Chapter 2: Americas Polarized Politics

Which ideology agrees with this perspective on Affirmative action:"Traditional standards should be adhered to regardless of their impact on racial equality because those traditional standards have developed over time to create a social order where individuals advance based on their demonstrated merit." a. Moderate conservative b. Progressive Liberal c. Extreme conservative

Correct Answer: a. Moderate conservative

Which Democratic group is racially diverse, older, pro-military, and moderate on immigration and social issues? a. Outsider Left b. Democratic Mainstays c. Establishment Liberals d. Progressive Left

Correct Answer: b. Democratic Mainstays

Match the characteristics to the far left or center-left part of the American ideological spectrum that it describes. Type of Left: - Far Left - Center-Left Characteristics: - Cut taxes for the rich and reduce spending on healthcare for the poor - Democratic socialists - More trusting of large business

- Far Left --> Democratic socialists - Center-Left --> More trusting of large business

Match the concept to its impact on party conflict. Concept: - Cross-cutting social identities - Mega-identities Party Conflict: - Contributes to pernicious polarization - Moderates party conflict

- Cross-cutting social identities --> Moderates party conflict - Mega-identities --> Contributes to pernicious polarization

Match the terms to their correct definition Terms: - Polarization - Pernicious Polarization - Political Parties - Interest Group Definition: - An organization that seeks to influence government by getting members elected to office and by coordinating the actions of elected officials in government - Associations that seek to influence government to benefit association members and/or advance a cause they share a belief in - Division of society in to two mutually antagonistic political camps that view each other as enemies that pose a threat to the country - The idea that political ideologies range on a continuum from the extreme left to the extreme right. - Increasing differences between the two major political parties based mostly on ideology.

- Polarization --> Increasing differences between the two major political parties based mostly on ideology. - Pernicious Polarization --> Division of society in to two mutually antagonistic political camps that view each other as enemies that pose a threat to the country - Political Parties --> An organization that seeks to influence government by getting members elected to office and by coordinating the actions of elected officials in government - Interest Group --> Associations that seek to influence government to benefit association members and/or advance a cause they share a belief in

__ is an anti-elite ideology that views ordinary people as virtuous and unerring and the economically and politically powerful as irredeemably evil and corrupt. a. Anarchism b. Progressivism c. Populism d. Liberalism e. Communism

Correct Answer: c. Populism

Which of these groups does NOT think government should do more to solve problems? a. Committed Conservatives b. Outsider Left c. Establishment LIberals

Correct Answer: a. Committed Conservatives

Which side of the ideological spectrum generally opposes legal recognition of nonbinary and transgender identities? a. Right b. Left

Correct Answer: a. Right

Which of the following is a policy device that economic nationalists favor using for helping the workers in the manufacturing sector? a. Universal Basic Income funded by high corporate taxes b. Government funded job retraining to help workers transition from manufacturing to tech jobs c. Tariffs d. Government ownership of the means of production

Correct Answer: c. Tariffs

Which TWO groups are in favor of reducing funding for police? (choose TWO answer options) a. Outsider Left b. Democratic Mainstays c. Establishment Liberals d. Progressive Left

Correct Answers: a. Outsider Left d. Progressive Left

Based on Pew's description of the group they assigned you to, how well or poorly do you think it describes you and your political orientation? a. very well b. somewhat well c. somewhat poorly d. very poorly

Correct Answers: a. very well b. somewhat well c. somewhat poorly d. very poorly

Which of the following are political information sources that Republicans trust? a. CNN b. Fox News c. Donald Trump d. MSNBC

Correct Answers: b. Fox News c. Donald Trump

Based on the data discussed above, match the level of approval to the time and type of marriage. Type of Marriage: - Approval by Americans in 1960 of marriage between people of different races. - Approval by parents in 1960 of their children marrying someone from another party. - Approval by Americans TODAY of marriage between people of different races. - Approval by parents TODAY of their children marrying someone from another party. Level of Approval: - 65% approval - 5% approval - 95% approval - 94% approval

- Approval by Americans in 1960 of marriage between people of different races. --> 5% approval - Approval by parents in 1960 of their children marrying someone from another party. --> 95% approval - Approval by Americans TODAY of marriage between people of different races. --> 94% approval - Approval by parents TODAY of their children marrying someone from another party. --> 65% approval

Match the correct ideology to its perspective on religion in public schools Ideology: - Extreme left - Liberals - Conservatives - Extreme conservative Perspective on religion in public schools: - Traditional religion is always oppressive and should not be allowed in schools (perhaps even private schools) on the grounds that it is intrinsically harmful to children and society. - Where a Christian majority exists then public life should be rooted in Christianity and its moral vision should be honored by the state and other institutions both public and private. - Public funds can be used to support private Christian schools and public school employees should be allowed to lead voluntary Christian prayers after extracurricular events. - Strict separation of church. Respecting the equal rights of parents to raise their children according to their own religious beliefs.

