Chapter 2: Organizations that Help Shape Community and Public Health
What are the 11 main Operating Agencies of the DHHS?
1) Administration for Community Living (ACL) 2) Administration for Children and Families (ACF) 3) Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 4) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 5) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 6) Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) 7) Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) 8) Indian Health Services (IHS) 9) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) 10) National Institutes of Health (NIH) 11) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
What is the typical organization of Local Health departments?
1) Board b) Health Commissioner/ Health Officer (Physician) 1) environmental health 2) Health education 3) Nursing 4) Vital statistics 5) Chronic disease 6) Communicable disease Add picture from slide 19
What are the different roles of a State Health Department?
1) Can establish health regulations 2) Provide link between federal and local health agencies 3) Serve as conduits for federal funds aimed at local health departments 4)Have laboratory services available for local health departments
What influence do religious groups make to community health?
1) Contributions of religious groups to community health are substantial a) History of volunteerism, influence on families, donation of space, sponsorship of programs (food banks, shelters)
What is a National health Agency?
1) Each nation has a department or agency within its government 2) Responsible for protection of health and welfare of its citizens
Who is the Department of Health and Human Services run by?
1) Headed by Secretary of Health and Human services 2) who is appointed by president; member of cabinet
Discussion questions
1) How have voluntary health organizations impacted health outcomes? 2) How does the Department of Health and Human Services impact individuals? 3) How have you interacted with health organizations near you?
What are the four levels of Governmental Health agencies?
1) International 2) National 3) State 4) Local
How was membership distributed and organized within WHO?
1) Membership open to any nation that has ratified constitution and receives majority vote of World Health Assembly a) World Health Assembly - delegates of member nations ab) Approves WHO programs and budget b) 194 member countries c) WHO administered by different levels of staff
What levels do voluntary health agencies primarily exist at?
1) Most exist at national, state, and local levels a) National often focused on research b) State links national with local offices c) Local often carry out programming
What is so special about the National Institutes of Health (NIH)? - operating agency of DHHS?
1) One of the world's foremost medical research centers and the federal focal point for medical research in the U.S. 2)27 Institutes and Centers under NIH 3)Examples: National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
What are governmental Health Agencies?
1) Part of governmental structure a) federal, state, or local
What are the 4 basic objectives of voluntary health agencies?
1) Raise money to fund programs and/or research 2) Provide education to professionals and the public 3) Provide services to those afflicted 4) Advocacy
What are some examples of voluntary health agencies?
1) Susan G. Komen Cancer Foundation 2) American Cancer Society (ACS) 3) American Heart Association (AHA) 4) American Lung Association (ALA) 5) American Diabetes Association (ALA) 6) Arthritis Foundation
What are other National Agencies involved in Community/ Public health?
1) White House 2) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 3) US Dept of Agriculture a)Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC) 4)US Department of Labor a) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 5) US Dept of Homeland Security a) US Coast Guard b) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) i)Assists states in managing relief efforts ii)Provides federal relief supplies iii)Coordinates with non-profits to meet the relief needs of those affected. 6) US Dept of Defense
Worksite health promotion programs (corporate involvement) are aimed at what?
1) aimed at lowering healthcare costs and reducing absenteeism a) Safety, counseling, education courses, physical fitness centers
What are the three classifications based on funding sources, responsibilities, and organizational structure?
1) governmental 2) Quasi-governmental 3) Non-governmental
What are the official Duties of the American Red Cross?
1)Provide relief to victims of natural disasters 2)Serve as liaison between members of armed forces and their families during emergencies What are the nongovernmental services The American Red Cross organization offer? a) Blood drives, safety services, community volunteer services, international services
How many operating agencies and regional offices do the Department of Health and Human services have?
11 operating agencies 10 regional offices
What percentage of the federal budget does the Department of Health and Human Services get?
25%, the largest department in federal government
What does the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) administer? - operating agency of DHHS
Administers the Medicare (elderly & certain disabilities) & Medicaid (poor) programs which provide health care coverage to about 87 million Americans
How many states have their own state health departments?
All 50 states
Approximately how many Local Health Departments exist in the US?
Approximately 2800
What was the primary objective of WHO?
Attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples- there were 6 core functions to achieve objective
Do Philanthropic Foundations have broad or specific support?
Both. Some have broad support, others very specific
How was work financed within WHO?
By member nations
Who is responsible for Local Health Departments?
City or county governments Jurisdiction often depends on size of population
Who was the quasi-governmental Health Organization, The American Red Cross founded by?
Clara Barton
Why were voluntary Health Agencies created?
Created by one or more concerned citizens that felt a specific health need was not being met by governmental agencies
What is the US's primary national health agency?
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS or DHHS)
Why did nongovernmental health agencies arise?
Due to unmet health need
What is a Philanthropic Foundation?
Endowed institutions that donate money for the good of humankind
What does the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) ensure? - operating agency of DHHS?
Ensures up-to-date information and state-of-the-art practice is effectively used for the prevention and treatment of addictive and mental disorders
What are some examples of Professional Health organizations?
