Chapter 22 HAZMAT

Local toxic effect

A chemical injury at the site of contact (typically the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, or respiratory tract)

Runaway cracking

A crack develops in a container as a result of some type of damage, which continues to grow rapidly, breaking the container into two or more relatively large pieces.

Emergency response guidebook (ERG)

A manual that aids emergency response and inspection personnel in identifying hazardous materials placard. It also gives guidelines for initial actions to be taken at hazardous materials incidents. Formerly the North American Emergency Response Guidebook (NAERG)

Respiratory protection

A primary concern for first responders because inhalation is one of the major routes of exposures to hazardous substances

Water solubility

Ability of a liquid or solid to mix with or dissolve in water.

Reactivity

Ability of two or more hemicycle to react and release energy and the ease with which this reaction takes place.

Hypothermia

Abnormally low or decreased body temperature

Heat exposure prevention

Adequate fluid consumption, body ventilation, body cooling, rest areas, work rotation, proper liquids, physical fitness

Fire entry suits

Allow a person to work in total flame environments for short periods of time; provide short duration and close proximity protection at radiant heat temps as high as 2000 degrees.

Types of ionizing radiation

Alpha, beta, gamma, neutron

Activation energy

Amount of energy that must be added to an atomic or molecular system to begin a reaction

SAR or airline respirator

An atmosphere-supplying respirator in which the user does not carry the breathing air source. Usually consists of a facepiece, a belt or facepiece-mounted regulator, a voice communication system, up to 300 ft of air supply hose, an emergency escape pack or emergency breathing support system (EBSS), and a breathing air source. Not certified for firefighting ops due to potential damage to the airline from heat, fire, and debris.

Reactivity triangle

An oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, and an activation energy source.

Hazardous materials

Any material that possesses an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of persons and/or the environment if it is not properly controlled during handling, storage, manufacture, processing, packaging, use, disposal, or transportation.

Dangerous goods

Any product, substance, or organism included by its nature or by the regulation in any of the nine United Nations classifications of hazardous materials. Used to describe hazardous materials in Canada and used in the United States and canada for hazardous materials aboard aircraft.

Cloud

Ball shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous material where the material has collectively risen above the ground or water.

Gamma rays

Can easily pass completely through the human body or be absorbed by tissues, thus constituting a radiation hazard for the whole body. May require 2 ft of concrete or 2" of lead to stop them.

BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion)

Can occur when a liquid within a container is heated, causing the material inside to vaporize. If the vapor pressure exceeds what the container can handle an explosion occurs.

Carcinogen

Cancer producing substance.

Shielding

Certain materials such as lead, earth, concrete, and water prevent penetration of some types of radiation. Thickness of required shielding thickness depends on the material being used, the type of radiation, and distance from the source.

Indicator papers and pH meters

Change colors to indicate the presence of specific hazards such as oxidizers, hydrogen sulfide, and peroxides.

Chemical warfare agent

Chemical substance that is intended for use in warfare or terrorist activities to kill, seriously injure, or seriously incapacitate people through its physiological effects.

Choking agent

Chemical warfare agent that attacks the lungs causing tissue damage.

Sensitizers

Chemicals that cause a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure to the chemical.

Initial isolation zone

Circular zone (with a radius equivalent to the initial isolation distance) within which persons may be exposed to dangerous concentrations upwind of the source and may be exposed to life threatening concentrations downwind of the source.

Chemical protective clothing (CPC)

Clothing designed to shield or isolate individuals from the chemical, physical, and biological hazards that may be encountered during operations involving hazardous materials.

Information to record for inspections of PPE

Clothing or equipment item identification number, date of inspection, person making the inspection, results of the inspection, any unusual conditions.

Initials and numbers

Combination of letters and numbers stenciled on rail tank cars that may be used to get information about the car's contents from the railroads computer or the shipper

Initials and numbers

Combination of letters and numbers stenciled on tail tank cars that may be used to get information about the cars contents from the railroads computer or the shipper

Infrared spectroscopy devices

Compare the infrared spectra of chemical samples against a library of known spectral signatures. Can determine if the material is chemical or biological in nature

Threshold limit value (TLV)

Concentration of a given material in parts per million that may be tolerated for an 8 hour exposure during a regular workweek without ill effects.

