Chapter 19

8) How did Caribbean cities differ from those of Europe? A) American cities were laid out in a grid plan. B) American cities lacked churches. C) There was an absence of commerce in American cities. D) There were no Caribbean cities.

A) American cities were laid out in a grid plan.

42) What Spanish dynasty was responsible for the series of the 18th-century reforms that recast the colonial administration of the Americas? A) Bourbon B) Habsburg C) Aragon D) Carlist

A) Bourbon

4) The first Spanish colony in the New World was established on A) Hispaniola B) Cuba C) Puerto Rico D) the Antilles

A) Hispaniola

26) The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1594 divided the world into spheres of influence belonging to A) Portugal and Castile. B) Spain and France. C) Portugal, Spain, and England. D) Mexico and Peru.

A) Portugal and Castile.

14) The tremendous decline of the Indian population in Mexico was matched by the rapid increase in A) technological development. B) European livestock. C) Spanish women. D) imports of cotton cloth

B) European livestock.

34) By 1700, slaves comprised approximately what proportion of the Brazilian population? A) One quarter B) One third C) One half D) Two thirds

C) One half

40) What was the negative impact of the Brazilian discovery of gold in Portugal? A) Portugal failed to develop internal industries because of the supply of gold allowed the Portuguese to purchase manufactured goods from other European countries. B) Portugal was forced to hand Brazil over to the more powerful Dutch navy. C) Portugal's agricultural economy was devastated by the flow of the capital from domestic produce to Brazilian imports. D) Portugal became increasingly dependent on France due to the wars of the 18th century

A) Portugal failed to develop internal industries because of the supply of gold allowed the Portuguese to purchase manufactured goods from other European countries.

16) Why were the encomiendas discontinued by the 1540s and all but gone by the 1620s? A) The Spanish crown was unwilling to see the growth of a new nobility, and the decline of the Indian population made them less attractive. B) The Indians refused to continue to serve under the imperial conditions established in the 1500s and demanded a new arrangement with the Spanish crown. C) Despite the continued economic prosperity of the encomienda system, the Spanish crown discontinued them in order to establish a free labor system in the Americas. D) As new land became scarce, existing encomiendas were divided among owners instead of new ones being created.

A) The Spanish crown was unwilling to see the growth of a new nobility, and the decline of the Indian population made them less attractive.

23) Which of the following statements concerning the Spanish commercial system is most accurate? A) The merchant guild in Seville had virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return until the 18th century. B) All trade from Spain after the mid-16th century was funneled through the city of Madrid. C) Nearly all trade with the Spanish colonies was carried in ships built in the New World and captained by colonists. D) The Council of the Indies regulated all trade and established a sub-council in Spanish America.

A) The merchant guild in Seville had virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return until the 18th century.

21) Because of the switch from indigenous methods of using mining to the extraction of silver through the process of amalgamation with mercury, silver production in the Americas expanded rapidly after A) 1500 B) 1580 C) 1650 D) 1700

B) 1580

1) Which of the following NOT characteristic of Iberian society in the 15th and 16th centuries? A) Heavy urbanization B) Absence of slaveholding traditions C) Emphasis on nobility D) Patriarchal families

B) Absence of slaveholding traditions

18) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the economy in Spanish America? A) The majority of people in Latin America were rapidly organized into a light industrial economy intended to produce goods for American society. B) Although the majority of people were engaged in agriculture, the whole Spanish commercial system was organized around the mining company. C) Latin America received almost its entire food supply from Europe, because the Spanish colonies were entirely geared to the production of sugar on estate agricultural systems. D) The agricultural economy of Latin America absorbed virtually its entire population because of the absence of large domesticated animals prior to 1800.

B) Although the majority of people were engaged in agriculture, the whole Spanish commercial system was organized around the mining company.

31) What American colony became the first major plantation zone, organized to produce a tropical crop demanded in Europe? A) Mexico B) Brazil C) Chile D) Peru

B) Brazil

37) What conditions undercut the position of the Brazilian sugar plantation economy? A) A demographic disaster among the Indians of Brazil resulted in a shortage of labor for the sugar plantations shortly after 1700. B) Competition from English, French, and Dutch plantation colonies in the Caribbean led to rising prices for slaves and falling prices for sugar. C) The European market was flooded with sugar supplied from Asian colonies. D) A series of unusually wet winters flooded the traditional sugar regions and caused Brazilian planters to seek new land for the production of sugar.

B) Competition from English, French, and Dutch plantation colonies in the Caribbean led to rising prices for slaves and falling prices for sugar.

11) Which of the following statements concerning the armies who conquered much of Latin America for Spain is NOT accurate? A) Few were professional soldiers. B) Leadership was based on reputation and past achievement. C) An agreement was drawn up between the leader and the Spanish crown that granted authority of expedition in return for a promise to pay one-fifth of all treasure to the crown. D) Many were humble origins and came to see themselves as a new nobility entitled to dominion over a new peasantry, the Indians.

