Chapter 22

A disease that is constantly present in a population is called _____. Select one: a. pandemic b. endemic c. re-emerging d. epidemic

endemic

The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of ________. Select one: a. eukaryotic cells b. prokaryotic cells c. all cells d. viruses

eukaryotic cells

MRSA has emerged as a serious infectious disease, with the first case of methicillin-resistant S. aureus being detected in 1961. Why are medical professionals so concerned when antibiotics exist that can kill MRSA? Select one: a. Patients are not treated with correct antibiotics rapidly enough to prevent serious illness. b. All of the choices are correct. c. MRSA can transfer methicillin-resistance to other bacteria. d. MRSA could acquire additional antibiotic resistance genes from other bacteria to become a "super bug."

All of the choices are correct.

Which of these occurs through symbiotic nitrogen fixation? Select one: a. The soil benefits from being naturally fertilized. b. All of the choices are correct. c. The plant benefits from using an endless source of nitrogen. d. Bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from the plant.

All of the choices are correct.

Microbial mats _____________. Select one: a. are the earliest forms of life on earth b. are multi-layered sheets of prokaryotes including mostly bacteria but also archaea c. All the choices are correct. d. obtained their energy and food from hydrothermal vents

All the choices are correct.

Which of these statements is true? Select one: a. An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that is antagonistic to the growth of eukaryotic cells. b. An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that is antagonistic to the growth of other viruses. c. An antibiotic is any substance produced by a organism that is antagonistic to the growth of prokaryotes. d. An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that prevents growth of the same prokaryote.

An antibiotic is any substance produced by a organism that is antagonistic to the growth of prokaryotes.

The lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) is a characteristic of the wall of ________. Select one: a. Gram-negative bacteria b. archaean cells c. bacterial prokaryotic cells d. eukaryotic cells

Gram-negative bacteria

Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. Porins allow entry of substances into both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. b. Gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, whereas Gram-positive bacteria have a cell wall made of lipoteichoic acid. c. Gram-positive bacteria have a single cell wall anchored to the cell membrane by lipoteichoic acid. d. The cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is thick, and the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is thin.

Gram-positive bacteria have a single cell wall anchored to the cell membrane by lipoteichoic acid.

Which description best describes the cell wall of a Gram-positive bacteria? Select one: a. It is composed of a double layer in the plasma membrane and a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan. b. It is composed of a double layer in the plasma membrane and a thin outer layer of peptidoglycan. c. It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thin outer layer of peptidoglycan. d. It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan. e. It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thin outer layer of cellulose.

It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan.

Many of the first prokaryotes to be cultured in a scientific lab were human or animal pathogens. Why would these species be more readily cultured than non-pathogenic prokaryotes? Select one: a. Most of the necessary culture conditions could be inferred for pathogenic prokaryotes. b. Pathogenic bacteria can grow as free bacteria, but non-pathogenic bacteria only grow as parts of large colonies. c. Non-pathogenic prokaryotes require more supplements in their growth media. d. Pathogenic prokaryotes are hardier than non-pathogenic prokaryotes.

Most of the necessary culture conditions could be inferred for pathogenic prokaryotes.

Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is false? Select one: a. Nitrogen fixing bacteria exist on the root nodules of legumes and in the soil. b. Nitrification is the process by which nitrites (NO2-) are converted to ammonium ion (NH4+). c. Ammonification is the process by which ammonium ion (NH4+) is released from decomposing organic compounds. d. Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates (NO3-) into nitrogen gas (N2).

Nitrification is the process by which nitrites (NO2-) are converted to ammonium ion (NH4+).

Which of the statements about biofilms is incorrect? Select one: a. None of the statements are incorrect. b. Biofilms colonize open wounds and burned tissue. c. Biofilms are considered responsible for diseases such as cystic fibrosis. d. Biofilms produce dental plaque, and colonize catheters and prostheses.

None of the statements are incorrect.

Which group of Archaea are chemoautotrophic anaerobes that will use hydrogen as an electron donor? Select one: a. Thermoacidophiles b. Cyanobacteria c. Halophiles d. Methanogens

Thermoacidophiles

A person in England arrives at a medical clinic with a fever and swollen lymph nodes shortly after returning from a visit to New Mexico. For which bacteria should the doctor test the patient? Select one: a. Borrelia burgdorferi b. Salmonella enterica c. Clostridium botulinum d. Yersinia pestis

Yersina pestis

Ammonification is the process by which _____. Select one: a. ammonium is converted to nitrites and nitrates in soils b. ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds c. nitrate from soil is transformed to gaseous nitrogen compounds such as NO, N2O, and N2 d. gaseous nitrogen is fixed to yield ammonia

ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds

The first organisms that oxygenated the atmosphere were_________________. Select one: a. All the choices are correct. b. anaerobic organisms c. cyanobacteria

anaerobic organisms

Pseudopeptidoglycan is a characteristic of the walls of ________. Select one: a. eukaryotic cells b. bacterial and archaean prokaryotic cells c. archaean prokaryotic cells d. bacterial prokaryotic cells

archaean prokaryotic cells

Organisms most likely to be found in extreme environments are ________. Select one: a. bacteria b. viruses c. fungi d. archaea

bacteria

Which of the following consist of prokaryotic cells? Select one: a. bacteria and archaea b. bacteria and fungi c. archaea and fungi d. protists and animals

bacteria and archaea

Which of the following elements is not a micronutrient? Select one: a. manganese b. chromium c. calcium d. boron

calcium

Prokaryotes that obtain their energy from chemical compounds are called _____. Select one: a. lithotrophs b. phototrophs c. chemotrophs d. oxotrophs

chemotrophs

The cell wall is ______________. Select one: a. interior or exterior, depending on the particular cell b. interior to the plasma membrane c. a part of the plasma membrane d. exterior to the plasma membrane

exterior to the plasma membrane

In addition to providing yogurt with its unique flavor and texture, lactic acid-producing bacteria also provide which additional benefit during food production? Select one: a. pasteurizing milk products b. providing xenobiotics c. breaking down lactose for lactose-intolerant individuals d. lowering the pH to kill pathogenic bacteria

lowering the pH to kill pathogenic bacteria

Cyanobacteria harness energy from the sun through photosynthesis, and oxidize water to provide electrons for energy generation. Thus, we classify cyanobacteria as _________. Select one: a. chemolithoautotrophs b. chemo-organotrophs c. photoautotrophs d. photolithotrophs

photolithotrophs

Plants use carbon dioxide from the air and are therefore called _____. Select one: a. carbon fixers b. consumers c. producers d. decomposers

producers

The first forms of life on Earth were thought to be_________. Select one: a. single-celled plants b. prokaryotes c. large animals such as dinosaurs d. insects

prokaryotes

Halophiles are organisms that require________. Select one: a. All the choices are correct. b. a high sugar concentration c. a salt concentration of at least 0.2 M d. the addition of halogens

salt concentration of at least 0.2 M

Bioremediation includes _____________. Select one: a. All of the choices are correct. b. the use of prokaryotes that can fix nitrogen c. the use of prokaryotes as natural fertilizers d. the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants

the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants.

Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gram-negative because of differences in the cell _______. Select one: a. nucleus b. cytoplasm c. chromosome d. wall

wall

Synthetic compounds found in an organism but not normally produced or expected to be present in that organism are called _____. Select one: a. pesticides b. xenobiotics c. bioremediators d. recalcitrant compounds

xenobiotics