- Extreme left --> Traditional religion is always oppressive and should not be allowed in schools (perhaps even private schools) on the grounds that it is intrinsically harmful to children and society. - Liberals --> Strict separation of church. Respecting the equal rights of parents to raise their children according to their own religious beliefs. - Conservatives --> Public funds can be used to support private Christian schools and public school employees should be allowed to lead voluntary Christian prayers after extracurricular events. - Extreme conservative --> Where a Christian majority exists then public life should be rooted in Christianity and its moral vision should be honored by the state and other institutions both public and private.

Match the term to its definition Term: - Ingroup favoritism - Social identity - Outgroup derogation - Social identity theory Definiton: - The tendency see outgroups negatively and treat members of them less well than members of ingroups. - The tendency to see one's ingroup favorably and treat members of it better than members of outgroups. - The parts of one's sense of self that are defined by the groups that one belongs to and/or the groups one does not belong to.

- Ingroup favoritism --> The tendency to see one's ingroup favorably and treat members of it better than members of outgroups. - Social identity --> The parts of one's sense of self that are defined by the groups that one belongs to and/or the groups one does not belong to. - Outgroup derogation --> The tendency see outgroups negatively and treat members of them less well than members of ingroups. - Social identity theory --> Something that seeks to explain why individuals define themselves in reference to groups (thinking in terms of "we" and "us" instead of "me" and "I") and how this kind of social identification influences how members of different groups perceive and act toward one another.

There are left-wing and right-wing versions of populism. Match the characteristics to each. Type of Wing Populism: - Left-wing populism - Right-wing populism Characteristics: - Hostile toward the economic elite¸ the political establishment¸ and immigrants; harbors a racially and culturally exclusive understanding of who counts as "the people." - Hostile only toward the economic elite and those in the political establishment who are viewed as corrupted by that elite. - Hostile toward ordinary working class Americans

- Left-wing populism --> Hostile only toward the economic elite and those in the political establishment who are viewed as corrupted by that elite. - Right-wing populism --> Hostile toward the economic elite¸ the political establishment¸ and immigrants; harbors a racially and culturally exclusive understanding of who counts as "the people."

Match each term to its definition. Term: - Market Capitalism - Communism - Social democracy Definition: - Type of mixed economic system favored by the ideological left that involves democratic governments playing a significant role in their economies in an effort to retain the advantages of capitalism while achieving the left's aspirations for less economic inequality and non-oppressive relations in the economic sphere. - An economic system based on market exchanges and the private ownership of the means of production¸ and in which the private owners of the means of production purchase labor hours from workers in exchange for wages. - Extreme left political economic system in which the state own the means of production and centrally commands the economy to assure an equal distribution of resources.

- Market Capitalism --> An economic system based on market exchanges and the private ownership of the means of production¸ and in which the private owners of the means of production purchase labor hours from workers in exchange for wages. - Communism --> Extreme left political economic system in which the state own the means of production and centrally commands the economy to assure an equal distribution of resources. - Social democracy --> Type of mixed economic system favored by the ideological left that involves democratic governments playing a significant role in their economies in an effort to retain the advantages of capitalism while achieving the left's aspirations for less economic inequality and non-oppressive relations in the economic sphere.

Which of these statements is true according to the poll data just discussed? a. In recent years, Americans have become LESS likely to view the other party as "an enemy" that threatens their life or way of life. b. In a poll conducted in July of 2022, majorities of both Republicans and Democrats reported viewing the other party as "an enemy." c. In that same poll, Americans reported feeling more threatened by foreign countries than by other Americans.

Correct Answer: b. In a poll conducted in July of 2022, majorities of both Republicans and Democrats reported viewing the other party as "an enemy."

Which ideology does not fit well on the left or right side of the ideological spectrum because its main priority is minimizing government influence even if that means neglecting the concerns that animate both the left and the right? a. Liberalism b. Libertarianism c. Conservatism d. Communism e. Totalitarianism f. Social democracy

Correct Answer: b. Libertarianism

Which of the following statements is true about American political leaders according to the above discussion? a. American political leaders have been increasingly likely to talk about political conflict as about mere policy disagreements among equally decent citizens. b. The manner in which political leaders talk about political conflict cannot ever have an influence on how citizens perceive the other political party. c. By the manner in which they talk about political conflict, political leaders can "activate" our social identities and lead us to see politics as about "us versus them."

