chapter 17 HW Questions (My Lab & Mastering)
Correctly order the steps involved cellular Immunity: 1. The Tc recognizes the infected host cell 2. The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-1 on dendritic cell 3. The Tc secretes perforin & granzyme, causing apoptosis 4. The helper T cell activates the Tc cell 2,1,3,4 2,4,1,3 4,2,1,3 1,2,4,3
2,4,1,3
Which of the following statements is true? -Adaptive defenses include both humoral & cellular immunity -Adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only -Memory B cells are typically established when the B cell binds to an antigen -Innate defenses are enough to keep a person healthy
Adaptive defenses include both humoral & cellular immunity (HINT: adaptive defenses are operating optimally when both humoral & cellular immunity are working together in response to a pathogen)
Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another? BCR & epitope BCR & TCR CD4 & MHC-II CD8 & MHC-I
BCR & TCR (HINT: both of these molecules interact with epitopes. BCRs interact with epitopes on the whole pathogen. TCRs interact with processed epitopes when presented on MHC-II)
What is the function of the CD8 receptor? -Produce IL-2 -Activate cytokines -Bind to MHC molecules -Produce gamma interferon
Bind to MHC molecules
Which event happens first during cytotoxic T-cell activation? -CD8 binds to MHC molecules of infected cells -Secretion of granzymes & perforin -Production of IL-2 & gamma-interferon receptors -Clonal proliferation
CD8 binds to MHC molecules of infected cells
Which of the following would you likely see on the surface of a human dendritic cell following phagocytosis of a bacterium? -Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens -Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens and Class II MHC with engulfed bacteria -Class II MHC with dendritic cell antigens -Class II MHC with engulfed bacterial antigens
Class I MHC with dendritic cell antigens and Class II MHC with engulfed bacteria
What would a virally infected skin epithelial cell have on its cell surface? -Class II MHC with macrophage antigens -Class II MHC with liver cell antigens -Class I MHC with skin cell antigens -Class II MHC with viral antigens
Class I MHC with skin cell antigens
Which of the following are likely to be found on an MHC-I protein? -bacterial flagella -bacterial DNA -Bacterial cell wall fragment -Membranes from a neighboring dead host cell -Damaged mitochondrial fragment
Damaged mitochondrial fragment
Mucous membranes are a part of? -Cell mediated immunity -Complement system -Innate defense -Humoral immunity -Adaptive defense
Innate Defense
Antigen processing & presentation -is a way for viruses to infect cells -is a way for a cell to give information about its activities -is a way foreign cells engulf macrophages -is only accomplished by bacterial cells
Is a way for a cell to give information about its activities
Which proteins on the antigen-presenting cell are recognized by helper T-cell? -IL 2 receptors -MHC proteins -IL 1 receptors -CD8 receptors
MHC proteins
The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again? -memory B cells -Dendritic cells -Antibodies that are "left over" from the last infection -Plasma cells
Memory B cells
The region of the antibody that binds the antigen is the ______. -constant region -variable region -disulfide bridges -entire light chain
variable region (HINT: the variable region of the antibody binds the antigen & is found at the top of the Y structure. It is different for every antibody & specific to only one antigen)
Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production? -Activation of helper T cells by dendritic cells -Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells -Immature B cells conducting surveillance for foreign epitopes -Differentiation of plasma cells
-Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells (HINT: activation of cytotoxic T cells leads down the path of cell- mediated immunity)
When do helper T-cells develop into TH1 or TH2 cells? -Immediately after the binding of the CD4 receptors -Before autostimulation -After proliferation into clonal population -After B cell activation
-After proliferation into clonal population
What is meant by clonal expansion of a B cell? -An activated B cell will immediately begin to produce antibodies -An activated B cell will engulf & digest anything foreign -An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells & plasma cells -An activated B cell will kill infected host cells
-An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells & plasma cells
HIV directly infects T-cells. Why is this problematic for cell-mediated immunity? -HIV reprograms these cells to attack the body cells. -HIV causes cytokines to be produced at much higher levels, altering the normal function of the immune system. -Cytotoxic T-cells begin to attack the virally infected T-cells, reducing the number of T-cells in the body. -HIV transforms the T-cells into cancer cells.
-Cytotoxic T-cells begin to attack the virally infected T-cells, reducing the number of T-cells in the body.
When does MHC-II loading occur? -During phagocytosis of an invading pathogen -During viral infection -During the fusion of vesicles containing MHC-II proteins with vesicles containing digested pathogens -After passing through the endoplasmic reticulum
-During the fusion of vesicles containing MHC-II proteins with vesicles containing digested pathogens
How do helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells work together? -Cytotoxic T-cells produce cytokines to activate helper T-cells. -Helper T-cells produce cytotoxic T-cells. -Helper T-cells produce cytokines to activate other cells of the immune system. -Cytotoxic T-cells attack abnormal body cells, while helper T-cells attack virally infected cells.
-Helper T-cells produce cytokines to activate other cells of the immune system.
Why would a body cell that is NOT a phagocyte need to present antigens? -Antigens are infectious & can spread to normal cells -All cells of the body can engulf invading cells -Non-phagocytic body cells can become infected with a virus -Antigens are required for cell-to-cell attachment
-Non-phagocytic body cells can become infected with a virus
Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells? -secretion of perforin -Secretion of granzyme -Recognition of infected host cell using its TCR -Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein
-Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein (HINT: the cytotoxic T cell uses its CD8 glycoprotein to bind to the MHC-1 of an infected host cell)
What is a feature of the small fragments presented by MHC-I proteins? -They are small peptides, roughly 8-10 amino acids long. -They are large proteins from the host. -They are derived from bacteria. -They are small fragments of nucleic acids, 8-10 nucleotides in length.
-They are small peptides, roughly 8-10 amino acids long.
How do phagocytes communicate to other cells what they have captured? -they spread viruses to other cells -they engulf virally infected cells -they present antigens from engulfed foreign cells
-They present antigens from engulfed foreign cells
Tom has a genetic disorder in which he does not synthesize class I MHC proteins or functional NK cells. Which of the following statements would be true for Tom? -Tom would be less susceptible to helminth infections. -Tom would not be able to produce antibodies against viruses. -Tom would be more susceptible to bacterial infections. -Tom would not be able to destroy virally-infected cells.
-Tom would not be able to destroy virally-infected cells.
The primary function of the humoral, or antibody-mediated, immune response is to control freely circulating pathogens. Drag the images into the corresponding boxes to indicate the correct order of events illustrating the mechanism of antibody-mediated immunity. -B cell -Extracellular antigen -Plasma cell -Antibodies
1) Extracellular antigen 2) B- cell 3) Plasma cell 4) Antibodies
According to the video, for approximately how many days is IgG present in the serum? -15 days -10 days -20 days -5 days
10 days
Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur: 1. Endosome fuses with lysozome 2. Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus 3. Epitopes are attached to MHC-II 4. Digestion of the Rhinovirus 5. MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell 2,1,4,3,5 2,4,1,3,5 1,2,4,3,5 2,1,3,4,5
2,1,4,3,5
Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe?This type of immunity is acquired via injection of antibodies from an individual or host that has immunological memory to the specific pathogen or antigen. -naturally acquired active immunity -artificially acquired active immunity -artificially acquired passive immunity -naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Th2 cells produce cytokines that activate... -B cells -Cytotoxic T-cells -Macrophages -Natural killer (NK) cells
B cells
A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count? -Apoptosis of infected host cells -Clonal expansion & antibody production -Activation of cytotoxic T cells -Clonal selection of B cells
Clonal selection of B cells (HINT: B cells can still bind to antigen, which is the process of clonal selection. However, without a Helper T cell, clonal expansion & antibody production will not occur)
Which cells directly attack abnormal cells in the body? -Phagocytes -Helper T cells -Cytotoxic T cells -B cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Which type of cell directly attacks infected cells? Cytotoxic T-cells Cancerous cells Bacterial cells Helper T-cells
Cytotoxic T cells
What are the initial signs and symptoms of fifth disease (Erythema infectiosum)? -Fever, runny nose, and headache -Fever, runny nose, and the "slapped cheek" rash -Fever, anemia, and headache -Fever, headache, and the "slapped cheek" rash
Fever, runny nose, and headache (HINT: the "slapped cheek" rash is a later symptom)
Which molecule triggers apoptosis? -Perforin -IL-2 -Granzyme -Gamma-interferon -MHC
Granzyme
Immune cells that secrete cytokines and activate other immune cells are: -Abnormal body cells -Helper T-cells -Invading pathogenic bacteria -Virally infected cells -Cytotoxic T-cells
Helper T cells
What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response? -Helper T cells activate B cells & cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells -Helper T cells directly kill infected host cells -Helper T cells phagocytize bacteria & viruses -Helper T cells produce & secrete antibodies
Helper T cells activate B cells & cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells Hint: Helper T cells activate B cells that are displaying antigen, causing clonal expansion. Helper T cells also activate Cytotoxic T cells, which will search for & destroy infected host cells
Which part of the adaptive immune response involves B cells? -Cell-mediated -Neither humoral nor cell-mediated -Both humoral and cell-mediated -Humoral
Humoral
Which of the following antibody classes play a role in allergic reactions? -IgG -IgM -IgD -IgE
IgE (HINT: IgE antibodies play a role in allergic reactions & possibly in lysing parasitic worms)
In the primary immune response, the _____ antibody class is produced first, followed by production of the longer lasting _____ antibody class. -IgE, IgG -IgG, IgM -IgD, IgE -IgM, IgG
IgM, IgG (HINT: IgG antibodies are found in the serum where they can last up to 23 days, longer than any of the other antibody classes)