Lethal dose (LD)

Concentration of an ingested or injected substance that results in the death of a certain percentage of re test population; the lower the dose the more toxic the substance; an oral or dermal exposure expressed in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg)

Lethal concentration (LC)

Concentration of an inhaled substance that results in the death of a certain percentage of the test population; the lower the value the more toxic the substance; an inhalation exposures expressed in parts per million, milligrams per liter, or milligrams per cubic meter.

Heat rash

Condition that develops from continuous exposure to heat and humid air; aggravated by clothing that runs the skin; reduces the individuals tolerance to heat.

Symptoms of heat stroke

Confusion, irrational behavior, loss of consciousness, convulsions, lack of sweating, hot dry skin, abnormally high body temp 105-106

Atmospheric underground storage tanks

Constructed of steel, fiberglass, or both. Will have more than 10% of surface area underground. Can be buried under a building, driveway or adjacent to the occupancy. Vent and fill connections located near the tank that provide visual clues. Contain petroleum products.

Air purifying respirator

Contain an air purifying filter, canister, or cartridge that removes specific contaminants found in ambient air as it passes through the air purifying element. Divided into three categories.

Field chemistry testing kits

Contain portable chemistry sets designed to enable logical and progressive testing of a sample in order to identify it

Disintegration

Container suffers a general loss of integrity such as a glass bottle shattering or a grenade exploding.

Non bulk packaging

Containers used to transport smaller quantities of hazardous materials than bulk or IBCs. Typical to highway transport include the following types, bags, car boys and jerry cans, cylinders, drums, Dewar flasks (cryogenic liquids)

Limitations of high temp protective clothing

Contributes to heat stress by not allowing the body to release excess heat, bulky, limits vision, limits mobility limits communication, requires frequent and extensive training for efficient and safe use, expensive

Horizontal tanks

Cylindrical tanks sitting on legs, blocks, cement pads, or something similar; constructed of steel with flat ends. Used for bulk storage in conjunction with fuel-dispensing operations. Contain class B substances, corrosives, poisons etc.

Gas

DOT defines this as a material that has a vapor pressure greater than 43.5 psi at 122 degrees or is completely gaseous at 68 degrees at a standard pressure of 14.7 psi

Escape respirators

Designed for escaping the hot zone, can be self contained, or air purifying, designed for short duration protection 15 minutes, common in the good style, meant for single use.

Vapor protective clothing

Designed to protect the wearer against chemical vapors or gases and offers more protection that liquid splash PPE. Must be worn with a positive pressure SCBA or combo SCBA/SAR.

Radiation monitors

Detect levels of alpha, beta, or gamma radiation by collecting and counting the number of ions present

Biological immunoassay indicators

Detect the presence of biological agents and toxins by detecting the presence of specific antibodies

Improvised explosive device (IED)

Device that is categorized by its container an the way it is initiated; usually homemade, constructed for a specific target, and contained in almost anything

Initial isolation distance

Distance within which all persons are considered for evacuation in all directions from a hazardous materials incident.

Pressure tanks

Divide into 2 groups: low pressure which have between 0.5-15 psi and pressure tanks which have above 15 psi

Limitations of vapor protective suits

Do not protect against all chemical hazards, impair mobility, vision, and communication, do not allow body heat to escape; can contribute to heat stress.

Protective action distance

Downwind distance from a hazardous materials incident within which protective actions should be implemented.

Incendiary thermal effect

During an explosion, thermal heat energy in the form of a fireball is the result of burning combustible gases or flammable vapors and ambient air at very high temperatures.

Seismic effect

Earth vibrations similar to an earthquake.

Alpha

Energetic, positively charged alpha particles emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay that rapidly lose energy when passing through matter. Emitted from uranium and radium. Not a hazard to outside of the body, but harmful if material emitting them is ingested or inhaled

Class 3

Ensembles are designed to protect at a chemical/biological terrorism level to provide sufficient liquid protection, when contact with droplets is likely, and when victims are impaired but ambulatory

Class 1

Ensembles provide the highest degree of protection. Protect when vapor protection is needed, when the identity or concentration of the vapor or liquid is unidentified, anytime liquid contact is expected.

Acute dose

Exposure to a large dose of radiation received in a short period of time. Effects can be; reduced blood count, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue. Extremely high levels can cause death within hours up to weeks.

Time

Exposure will increase or decrease depending on the time spent near the source of radiation.

