Chapter 17 Anna Carlin
how did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
the Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all of the following reasons except...
France had the highest literacy rates in Europe
Rosseau's concept of the general will asserts that...
the authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a farseeing minority
what core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?
the methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
how did the Scientific Revolution affect the economy in the seventeenth century?
the new science had few practical economic applications
Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments...
was opposed by both nobles and peasants
Rosseau believed that...
women were best suited to a passive role in social relations
what change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
increased interactions with Christians occurred as rabbinic controls diminished
the most influential aspect of Rene Descarte's theories of nature was that...
mind and matter could be reduced to the same substance OR the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion
Copernicus's Theory of the Universe...
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as...
empiricism
in general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
he believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for
according to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to...
"change the general way of thinking"
a striking feature of the salons was that...
philosophes, nobles and members of the upper middle class intermingled
the primary purpose of Fontenello's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to...
popularize the findings of the scientific revolution
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets...
produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies
soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as...
rococo
how did the governments respond to the new science?
states established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
why did scientists find that Protestant countries were more conducive to their work especially after 1640?
Protestant countries generally lacked a strong religious authority capable of censoring or surpressing scientific work that challenged religious doctrine
which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
Madame du Chatelet..
believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education
the Scientific Revolution drew on all of the following for its origins except...
efforts to prevent a recurrence of the Black Death
all of the following correctly characterize the role of women in the new science except...
women were forbidden from publishing learned treatises
the Enlightenment policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except...
freeing the Prussian serfs
in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that...
human development is determined by education and society.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Copernicus's hypothesis?
Calvin and Luther condemned Copernicus, while catholic reaction was mild at first and only declared his hypothesis false in the seventeenth century.
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that if antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress
the discipline of natural philosophy focused on?
Fundamental questions about the nature, purpose and function of the universe
how did Isaac Newton's law of gravity bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
Newton synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through...
a military coup
in Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that...
all knowledge can be questioned and doubted
the idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to...
an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues
to improve the rural economy and the loves of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa...
reduced nobles' power over their serfs
the concept of the reading revolution refers to the...
shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually
how did the philosophes evade the work of censors?
they filled their writings with satire and double meanings
what was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?
to discover what did occur in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur