Chapter 18 - Endocrine System

Peptide hormones____ 1. are lipid soluble 2. are composed of amino acids 3. always contain one sugar molecule 4. usually bind to intranuclear receptors

2. are composed of amino acids

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses. 1. neurotransmitters; neuropeptides 2. neuropeptides; neurohormones 3. hormones; neurotransmitters 4. neurotransmitters; hormones 5. neuropeptides; neurotransmitters

3. hormones; neurotransmitters

Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system is 1. more localized in action 2. briefer in action 3. more rapidly acting 4. Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system has all of these characteristics.

4. Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system has all of these characteristics.

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include 1. eicosanoids. 2. amino acid derivatives. 3. steroids. 4. peptides. 5. all of the above

5. all of the above

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture FSH and PRL. GHIH and GHRH. ADH and oxytocin. CRF and GnRH. TSH and FSH.

ADH and oxytocin

When adenyl cyclase is activated, ATP is produced. cAMP is broken down. cAMP is formed. ATP is consumed. ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed

An activated G protein can trigger the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. a fall in cAMP levels. the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. the production of diacylglycerol. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct

Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? blood level of a hormone blood level of an ion-like potassium nervous stimuli blood level of glucose All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct

The hormone oxytocin is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. triggers prostate gland contraction. promotes uterine contractions. is produced in the hypothalamus. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct

The kidneys secrete erythropoietin. calcitriol. renin. hormones to regulate sodium ion concentration. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct

The primary target(s) of insulin is/are cardiac muscle cells. adipocytes. liver cells. skeletal muscle fibers. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release ACTH. FSH. GH. TSH. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? prostate ductus deferens mammary glands uterus All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release? osteopenia elevated blood calcium increased loss of bone minerals All of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release.

All of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release.

Which hormone affects the smooth muscle of the ductus deferens and uterus? PRL OXT ADH FSH

OXT

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is thymosin. somatotropin. parathormone. cortisol. aldosterone.

aldosterone

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces androgens. epinephrine. mineralocorticoids. glucocorticoids. norepinephrine.

androgens

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of cortisol. atrial natriuretic peptide. angiotensin. adrenaline. erythropoietin.

angiotensin

Which of these regulatory substances does the kidney not secrete? calcitriol erythropoietin renin angiotensin

angiotensin

All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they are lipids. are derived from cholesterol. are produced by reproductive glands. bind to receptors within the cell. are produced by the suprarenal medulla.

are produced by the suprarenal medulla

Steroid hormones remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. are proteins. are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma. cannot diffuse through cell membranes.

bind to receptors in the nucleus

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce TSH. thyroxine. PTH. calcitonin. triiodothyronine.

calcitonin

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein calcitropin. calcitriol. calcitonin. calcium-binding globulin. calmodulin.

calmodulin

The suprarenal medulla produces corticosteroids. catecholamines. glucocorticoids. androgens. mineralocorticoids.

catecholamines

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? thyroid eicosanoids peptide hormones catecholamines catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is aldosterone. parathormone. thymosin. erythropoietin. cortisol.

cortisol

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? epinephrine insulin cortisol

cortisol

Which of these is not a steroid hormone produced by the gonads? cortisol progesterone estradiol testosterone

cortisol

Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the epidermis of the integumentary system. hypothalamus of the nervous system. bone marrow of the skeletal system. endothelial linings of the cardiovascular system. splenic pulp of the lymphatic system.

epidermis of the integumentary system

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is aldosterone. testosterone. thyroid hormone. epinephrine. cortisol.

epinephrine

The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones norcortisol and cortisol. synephrine and neosynephrine. corticosterone and testosterone. epinephrine and norepinephrine. androgens and progesterone.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by a sharp increase in motivation and energy. increased pumping effectiveness of the heart. failure of electrolyte balance. an increase in urine output. increasing ability to produce glucose from glycogen.

failure of the electrolyte balance

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, G proteins are phosphylated. adenyl cyclase is activated. cyclic nucleotides are formed. gene transcription is initiated. protein kinases are activated.

gene transcription is initiated

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause rickets. diabetes insipidus. gigantism. acromegaly. dwarfism.

gigantism

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting thyroid hormone. glucagon. antidiuretic hormone. GHIH. aldosterone.

glucagon

Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________. insulin; glucagon glucagon; insulin somatostatin; insulin glucagon; somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide; insulin

glucagon; insulin

Cushing disease results from an excess of epinephrine. ADH. parathyroid hormone. growth hormone. glucocorticoids.

glucocorticoids

The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces glucocorticoids. epinephrine. norepinephrine. mineralocorticoids. androgens

glucocorticoids

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action? antidiuretic hormones glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids pancreatic hormones thyroglobulins

glucocorticoids

All target cells produce their own hormones. are in the blood. secrete hormones. have hormone receptors. respond to electrical signals.

have hormone receptors

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place? in lysosomes in the lumen of the thyroid follicle in apical microvilli in rough endoplasmic reticulum in pinocytotic vesicles

in the lumen of the thyroid follicle

A rise in blood glucose level will trigger all these responses except __________. increased epinephrine secretion storage of glycogen storage of triglycerides increased beta cell secretion

increased epinephrine secretion

A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney. increased water retention. increased blood volume. increased urine production. elevated blood pressure.