Distance

Farther from the source the less the exposure. If you double the distance from a gamma source reduces exposure by a factor of four and vice versa

Beta

Fast moving, positively or negatively garages electrons emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay. Sources are tritium, carbon 14, and strontium 90.

Rapid relief

Fast release of a pressurized hazardous material through properly operating safety devices caused by damaged valves, piping, or attachments or holes in the container

Fluid consumption

First responders should monitor their________ __________ before and during operations. 7 ounces of fluid every 15-20 minutes is better than large quantities at once. Before work chilled beverages are ok, after work room temp.

Internal floating roof tanks (covered floating roof tanks)

Fixed cone roofs with either a pan or deck type float inside that rides directly on the product surface. Combination of the open top floating roof and the ordinary cone roof. Contain flammable and combustible liquids. Differentiated by vents around rim

Polar solvent fuel

Flammable liquids that have an attraction for water, much like a positives genetic pole attracts a negative pole.

Gas

Fluid that has neither independent shape nor volume; tend to expand indefinitely.

Liquid

Fluid that has no independent shape, but does have a specific volume; flow in accordance with the laws of gravity.

6

For every pound of meth produced _____lbs of hazardous waste is generated

Material safety data sheet MSDS

Form provided by the manufacturer and blender of chemicals that contains information about chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, health and safety hazards, emergency response procedures, and waste disposal procedures of a specified material.

Inhalation, ingestion, contact, absorption

Four main routes through which hazardous materials can enter the body and cause harm

Corrosive material

Gaseous, liquid or solid material that can burn, irritate, or destroy human skin tissue and severely corrode steel.

Blast pressure wave (shock wave)

Gases being released rapidly create this that travels outward from the center. As it increases in distance, the strength decreases. Primary reason for injuries and damage.

Cryogenics

Gases that are converted into liquids by being cooled below -150 degrees

Simple Asphyxiants

Gases that displace the oxygen necessary for breathing. They dilute or displace oxygen concentration below the level required by the human body

Dome roof tanks

Generally classified as low pressure tanks with operating pressures as high as 15 psi. Have domes on their tops. Contain flammable liquids, combustible liquids, fertilizers, solvents, etc

Personal dosimeter

Generally worn to measure and sometimes identify an individuals exposure to a particular radiation

Olfactory fatigue

Gradual inability of a person to detect odors after initial exposure; may be extremely rapid in the case of some toxins such as hydrogen sulfide

Sorbent

Granular, porous filtering material used in vapor or gas removing respirators

Cone roof tanks

Have cone shaped, pointed roofs with weak roof to shell seams that break when/if over pressurized. Partial full tanks provide potentially dangerous vapor space. Contain flammable, combustible, and corrosive liquids.

Horizontal pressure vessels

Have high pressures an capacities from 500 to over 40,000 gallons. They have rounded ends an are not usually insulated. Painted white or a highly reflective color. Contain LPG, anhydrous ammonia, vinyl chloride, butane, ethane, compressed natural gas, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and other similar products.

Spherical pressure vessels

Have high pressures an capacities up to 600,000 gallons, often supported of the ground by a series of concrete or steel legs. Usually are painted hire or a highly reflective color. Contain LPG, and vinyl chloride.

Lifter roof tanks

Have roofs that float within a series of vertical guides that allow only a few feet of travel. The roof is designed so that when vapor pressure exceeds a designated limit, the roof lifts slightly and relieves the excess pressure. Contains flammable and combustible liquids.

DNA fluoroscopy devices

Have the ability to identify specific DNA sequences, thereby detecting and identifying types of biological agents

Shelter in place

Having occupants remain in a structure or vehicle in order to provide protection from a rapidly approaching hazard.

Heat exhaustion

Heat illness caused by exposure to excessive heat; symptoms include weakness, cold and clammy skin, heavy perspiration, rapid and shallow breathing, weak pulse, dizziness, and sometimes unconsciousness

Heat stroke

Heat illness caused by heat exposure, resulting in failure of the body's heat regulating mechanism; symptoms include high fever of 105 to 106; dry, red, hot skin; rapid, strong pulse; deep breaths; and convulsions. May result in coma or possibly death. Aka sunstroke

Heat cramps

Heat illness resulting from prolonged exposure to high temperatures; characterized by excessive sweating, muscle cramps in the abdomen an legs, faintness, dizziness, and exhaustion.