Examples: American Medical Association, American Public Health Association
What are some examples of Quasi-Governmental Health Organizations?
Examples: American Red Cross, National Academy of Sciences, National Science Foundation
What are some examples of Philanthrophic Foundations?
Examples: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Commonwealth Fund, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, local Community Foundations
What are the expanded components of the WSCC model for public schools?
Expanded components - social and emotional climate, physical environment, community involvement, and family engagement
What did ACA or "Obamacare" do to the HHS?
Expanded the powers and responsibiliites of HHS
What does the WSCC model for public schools expand on?
Expands on the 8 elements of the coordinated school health program (CSHP)
What is the focus of the Administration for Community Living (ACL)- operating agency of DHHS
Focus on increasing access to resources for seniors and the disabled.
Who is Professional Health organizations funded by?
Funded primarily by membership dues
What is the primary activity of Voluntary Health Agencies?
Fundraising
Who manages Governmental Heath Agencies?
Government officials
What is a Quasi- Governmental Health Organization?
Has some official health responsibilities Operates more like voluntary health organizations
What is the goal of the Indian Health Services (IHS)?- operating agency of DHHS
Has the goal to raise physical, mental, social, and spiritual health of American Indians and Alaskan Natives to the highest level
What was the most notable work within WHO?
Helping eradicate smallpox
What does the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) help provide to medically underserved populations? - operating agency of DHHS?
Helps provide health resources for medically underserved populations; works to build the health care workforce
Do Quasi-Governmental Health Organizations operate independently or dependently of government supervision?
Independently
How are State Health Departments organized?
Into divisions or Bureaus
What kind of research does the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) perform?- Operating agency of DHHS
Lead federal agency for research on health care quality, costs, outcomes, and patient safety
Who makes up Professional Health Organizations?
Made up of health professionals who have completed specialized training and have met standards of registration/certification or licensure for their fields
What do Service, Social, and Religious Organizations have to do with health?
Many do not have health as primary mission, but make significant health-related contributions Examples: Kiwanis, Elks, Shriners, Lions, FOP
What is the mission of Professional Health Organizations?
Mission: to promote high standards of professional practice
When have communities taken explicit actions to deal aggressively with health issues continuously?
Only in past ~100 years The community response to own problems hindered by various issues
Who are nongovernmental Health Agencies Funded by?
Private donations or membership dues
What is found within the "Core Functions of Public Health"?
Purposes of the State Health Agencies. These include: assessment, policy development, and assurances
What is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) responsible for? - operating agency of DHHS
Responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation
What is the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) responsible for?- operating agency of DHHS?
Responsible for providing direction and leadership for all federal programs for needy children and families (administers Head Start program)
What are some state mandated services that are provided locally?
Restaurants, public buildings, and public transportation inspections; detection and reporting of certain diseases; collection of vital statistics
What do Governmental Health Agencies have authority over?
Some geographic area
What guidelines must nongovernmental Health agencies meet?
Specific IRS guidelines w/tax status
What are Governmental Health agencies funded by?
Tax dollars
What do Quasi-Governmental Health organizations derive some of their funding and work from?
The government
What is the focus of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)? - operating agency of DHHS
The nation's premiere health promotion, prevention, and preparedness agency and global leader in public health Focus on: 1) Preparedness 2)Health promotion and prevention of disease, injury and disability 3)Healthy places
How is the Corporate Involvement within community health?
Their biggest role is provision of healthcare benefits
What is the 12th General Programme of Work and the UN's Millennium Declaration?
Things that Guided the work of WHO Ð 2003 Millennium Summit established Millennium Development Goals Ð Sustainable Development Goals established in 2015 to build on the MDGs
Who works for voluntary health agencies?
Usually combination of paid staff and volunteers
Who is a State Health Agency headed by?
Usually headed by a medical director who is appointed by the governor
What are the types of nongovernmental health agencies?
Voluntary, professional, religious, social, philanthropic, corporate, service
What is the most widely recognized international governmental health organization?
World Health Organization (WHO) Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland Six regional offices around the world Not oldest world health-related international agency, but largest
Do nongovernmental health agencies operate free from governmental interference?
Yes
Is the American Red Cross organization part of international movements?
Yes
How does the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) serve the public? - operating agency of DHHS
created by Superfund legislation; serves public to prevent harmful exposures and diseases related to toxic substances
What do Philanthropic Foundations fund programs and research to?
prevention, control, and treatment of many diseases
What are the Core functions of Public Health and 10 Essential Services?
see powerpoint slide 16
What did CDC develop for public schools?
the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC) model using an ecological approach directed at the whole school
What is the purpose of a State Health Agency?
to promote, protect, and maintain the health and welfare of their citizens
How did WHO begin in the 1900's?
¥ 1945: charter of the United Nations; article calling for establishment of health agency with wide powers Ð 1946: UN representatives created and ratified the constitution of WHO Ð 1948: constitution went into force and WHO began work