B) Leadership was based on reputation and past achievement.

28) The law code that became the basis of law in the Indies was called the A) Casa de la Contratción. B) Recopilación. C) Corpus Juris Civilis. D) Legalia Indiana.

B) Recopilación.

5) The most important Spanish settlement in the Caribbean during the 16th century was A) Havana B) Santo Domingo C) St. Augustine D) Saint Lucia

B) Santo Domingo

29) The viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru were divided into 10 judicial divisions controlled by superior courts knows as A) consulados B) audiencias. C) encomiendas. D) cortes.

B) audiencias.

9) The Dominican friar Bartolomé de Las Casas, a conquistador-turned-priest, A) was responsible for the brutal laws oppressing the Indians. B) became an ardent advocate of Indian rights. C) was responsible for the bloody annihilation of the Indian population of Tenochtitlan in 1520. D) was named head of the Council of the Indies in 1518

B) became an ardent advocate of Indian rights.

33 ) In the years following 1532, colonization in Brazil was in the hands of the minor Portuguese nobles granted strips of land called A) consulados. B) captaincies. C) propietary colonies. D) mitas.

B) captaincies.

24) The Spanish convoy system that controlled trade with the Americas was made possible by the development of A) the astrolabe. B) galleons. C) oared galleys. D) gunpowder.

B) galleons.

17) The colonial governments replaces the labor of the encomienda with Indian labor extracted through local officials. Such forced labor was called the A) consulado. B) mita. C) obrajes. D) peninsulares.

B) mita.

46) The prime minister responsible for the 18th-century reforms in Portugal and Brazil was A) Garcia Floridablanca. B) the Marquis of Pombal. C) Elijio Martinez. D) José de Gálvez.

B) the Marquis of Pombal.

44) Which of the following statements concerning the 18th-century Spanish reforms in America is most accurate? A) The English system of justices of the peace was introduced to replace the audiencias, causing the decline in influence of the educated lawyers in America. B) The Spanish colonies were largely demilitarized, as Spain became increasingly dependent on the navy of France to protect its interests in America. C) A system of provincial governors modeled on the French was introduced, but the traditional patterns of influence and power among the Creole bureaucrats was disrupted. D) The Spanish reforms did little to alter the patterns of local administration and the fundamental structure of power and authority in the Latin America colonies.

C) A system of provincial governors modeled on the French was introduced, but the traditional patterns of influence and power among the Creole bureaucrats was disrupted.

13) What accounted for the majority of the population loss suffered by Native Americans after the European arrival? A) Losses in warfare B) Enslavement C) Epidemic diseases D) Failure of marriage patterns among the Indians

C) Epidemic diseases

10) The man responsible for the conquest of the Aztec empire in Mexico was A) Francisco Pizarro. B) Pedro de Valdivia. C) Hernan Cortés. D) Francisco Vazquez de Coronado.

C) Hernan Cortés.

20) Why was the discovery of mercury in Peru critical to the colonial economy? A) Mercury was even more valuable than silver as an export commodity. B) Mercury was a critical food component for the growing livestock inventories of New World ranches. C) Mercury was indispensable to the extraction of silver from one-bearing rock. D) It was much in demand in Europe due to the belief that it could cure diseases

C) Mercury was indispensable to the extraction of silver from one-bearing rock.

38) In what region was gold discovered in Brazil in 1695? A) Salvador B) Casas Orientes C) Minas Gerais D) Rio de Janeiro

C) Minas Gerais

22) Which of the following statements concerning the agricultural system of Spanish America is NOT accurate? A) Colonists faced with declining populations found landownership more attractive. B) In places where large sedentary populations existed, Indian communal agriculture of traditional crops continued. C) Plantation crops like sugar and later cacao were exported to Europe in sufficient quantities to exceed the value of bullion exports. D) Spanish America remained predominantly an agrarian economy.

C) Plantation crops like sugar and later cacao were exported to Europe in sufficient quantities to exceed the value of bullion exports.

41) What was the basis for the social hierarchy that developed in the Americas? A) Wealth B) Occupation C) Racial origins D) Education

C) Racial origins

7) What group of Indians supplied agricultural labor for the Spaniards in the Caribbean? A) Aztec B) Lakota C) Taino D) Inca

C) Taino

48) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the state of the Portuguese and Spanish American colonies by the middle of the 18th century? A) The population of the American colonies never recovered from the initial loss of Indian population. B) While the population of the American colonies was growing, largely due to the importation of African slaves, the economy was largely stagnant. C) The American colonies of Spain and Portugal were experiencing considerable growth in population and productive capacity. D) England was threatening to take over the Caribbean colonies and Spain fell into economic dependency status.

