Chapter 20: Cancer

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What are the phases of cancer?

1. a single cell undergoes gene mutation(s) 2. tumor formation leads to more mutations 3. cancer in situ has formed 4. tumor cells invade neighboring tissues

What are the typical steps in the progression of cancer from a single mutation to a metastatic tumor?

1. single cell acquires a mutation for repeated cell division 2. another mutation allows single cell to start a tumor 3. one cell within the tumor acquires another mutation 4. tumor cells invade underlying tissues 5. metastatic tumors appear at distant site(s)

What tumor suppressor genes are associated with the development of breast cancer?

BRCA2 and BRCA1

What are potential symptoms of nehroblastoma?

a low grade fever blood in the urine, and a decrease in appetite

What is a "gain-of-function" mutation?

a mutation that coverts a proto-oncogene into an oncogene because it results in the overexpression of a growth factor

Which gene is associated with retinoblastoma?

a tumor-suppressor gene

What is a sarcoma?

a type of cancer that arises in a bone

What are common cellular abnormalities exhibited by cancer cells?

abnormal chromosome number, gene amplification, defective chromosomes

What is a mutagen?

an agent that causes mutations

What is apoptosis?

another term for programmed cell death

What medications help lessen the side effects of radiation and chemotherapy?

antemetic drugs, antidepressants, antianxiety medications

What does ABCDE self examination stand for?

asymmetry, border, color, diameter, elevated

Why should any female who chooses to receive the HPV vaccine should still have regular Pap tests?

because the HPV vaccine won't protect against any infection that occurred prior to vaccination and is not effective against all types of the virus

Why do cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy also receive red bone marrow transplants?

because the none marrow has large numbers of dividing cells and is at risk because of the drugs used

Why are some tumors classified as benign?

because their cells resemble normal cells and they are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue

Why are drugs like endostatin being developed as anti-cancer agents?

because they break up capillary networks around tumors

Which cancer is microsatellite DNA repeated linked to?

bladder cancer

What are tumor marker tests?

blood tests that are specific for antigens released from tumors, or antibodies produced in response to tumors

Which cancer is BRCA1 linked to?

breast cancer

What are leukemias?

cancers of the blood

What is combination chemotherapy treatment ?

cancers such as Hodgkin disease can be cures with the use of several different drugs in this treatment

What is the function of a tumor suppressor?

codes for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis

What is the function of a proto-oncogene?

codes for proteins that promotes the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis

What do most chemotherapeutic drugs do?

destroy cells by damaging existing DNA or inheriting with DNA synthesis

What are common chromosomal abnormalities seen in cancer cells?

duplication, gene amplification, deletion

What is the second leading cause of cancer in the United States?

exposure to radon gas

If a physician runs a fecal occult blood test on a patient and it is positive, the patient still might not have colon cancer. If not, then this was what type of test result?

false positive

What are cancer preventative behaviors?

getting tested for cancer and eating a diet rich in fiber, fruits, and vegetables

Which cancer is the human T-cell lymphotropic virus linked to?

hairy cell leukemia

What do Ras proteins promote?

in general, mitosis

Which cancer is surgery alone can be a sufficient cancer therapy?

in situ cancer

Which cancer is the hepatitis B virus linked to?

liver cancer

What types of tumors have abnormal cells and are able to invade surrounding tissues?

malignant

Which cancer is p16 linked to?

melanoma cancer

What is passive immunity?

monoclonal antibodies can be designed to bind to and destroy cancer cells

What happens if DNA is exposed to an x-ray, a type of ionizing radiation?

mutations can result

Which cancer is the Epstein-Barr virus linked to?

nasopharyngeal cancer

What is contact inhibition?

normal cells stop diving when they come into contact with other cells

What are tumor suppressor genes that inhibit the cell cycle or promote apoptosis?

p53 and Bax

What are cyclins?

proteins that direct the cell through the cell cycle

What genes code for proteins that promote cell division and the cell cycle?

proto-oncogenes

What are the 3 procedures recommended for breast cancer screening?

regular mammography, annual physical exam, and monthly breast self examination

What are characteristics of breast and testicular self-examination?

testicular self-examination should be done once a month and breast self-examination should be done once a month

What is carcinogenesis?

the development of cancer

What is metastasis?

the development of new tumors far away from the primary tumor

What is a telomerase?

the enzyme that can add telomere sequences to the ends of the chromosomes

What is angiogenesis?

the formation of new blood vessels

What is cellular differentiation?

the process by which cells acquire their specific structure and function that cancer cells lack

What is a tumor?

the result of cancerous cells growing in multiple layers to form a mass of undifferentiated tissue

What is oncology?

the study of cancer

Where are telomeres located?

the tips of chromosomes and shorten with each cell division

Where do cells from malignant tumors typically spread?

throughout the body by invading blood and lymphatic vessels

What is the most common cancer of the human endocrine system?

thyroid cancer

Which cancer is RET linked to?

thyroid cancer

Which tissues are more likely to become cancerous?

tissues with cells that divide frequently

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used for?

tumors in tissues surrounded by bone

What is cancer situ (in place)?

when a malignant tumor remains in its place of origin and has not spread beyond the basement membrane of the tissue

What is an oncogene?

when a mutation causes a proto-oncogene to become a cancer-causing gene

What are loss of function mutations?

when tumor suppressor genes mutate their products no longer inhibit the cell cycle nor promote apoptosis

What would affect a cancer patient's prognosis?

whether a tumor has invaded surrounding tissues and whether the tumor metastasized to distant body parts

True or False: Cancer cells undergo apoptosis as regularly as normal cells

False

Which cancer is the human immunodeficiency virus linked to?

Kaposi's sarcoma

True or False: A benign tumor can be fatal

True

What are types of caner therapy radiations?

X-rays, gamma rays, protons, and neutrons

What is a growth factor?

a chemical signal that activates a cell-signaling pathway, resulting in cell division

What is a carcinogen?

a chemical that causes cancer by being mutagenic

What is recommended to help prevent cancer?

a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains with moderate to vigorous activity for about 30-45 minutes a day, 5 days a week

Which cancer is the human papillomavirus linked to?

cervical cancer

What is ultrasound used for?

tumors of soft tissues, such as stomach, pancreas, uterus, etc.

What is the major defining feature of cancer?

uncontrolled cell growth


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