm be if it converts to 50 percent debt? A. $29,871.17 B. $31,796.47 C. $32,407.16 D. $34,552.08 E. $37,119.30

$31,796.47

Exports Unlimited is an unlevered firm with an aftertax net income of $47,800. The unlevered cost of capital is 14.1 percent and the tax rate is 32 percent. What is the value of this firm? A. $270,867 B. $294,380 C. $339,007 D. $378,444 E. $447,489

$339,007

Kelso Electric is debating between a leveraged and an unleveraged capital structure. The all equity capital structure would consist of 40,000 shares of stock. The debt and equity option would consist of 25,000 shares of stock plus $280,000 of debt with an interest rate of 7 percent. What is the break-even level of earnings before interest and taxes between these two options? Ignore taxes. A. $42,208 B. $44,141 C. $46,333 D. $49,667 E. $52,267

$52,267

Down Bedding has an unlevered cost of capital of 13 percent, a cost of debt of 7.8 percent, and a tax rate of 32 percent. What is the target debt-equity ratio if the targeted cost of equity is 15.51 percent? A. .63 B. .68 C. .71 D. .76 E. .84

.71

Which one of the following statements is correct concerning the relationship between a levered and an unlevered capital structure? Assume there are no taxes. A. At the break-even point, there is no advantage to debt. B. The earnings per share will equal zero when EBIT is zero for a levered firm. C. The advantages of leverage are inversely related to the level of EBIT. D. The use of leverage at any level of EBIT increases the EPS. E. EPS are more sensitive to changes in EBIT when a firm is unlevered.

At the break-even point, there is no advantage to debt

Which of the following statements are correct in relation to M&M Proposition II with no taxes? I. The required return on assets is equal to the weighted average cost of capital. II. Financial risk is determined by the debt-equity ratio. III. Financial risk determines the return on assets. IV. The cost of equity declines when the amount of leverage used by a firm rises. A. I and III only B. II and IV only C. I and II only D. III and IV only E. I and IV only

I and II only

Which of the following are correct according to pecking-order theory? I. Firms stockpile internally-generated cash. II. There is an inverse relationship between a firm's profit level and its debt level. III. Firms avoid external debt at all costs. IV. A firm's capital structure is dictated by its need for external financing. A. I and III only B. II and IV only C. I, III, and IV only D. I, II, and IV only E. I, II, III, and IV

I, II, and IV only

Which one of the following states that a firm's cost of equity capital is directly and proportionally related to the firm's capital structure? A. Capital Asset Pricing Model B. M&M Proposition I C. M&M Proposition II D. Law of One Price E. Efficient Markets Hypothesis

M&M Proposition II

M&M Proposition I with tax supports the theory that: A. a firm's weighted average cost of capital decreases as the firm's debt-equity ratio increases. B. the value of a firm is inversely related to the amount of leverage used by the firm. C. the value of an unlevered firm is equal to the value of a levered firm plus the value of the interest tax shield. D. a firm's cost of capital is the same regardless of the mix of debt and equity used by the firm. E. a firm's cost of equity increases as the debt-equity ratio of the firm decreases.

a firm's weighted average cost of capital decreases as the firm's debt-equity ratio increases.

The unlevered cost of capital refers to the cost of capital for a(n): A. private entity. B. all-equity firm. C. governmental entity. D. private individual. E. corporate shareholder.

all-equity firm

The optimal capital structure has been achieved when the: A. debt-equity ratio is equal to 1. B. weight of equity is equal to the weight of debt. C. cost of equity is maximized given a pre-tax cost of debt. D. debt-equity ratio is such that the cost of debt exceeds the cost of equity. E. debt-equity ratio results in the lowest possible weighted average cost of capital.

debt-equity ratio results in the lowest possible weighted average cost of capital

Based on M&M Proposition II with taxes, the weighted average cost of capital: A. is equal to the aftertax cost of debt. B. has a linear relationship with the cost of equity capital. C. is unaffected by the tax rate. D. decreases as the debt-equity ratio increases. E. is equal to R U (1 - T C ).

decreases as the debt-equity ratio increases

The static theory of capital structure advocates that the optimal capital structure for a firm: A. is dependent on a constant debt-equity ratio over time. B. remains fixed over time. C. is independent of the firm's tax rate. D. is independent of the firm's weighted average cost of capital. E. equates the tax savings from an additional dollar of debt to the increased bankruptcy costs related to that additional dollar of debt.

equates the tax savings from an additional dollar of debt to the increased bankruptcy costs related to that additional dollar of debt.