C) The American colonies of Spain and Portugal were experiencing considerable growth in population and productive capacity.

15) Which of the following Indian institutions was retained by the Spanish in Mexico and Peru to serve European administrative purposes? A) Native American religion B) The priestly class C) The Indian nobility D) Inca warriors

C) The Indian nobility

2) How was the commercial experience of the Portuguese extended to the Americas? A) The Portuguese were familiar with the routes to the Far East that resulted in the circumnavigation of the globe. B) The Portuguese were responsible for the use of galleys in the Atlantic passage. C) The Portuguese experience in Africa and their involvement in slave trading were extended to the Americas. D) The Portuguese introduction of tobacco estate agriculture into the Caribbean was a significant factor in American colonization.

C) The Portuguese experience in Africa and their involvement in slave trading were extended to the Americas.

27) What group of people was critical to the bureaucratic administration of the Spanish colonies in America? A) Friars and monks B) Viceroys C) University-trained lawyers D) Military commanders

C) University-trained lawyers

36) What was the primary difference between the Spanish and Portuguese empires? A) Portuguese colonies did not have the heavy influence of the Catholic church found in Spanish colonies. B) Portuguese colonies lacked the bureaucratic structure that characterized the Spanish colonies after the middle of the 16th century. C) Unlike the Spanish empire that was almost exclusively American, the Portuguese empire included colonies and outposts in Asia and Africa as well as Brazil. D) The Portuguese colony of Brazil was more intellectually independent of the mother country than were the Spanish colonies in Latin America.

C) Unlike the Spanish empire that was almost exclusively American, the Portuguese empire included colonies and outposts in Asia and Africa as well as Brazil.

6) The grants of Indians to individual Spaniards as a labor system were called A) obrajes B) consulados C) encomiendas D) audiencias

C) encomiendas

30) The Catholic Church introduced all of the following in American life EXCEPT A) universities. B) the construction of baroque churches. C) the sense of independence from the state. D) establishing missions in outlying areas.

C) the sense of independence from the state.

47) What was the impact of the 18th-century reforms on slavery in Brazil? A) Slavery was abolished. B) The slave trade with Africa was abolished. C) Slave imports were restricted to encourage the elimination of the plantation economy. D) Brazil remained as profoundly based on slavery in the late 18th century as it had ever been.

D) Brazil remained as profoundly based on slavery in the late 18th century as it had ever been.

43) The Minister of the Indies responsible for the 18th-century reforms within the Spanish empire was A) Garcia Floridablanca. B) the Marquis of Pombal C) Elijio Martinez. D) José de Gálvez.

D) José de Gálvez.

32) The first European landfall in Brazil took place in 1500 under the leadership of A) Hernan Cortés. B) Francisco Pizarro. C) Pedro de Valdivia. D) Pedro Alvares Cabral.

D) Pedro Alvares Cabral.

19) The greatest silver mine in Spanish America was located at A) Huancavelia. B) Mexico City. C) Santiago. D) Potosi.

D) Potosi.

39) What port was associated with the discovery of gold in Brazil and subsequently became the capital of the colony? A) Buenos Aires B) Salvador C) Santiago D) Rio de Janeiro

D) Rio de Janeiro

3) Where in the Americas did the Spanish first create the models that were applied throughout their possessions in the New World? A) Mexico B) Peru C) Brazil D) The Caribbean

D) The Caribbean

25) In what what was did the importation of American bullion negatively affect the Spanish economy? A) The apparent dependence of Spain on its bullion supply caused European bankers to avoid loaning money to the Spanish government. B) American bullion made up nearly 90 percent of Spain's state revenue, so that any disruption in the arrival of silver from America plunged the government into crisis. C) The supply of bullion to Spain was highly irregular, so that the government could not accurately gauge its income or anticipate its expenditures. D) The arrival of American treasure contributed to a sharp rise in prices and a general inflation.

D) The arrival of American treasure contributed to a sharp rise in prices and a general inflation.

45) Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Bourbon reforms on colonial economy? A) The establishment of state monopolies on items like tobacco and gunpowder B) The extension of the plantation agricultural system to Cuba C) The growth of Buenos Aires as a regional trade center D) The frontiers of Spanish America became fixed.

D) The frontiers of Spanish America became fixed.

35) The Brazilian model of a plantation colony was later followed in the 18th century by other European nations in A) Mexico. B) Canada. C) Panama. D) the Caribbean.

D) the Caribbean.

12) All of the following were advantages the Spanish enjoyed over the Indians EXCEPT A) epidemic disease that weakened the Indians and reduced their numbers. B) the use of firearms and superior steel weapons. C) internal divisions and internal rivalries among the Indians. D) the failure of nomadic tribes to mount significant resistance to conquest.

D) the failure of nomadic tribes to mount significant resistance to conquest.