Correct Answer: c. By the manner in which they talk about political conflict, political leaders can "activate" our social identities and lead us to see politics as about "us versus them."

__ refers to the increasing interdependence of countries' economies and cultures due to international trade in goods and services and the free flow across borders of investments, people, and information. a. Economic inequality b. Social demographic change c. Globalization d. The information revolution

Correct Answer: c. Globalization

The activities democratic citizens engage in as they struggle to exercise power over and within governments are called ____. a. Political parties b. Party Polarizations c. Politics

Correct Answer: c. Politics

Which Republican group is younger, relatively diverse, and thinks abortion should be legal in most cases? a. Faith and Flag Conservative b. Committed Conservatives c. Populist Right d. Ambivalent Right

Correct Answer: d. Ambivalent Right

____ is form of partisan identity that is reinforced and magnified by multiple social identities. a. Cross-Cutting Social Identity b. Pernicious Polarization c. In-Group Favoritism d. Mega-Identity

Correct Answer: d. Mega-Identity

Which group is the furthest to the left on immigration, abortion, same-sex marriage, and religion in the public sphere? a. Committed Conservatives b. Democratic Mainstays c. Establishment Liberals d. Progressive Left

Correct Answer: d. Progressive Left

After having read through the descriptions of the different groups, which, if any, of the groups do you think best reflects your political orientation? (If it's the same as the group assigned to you based on the Typology Quiz, you should just choose that group again.) a. Faith and Flag Conservative b. Committed Conservative c. Populist Right d. Ambivalent Right e. Stressed Sideliner f. Outsider Left g. Democratic Mainstay h. Establishment Liberal i. Progressive Left j. NONE OF THE ABOVE: None of the groups comes close to representing my political orientation.

Correct Answer: a. Faith and Flag Conservative b. Committed Conservative c. Populist Right d. Ambivalent Right e. Stressed Sideliner f. Outsider Left g. Democratic Mainstay h. Establishment Liberal i. Progressive Left j. NONE OF THE ABOVE: None of the groups comes close to representing my political orientation.

Over 90% of both Democrats and Republicans agree that which of the following are "important for being truly American"? (select all answer options that apply) a. Believing in individual freedoms such as freedom of speech b. Believing that every citizen should be able to vote in elections c. Accepting people of diverse racial and religious backgrounds d. Respecting American political institutions and laws e. Being of Western European heritage f. Being able to speak English g. Believing in God h. Being Christian i. Being born in America

Correct Answers: a. Believing in individual freedoms such as freedom of speech b. Believing that every citizen should be able to vote in elections c. Accepting people of diverse racial and religious backgrounds d. Respecting American political institutions and laws

After taking Pew's Political Typology Quiz, you were told which of their nine groups you most closely align with. Which group was that? a. Faith and Flag Conservative b. Committed Conservative c. Populist Right d. Ambivalent Right e. Stressed Sideliner f. Outsider Left g. Democratic Mainstay h. Establishment Liberal i. Progressive Left

Correct Answers: a. Faith and Flag Conservative b. Committed Conservative c. Populist Right d. Ambivalent Right e. Stressed Sideliner f. Outsider Left g. Democratic Mainstay h. Establishment Liberal i. Progressive Left

Which TWO groups are the most opposed to immigration? (choose TWO answer options) a. Faith and Flag Conservatives b. Committed Conservatives c. Populist Right d. Ambivalent Right e. Outsider Left

Correct Answers: a. Faith and Flag Conservatives c. Populist Right

One Republican group is older very religious wants Christianity in the public sphere is overwhelming white and is very conservative on all issues. One Democratic group is younger highly educated endorses democratic socialism has a higher proportion of whites than any other Democratic group and is very liberal on all issues. What are these TWO groups? (choose TWO answer options) a. Faith and Flag Conservatives b. Committed Conservatives c. Right-wing Populism d. Ambivalent Right e. Outsider Left f. Democratic Mainstays g. Establishment Liberals h. Progressive Left

Correct Answers: a. Faith and Flag Conservatives h. Progressive Left

Which of the following accurately describe the Republican Party's conservative views on economic issues? (select all answer options that apply) a. Favors a market capitalist system with low or minimal government involvement b. Favors a substantial government role in seeking to make the market capitalist system stable fair and safe. c. Opposes redistribution of economic resources from the wealthy to the poor and middle class. d. Heavily influenced by libertarian economics.

Correct Answers: a. Favors a market capitalist system with low or minimal government involvement c. Opposes redistribution of economic resources from the wealthy to the poor and middle class. d. Heavily influenced by libertarian economics.