Which one of the following is the equity risk related to a firm's capital structure policy? A. market B. systematic C. extrinsic D. business E. financial

financial

Which one of the following makes the capital structure of a firm irrelevant? A. taxes B. interest tax shield C. 100 percent dividend payout ratio D. debt-equity ratio that is greater than 0 but less than 1 E. homemade leverage

homemade leverage

Which one of the following has the greatest tendency to increase the percentage of debt included in the optimal capital structure of a firm? A. exceptionally high depreciation expenses B. very low marginal tax rate C. substantial tax shields from other sources D. low probabilities of financial distress E. minimal taxable income

low probabilities of financial distress

A firm should select the capital structure that: A. produces the highest cost of capital. B. maximizes the value of the firm. C. minimizes taxes. D. is fully unlevered. E. equates the value of debt with the value of equity.

maximizes the value of the firm

A firm should select the capital structure that: A. produces the highest cost of capital. B. maximizes the value of the firm. C. minimizes taxes. D. is fully unlevered. E. equates the value of debt with the value of equity.

maximizes the value of the firm.

The capital structure that maximizes the value of a firm also: A. minimizes financial distress costs. B. minimizes the cost of capital. C. maximizes the present value of the tax shield on debt. D. maximizes the value of the debt. E. maximizes the value of the unlevered firm.

minimizes the cost of capital

AA Tours is comparing two capital structures to determine how to best finance its operations. The first option consists of all equity financing. The second option is based on a debt-equity ratio of 0.45. What should AA Tours do if its expected earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) are less than the break-even level? Assume there are no taxes. A. select the leverage option because the debt-equity ratio is less than 0.50 B. select the leverage option since the expected EBIT is less than the break-even level C. select the unlevered option since the debt-equity ratio is less than 0.50 D. select the unlevered option since the expected EBIT is less than the break-even level E. cannot be determined from the information provided

select the unlevered option since the expected EBIT is less than the break-even level

Jessica invested in Quantro stock when the firm was unlevered. Since then, Quantro has changed its capital structure and now has a debt-equity ratio of 0.30. To unlever her position, Jessica needs to: A. borrow some money and purchase additional shares of Quantro stock. B. maintain her current equity position as the debt of the firm did not affect her personally. C. sell some shares of Quantro stock and hold the proceeds in cash. D. sell some shares of Quantro stock and loan out the sale proceeds. E. create a personal debt-equity ratio of 0.30.

sell some shares of Quantro stock and loan out the sale proceeds.

If a firm has the optimal amount of debt, then the: A. direct financial distress costs must equal the present value of the interest tax shield. B. value of the levered firm will exceed the value of the firm if it were unlevered. C. value of the firm is minimized. D. value of the firm is equal to V L + T C D. E. debt-equity ratio is equal to 1.0.

value of the levered firm will exceed the value of the firm if it were unlevered.

In general, the capital structures used by U.S. firms: A. tend to overweigh debt in relation to equity. B. generally result in debt-equity ratios between 0.45 and 0.60. C. are fairly standard for all SIC codes. D. tend to be those which maximize the use of the firm's available tax shelters. E. vary significantly across industries.

vary significantly across industries.

The value of a firm is maximized when the: A. cost of equity is maximized. B. tax rate is zero. C. levered cost of capital is maximized. D. weighted average cost of capital is minimized. E. debt-equity ratio is minimized.

weighted average cost of capital is minimized

The optimal capital structure: A. will be the same for all firms in the same industry. B. will remain constant over time unless the firm changes its primary operations. C. will vary over time as taxes and market conditions change. D. places more emphasis on operations than on financing. E. is unaffected by changes in the financial markets.

will vary over time as taxes and market conditions change