According to the animation, antibodies directly interact with which innate defenses? -Inflammation -complement system -phagocytosis -phagocytosis, inflammation, & complement system -Phagocytosis & complement system -First line defenses
Phagocytosis & complement system
Which structure do antigen presenting cells utilize to directly help them present bacterial antigens? -Nucleus -Phagolysosome -Golgi Apparatus -Mitochondria
Phagolysosome
Which of the following defense systems would be involved in eliminating virally-infected cells? -T lymphocytes -Complement system -Humoral immunity -Phagocytosis
T lymphocytes
Which receptor on the helper T-cell recognizes the specific antigen from an antigen-presenting cell? -TCR -IL 1 receptors -IL 2 receptors -CD4
TCR
For the pathogen below, choose the type of cell that would be used in the adaptive immune response -TH1 cells -B cells -TH2 cells -TH17 cells
TH1 cells
Natural killer cells are activated by -TH2 cells -Bacterial cells -Antigen presenting cells -TH1 cells
TH1 cells
For the pathogen below, choose the type of cell that would be used in the adaptive immune response -B cells -TH17 cells -TH1 cells -TH2 cells
TH17 cells
For pathogen below, choose the type of cell that would be used in the adaptive immune response -TH17 cells -B cells -TH1 cells -TH2 cells
TH2 cells
What is the fate of activated cytotoxic T-cells? -They can differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells -They are infected by viruses -They are destroyed via apoptosis -They proliferate into a clone of cells specific to the same antigen; some of these cells then differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells, while others mature to attack infected cells -Each activated cytotoxic T-cell proliferates, forming a clone of cells specific to the same antigen -they can mature & attack infected cells
They proliferate into a clone of cells specific to the same antigen; some of these cells then differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells, while others mature to attack infected cells
The primary immune response involves -slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a rapid decline -an immediate increase in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a slow decline -a slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a gradual decline -An immediate increase in the concentration of antibodies, followed by an immediate & sharp decline
a slow rise in the concentration of antibodies, followed by a gradual decline
Which of the following antibody functions work to enhance microbe phagocytosis? -Opsonization and activation of complement -Agglutination and activation of complement -Agglutination and opsonization -Agglutination and neutralization
agglutination & opsonization (HINT: Agglutination enhances phagocytosis by clumping together the microbes allowing more to ingested at once by phagocytosis. Opsonization enhances phagocytosis by making it easier for microbes to be ingested by phagocytes.)
Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe?This type of immunity is acquired when a person is vaccinated for a specific type of infection via the introduction of antigens. These antigens normally have undergone some type of modification and may not confer the same type of long-lasting memory that would occur with unmodified antigens. -naturally acquired active immunity -artificially acquired active immunity -artificially acquired passive immunity -naturally acquired passive immunity
artificially acquired active immunity
According to the video, on what day does IgM first appear? -day 15 -day 5 -day 10 -day 1
day 5
According to the animation, B cells interact directly with.. -Helper T cells -Inflammation -Phagocytes -Complement system
helper T cells
Antibodies are a part of which type of immunity? -Humoral -Neither humoral nor cell-mediated -cell mediated -both humoral & cell mediated
humoral
Which of the cells listed below can present antigens on Class II MHC proteins? -Virus infected epithelial cells -Healthy epithelial cells -Tumor cells -Macrophages
macrophages
Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe?This type of immunity is acquired when antigens enter the body and an infection occurs. The immune system works to fight the infection via the innate and adaptive immune responses and creates an immunological memory of that particular antigen. -naturally acquired active immunity -artificially acquired active immunity -artificially acquired passive immunity -naturally acquired passive immunity
naturally acquired active immunity
Which type of adaptive immunity does the following statement describe?This type of immunity is acquired via the passing of antibodies from a mother to a child to give immunity during the development of the child's immune system. -naturally acquired active immunity -artificially acquired active immunity -artificially acquired passive immunity -naturally acquired passive immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
Where are MHC molecules located on a cell? -in the nucleus -on the surface of the cell -inside the cell cytoplasm -they are not associated with any one location on the cell
on the surface of the cell
What is apoptosis? -A protein molecule that forms a pore in the membranes of infected cells -process of programmed cell death -Receptor on a cytotoxic T-cell that recognizes MHC molecules -The proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells
process of programmed cell death
Which organelle assists directly with the presentation of MHC-I antigens? -The Golgi apparatus -The mitochondria -The endoplasmic reticulum -The phagosome -The nucleus
the endoplasmic reticulum