Now that you have learned something about all of the groups in Pew's Political Typology, let's revisit the question of whether the Typology Quiz assigned you to a group that reflects your views well. Which of the following statements best describes your evaluation of the Political Typology Quiz? a. I think the Pew Political Typology Quiz got it about right. The group it assigned me to describes my political orientation fairly well and better than any of the other groups in Pew's typology. b. I think the quiz got it wrong. There's at least one group in Pew's typology that describes me better politically than the one Pew assigned to me based on the quiz. c. None of the groups in Pew's typology comes close to describing my political orientation.

Correct Answers: a. I think the Pew Political Typology Quiz got it about right. The group it assigned me to describes my political orientation fairly well and better than any of the other groups in Pew's typology. b. I think the quiz got it wrong. There's at least one group in Pew's typology that describes me better politically than the one Pew assigned to me based on the quiz. c. None of the groups in Pew's typology comes close to describing my political orientation.

Which of these statements are true according to the V-Dem data above? (select all answer options that apply) a. In 2020 America's level of pernicious polarization nearly reached the highest rating on V-Dem's scale (3.8 out of 4.0). b. So far in the twenty-first century America's levels of pernicious polarization - although high - have always been BELOW the world average. c. For nearly the entire twentieth century America's levels of pernicious polarization were BELOW the world average. d. Neither the world average nor America's level of pernicious polarization exceeded 2.5 until the twenty-first century.

Correct Answers: a. In 2020 America's level of pernicious polarization nearly reached the highest rating on V-Dem's scale (3.8 out of 4.0). c. For nearly the entire twentieth century America's levels of pernicious polarization were BELOW the world average. d. Neither the world average nor America's level of pernicious polarization exceeded 2.5 until the twenty-first century.

Which of the following are associated with the left side of the ideological spectrum in the United States? (select all answer choices that apply) a. The Democratic Party b. The Republican Party c. Conservatives d. Liberals e. Progressives f. Advocates for change in the direction of greater social political and/or economic equality; resists traditional hierarchies and the systems that are thought to reinforce them; favors laws and policies aimed at protecting and advancing those who have historically been oppressed by traditional hierarchies. g. Resists efforts at change toward greater equality and accepts traditional social political and/or economic hierarchies; places special value on tradition order group loyalty and authority all of which are viewed as essential for a good and stable society. h. The color red i. The color blue

Correct Answers: a. The Democratic Party d. Liberals e. Progressives f. Advocates for change in the direction of greater social political and/or economic equality; resists traditional hierarchies and the systems that are thought to reinforce them; favors laws and policies aimed at protecting and advancing those who have historically been oppressed by traditional hierarchies. iThe color blue

What were some of the things the Occupy Wall Street movement advocated for? (select all answers that apply) a. Tax breaks for the rich b. Breaking up large banks c. Giving greater political power to business corporations d. Guaranteeing universal affordable college

Correct Answers: b. Breaking up large banks d. Guaranteeing universal affordable college

Which of the following applies to pernicious polarization? (select all answer options that apply) a. It is defined as increasing differences between the two major political parties based mostly on ideology b. It is defined as the division of society in to two mutually antagonistic political camps that view each other as enemies that pose a threat to the country c. It is thought to be mostly harmless and even beneficial for democracy d. It can increase the risk of politically motivated violence e. It can make it harder for the political parties to work together to enact policies in the public interest.

Correct Answers: b. It is defined as the division of society in to two mutually antagonistic political camps that view each other as enemies that pose a threat to the country d. It can increase the risk of politically motivated violence e. It can make it harder for the political parties to work together to enact policies in the public interest.

According to the textbook, workers from which industries have benefited greatly from globalization? (select all answer choices that apply) a. Manufacturing b. Agriculture c. Finance d. Technology-intensive industries e. Coal mining

Correct Answers: c. Finance d. Technology-intensive industries

A majority of Republicans and minority of Democrats think which of the following are "important for being truly American"? (select all answer options that apply) a. Believing in individual freedoms such as freedom of speech b. Accepting people of diverse racial and religious backgrounds c. Respecting American political institutions and laws d. Believing in God e. Being Christian f. Being born in America

Correct Answers: d. Believing in God e. Being Christian f. Being born in America

Did you learn anything about yourself and/or American political divisions from this activity? Did anything surprise you? Explain.

My answer: I learned about American political divisions from this activity is that there's many options of how can Polarized Politics can grouped into different categories. The categories are Extreme left, Liberals, Moderate, Conservatives or Extreme conservative.