Chapter 16: Reformation
The Hapsburgs
Charles V saw the Reformation as a force that disrupted the political and social order. Charles hoped to preserve his empire's unity by keeping it Catholic and under the control of his dynasty, the _______________
Conflict with Politics in German Reformation
Charles' rivalry with the king of France, Francis I was a chief political concern of Charles V. Their ____________ over a number of disputed territories led a series of wars that lasted more than 20 years.
Desiderius Erasmus
Christian humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote The Praise of Folly, worked for Frobein and translated the New Testament from Greek to Latin(1466-1536)
Selling of indulgences
Church officials selling pardons that released people from performing the penalties for their sins. Making pilgrimages to view relics grew popular as a way to acquire indulgences and, therefore, salvation.
Education
Luther believed that all students deserve to be properly educated by the state. Protestants in Germany established secondary schools, where teaching in Greek and Latin was combined with religious instruction;
Position on Celibacy
Luther called for the clergy to marry. Went against the long standing requirement of the Catholic Church that its clergy remain unmarried (celibate).
German Princes (break with Church)
Luther called on the ___________to overthrow the papacy in Germany and establish a reformed German church.
German princes (rise of Lutheranism)
Luther was able to gain the support of ______________ among the approximately three hundred states that made up the Holy Roman Empire. ____________ motivated as much as politics and economics as by any religious feeling. _____________ quickly took control of the Catholic churches in their territories forming state churches supervised by the government.
95 Theses
Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the chuch door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation.
St. Thomas Moore
Refused to recognize the king as head of the church of England and was martyred
The Peasant's War, 1524
Revolts of German states- causes were Religious, Economic, Political. Not supported by Luther. It was up to the princes to stop the revolt, and in the end German princes had crushed the revolt
Salvation through faith alone
"sola fide;" the main doctrine of Lutheranism and other Protestant churches; held that one's salvation would be determined by faith in Jesus and not good works alone
Henry VIII
(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532. "Defender of the Catholic Faith"
Teresa of Avila
(1515-1582) Spanish Carmelite nun and one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church; she reformed the Carmelite order. Her fervor for the Catholic Church proved inspiring for many people during the Reformation period.
Geneva
Swiss city-state which became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland
Position of Nobility
The English __________ had disliked papal control of the Church, and now they had financial interest in the new order .
John of Leiden
The leader of the radical Anabaptists in Munster, who said he would be the king of the New Jerusalem
Excommunication
The pope excommunicated him on January 1521, excluding him from Church membership.
Carmelite Order
one of the four major religious orders founded in the Middle Ages who took a vow of complete poverty
Justification
the process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God
Lutheranism
the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith
Anne Boleyn
the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I
Salvation
the state of being saved (that is, going to heaven) through faith alone or through faith and good works
Need for Reform
1) Popes were more concerned with Italian politics and worldly interests than the spiritual needs of their people. 2) Church officials were viewed as using their church offices to advance their careers and their wealth. NOT MEETING RESPONSIBILITIES 3) The process of obtaining salvation became almost mechanical. 4) Selling indulgences 5) Modern Devotion
John Calvin
1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.
A war between Protestants and Catholics.
1531, War broke out in Switzerland. Zurich's army was routed and Zwingli was found wounded on the battlefield. Leadership of Protestantism was passed to John Calvin.
Act of Supremacy
1534 Declared the king (Henry VIII) to be head of the English church rather than the Pope (created by Henry VIII). Took back all church land and sold it to his nobles. Change in wealth/ consolidation of power.
Catherine of Aragon
1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome. Couldn't give Henry a male heir to the throne.
Martin Luther
95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.
Anabaptists
A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.
Zwingli
A Swiss religious and social reformer who led the Swiss reformation, rejected papal authority and orthodoxy.
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
Johann Tetzel
A monk Luther found offensive because he sold indulgences with the slogan "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." Made money to build St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Munster
Anabaptists took hold of this city, burned all books except the Bible, "New Jerusalem", Jesus' Second Coming; Army of Catholics and Lutherans recaptured the city and executed leaders
Diet of Worms
Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. 1). Got rid of the SALE of indulgences 2). Faith and good works... still believed 3). 7 sacraments... still believed 4). Celibacy... stayed
external forms of religion
Erasmus thought the ___________ (pilgrimages, fasts, and relics) were not all that important.
"Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched"
Erasmus' work "helped prepare the way for the Reformation." Erasmus' ideas were expanded and built off of by Luther.
St. Ignatius of Loyola
Founder of the Jesuits Education Missionaries
Anti- Semitism
Hatred of Jews. Thriving during and after the Protestant Reformation. Everyone hated the Jews.
Attack on sacraments
In Luther's view they were means by which the pope and the Catholic Church had destroyed the real meaning of the Gospel for thousands of years. Luther kept only two sacraments- baptism and the Eucharist.
Pope Paul III
Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.
Succession to throne after Henry
James (King Edward VI) protestant, dies at 16 years old. Next in line is Mary ("Bloody Mary") very Catholic, slaughtered protestants. Last is Elizabeth who didn't really care (protestant/ catholic) she was the smartest out of all of them.
Reforms in Zurich
Paintings and decorations were reformed from churches and replaced by whitewashed walls. Scripture-sermons, prayer replaced mass.
Frederick III of Saxony
Protected Luther for a year in Wartburg Castle, not because he agreed with Luther but because he was his subject (the weak political control of the Holy Roman Emperor contributed to Luther's success in avoiding the penalties of the pope and the emperor)
Church of England
Protestant church led by the king of England, independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism during reign of Catholic royalty
Role of Women in Marriage
Protestants abolished celibacy. The mutual love between and man and woman could be praised. HOWEVER, reality showed that the husband was the ruler and the wife was the obedient servant and bearer of children.
Papal Reform
There was conflict between rules and the pope. And papal reform attempts to unify them.
New religious services
These ___________ consisted of Christian Bible readings, preaching the word of God and song.
Jane Seymour
Third wife of Henry VIII who gave birth to Edward VI and died during childbirth
Peace of Augsburg
This agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany. German states were now free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.
Charles V
This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation
"Institutes of Christian Religion"
Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation.
Lutheranism was popular in these cities:
______________ was rooted in Germany, Scandinavia.
Ghettos
a district in a city where Jews were forced to live
Pilgrimages
a journey to a holy place
Christian Humanism
a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church. Combination of humanist and religious ideas (mostly religious).
Indulgence
a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death
Predestination
belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobates)
The Praise of Folly, Erasmus
criticized society's moral and religious state and called for simpler, purer faith. He satirizes what he views as the folly of clergy who encourage the practice of visiting shrines of saints.
Annul
declare invalid
Catholic Counter-Reformation
how the Catholic Church responded to the challenges of the Protestants, led to new church laws and punishments for those who opposed the Catholic Church