increased urine production

Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors? insulin calcitriol insulin and epinephrine cortisol epinephrine

insulin and epinephrine

Lipid-soluble hormones usually bind to __________ receptors. intranuclear G-protein coupled extracellular transmembrane

intranuclear

Which chemical element is necessary to make thyroid hormone? thorium calcium iodine iron

iodine

Adipose cells produce a hormone called __________ that acts on the brain to reduce food intake. insulin adipin leptin renin

leptin

Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result? loss of ADH secretion loss of melatonin secretion loss of GH secretion loss of emotional response loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion

loss of ADH secretion

Hormones often interact in an integrative way. Examples of this include all of the following except __________. regulation of reproduction resistance to stress regulation of growth lowering blood sugar by insulin

lowering blood sugar by insulin

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by converting enzymes in the lungs. heart. blood. kidneys. liver.

lungs

Pinealocytes produce MSH. FSH. melatonin. melanin. LH.

melatonin

The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces androgens. norepinephrine. mineralocorticoids. epinephrine. glucocorticoids.

mineralocorticoids

The condition known as hirsutism can result from too much androgen production. much insulin. much ACTH. little glucagon. little TSH.

much androgen production

A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s). hypothalamic tropic one gonadotropic two

one

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is insulin. parathyroid hormone. glucagon. thyroid hormone. growth hormone.

parathyroid hormone

Which of these hormones is not derived from an amino acid? thyroid hormone parathyroid hormone norepinephrine epinephrine

parathyroid hormone

A kinase is an enzyme that performs protein synthesis. active transport. as a membrane channel. as an antibody. phosphorylation.

phosphorylation

The __________ gland secretes melatonin. pituitary pineal thymus neurohypophysis

pineal

A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes testosterone. androstenedione. aldosterone. cortisone. progesterone.

progesterone

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is prolactin. TSH. ACTH. growth hormone. FSH.

prolactin

Endocrine cells release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. are modified connective-tissue cells. are a type of nerve cell. contain few vesicles. release their secretions directly into body fluids.

release their secretions directly into body fluids

If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). resistance extension prolonged alarm exhaustion

resistance

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is GH. TSH. ACTH. FSH. LH.

ACTH

Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production? LH ACTH TSH ADH

ACTH

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells. ACTH levels. the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver. the level of fatty acids in the blood.

ACTH levels

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one? cortisol ADH epinephrine aldosterone renin

ADH

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of oxytocin. TSH. ACTH. LH. ADH.

ADH

Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis? ADH TSH ACTH FSH

ADH

In paracrine communication a chemical signal acts within the tissue that produced it; in endocrine communication the signal reaches the target cells by way of the circulation. Are these two statements true or false? The first is false; the second is true. Both statements are true. Both statements are false. The first is true; the second is false.

Both statements are true

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is LH. ACTH. TSH. GH. FSH.

FSH

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. Antigens Neurotransmitters Neuropeptides Humoral antibodies Hormones

Hormones

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is LH. GH. FSH. TSH. ACTH.

LH

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? Liver cells and cells in the pancreas. Cells in the pancreas. Liver cells. Muscle cells. Intestinal cells.

Liver Cells

Body cells that respond to insulin include Liver cells and muscle cells only. Muscle cells only. Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. Intestinal cells only. Liver cells only.

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body

Which hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones? TSH ACTH MSH GH

TSH

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually adenyl cyclase. cGMP. calcium ion levels. a G protein. cAMP.

a G protein

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? activates a protein kinase directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene phosphorylates a protein

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

The release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland causes the _______. melanocytes to secrete melanin mammary glands to secrete milk adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids gonads to release sex hormones

adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids

Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin? sympathetic nervous system blood-glucose concentration hypothalamus tropic hormones from the pituitary gland parasympathetic nervous system

blood-glucose concentration

If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry? both an increase of insulin and an increase in blood glucose increase of insulin decrease of insulin increase of blood glucose decrease of blood glucose

both an increase of insulin and an increase in blood glucose

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't stimulate osteoclast activity. stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. inhibit osteoblast activity. enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys. build up bone.

build up bone

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of testosterone. progesterone. estrogen. thyroid hormone. cAMP.

cAMP

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is oxytocin. parathyroid hormone. glucagon. calcitonin. thyroxine.

calcitonin

The primary function of ADH is to delay urination. increase digestive absorption. decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. decrease blood pressure.

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in the loss of axillary and pubic hair. increased volume of urine formation. increased water retention. decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood.

decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are derivatives of reproductive glands. derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. peptides. lipids. steroids.

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces glucagon. somatotropin. bile. digestive enzymes. insulin.

digestive enzymes

Excessive secretion by the adrenal medulla can lead to all of these changes except __________. drowsiness elevated blood pressure elevated heart rate elevated blood glucose level

drowsiness

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. cardiovascular hepatic endocrine muscular renal

endocrine

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the cell membrane becomes depolarized. cell becomes inactive. second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by direct neural stimulation. gap synaptic junctions. indirect osmotic control. altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce peptide P. cortisol. somatostatin. glucagon. insulin.

somatostatin

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is MSH. insulin. prolactin. ACTH. somatotropin.

somatotropin

A liver cell responds to insulin by Releasing glucagon. Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. Releasing insulin. Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose.

taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen

The interstitial cells of the testes produce FSH. testosterone. LH. inhibin. progesterone.

testosterone