Gamma

High energy photons (weightless packets of energy like visible light and x-rays). Often accompany the emission of alpha and beta particles from a nucleus. No charge or mass, but very penetrating. Potassium 40, cobalt 60, iridium 192, cesium 137.

Level A protection

Highest level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection that can be afforded by PPE. Consists of a positive pressure SCBA, totally encapsulating chemical protective suit, inner and outer gloves, and chemical resistant boots.

Cargo tanks

Highway designations, Non pressure tanks, low pressure chemical/liquid tanks, corrosive liquid tanks, high-pressure tanks, cryogenic liquid tanks, compressed gas/tube trailers, dry bulk cargo tanks, vacuum loaded tank

Intermodal containers

Highway, railroad, or marine vessels: non pressure intermodal tanks, pressure intermodal tanks, specialized intermodal tanks- cryogenic and tube modules, freight containers

Four

How many numbers does the UN system use for identification in conjunction with illustrated placards in North America?

Stress

If a container is ______ beyond its design strength it fails or breaches. 3 types of this re thermal, chemical, and mechanical

Violent rupture

Immediate release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by runaway cracks. BLEVE

Department Of Transportation

In the US transportation of hazardous materials is regulated by what department?

SCBA advantages

Independence and maneuverability

Caution

Indicated the product may have minor health effects (such as skin or eye irritants)

Danger

Indicates the highest degree of hazard, used on products that have potentially severe or deadly effects, also used on products that explode when exposed to heat

Warning

Indicates the product has moderate hazards such as significant health effects or flammability.

Toxic industrial materials/toxic industrial chemicals

Industrial chemical that is toxic at a certain concentration and is produced in quantities exceeding 30 tons per year at any one production facility; readily available and could be used by terrorists to deliberately kill, injure, or incapacitate people.

Respiratory equipment inspections

Initially Inspected when purchased, then personnel perform periodic inspections based on sops, can be after each use, daily, weekly, monthly, or annually

Detonation

Instantaneous and explosive release of stored chemical energy of a hazardous material.

Cryogenic liquid storage tanks

Insulated, vacuum jacketed tanks with safety relief valves and rupture disks. Capacities tame from 300 to 400,000 gallons. Pressures vary according to the materials stored and their use. Contain cryogenic carbon dioxide, liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen

Mass spectrometers

Ionize samples in order to determine their composition. Compare results to a library of known measurements to make positive ids.

Plume

Irregularly shaped pattern of an airborne hazardous material where wind and or topography influence the down range course from the point of release. Affected by vapor density and terrain, wind speed and direction

80-90%

It is estimated that _______ to _________% of all illegal clandestine drug labs are set up to produce meth.

Open top floating roof tanks

Large capacity, above ground holding tanks. Much wider than they are tall. Roof floats on surface of liquid, eliminates potential for vapor space. Fabric or rubber seal around the circumference provides a weather tight seal. Contain flammable and combustible liquids.

Persistence

Length of time a chemical agent remains effective without dispersing.

Operations level

Level of training established by the national fire protection association allowing first responders to take defensive actions at hazardous materials incidents

Respiratory equipment limitations

Limited visibility, decreased ability to communicate, increased weight, decreases mobility, inadequate oxygen levels, chemical specific.

Irritant/irritating material

Liquid or solid that upon contact with fire or exposure to air that emits dangerous or intensely irritating fumes.

Frostbite

Local freezing and tissue damage due to prolonged exposure to extreme cold

Seven clues to the presence of hazardous materials

Locations and occupancies, container shapes, transportation placards, labels, and markings, other markings and colors, written resources, senses, monitoring and detection devices.

Chronic health effects

Long term effects that may take years to appear, like cancer

Chronic

Long term, reoccurring

Spheroid tanks

Low pressure storage tanks. Can store 3,000,000 gallons or more of liquid. Contain, liquefied petroleum gas, methane, and some flammable liquids such as gasoline and crude oil.

Noded spheroid tanks

Low pressure storage tanks. Similar to use in spheroid tanks, but can be substantially larger and flatter in shape. Held together by a series of internal ties and supports that reduce stresses on the external shells. Contains LPG, methane, and some flammable liquids such as gasoline and crude oil.

Lowe explosive limit (LEL)

Lower limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite; below this limit the gas or vapor is too lean or thin to burn (too much oxygen, not enough gas)

Lethal dose low

Lowest administered dose of a material capable of killing a specified test species.

Lethal concentration low

Lowest concentration of a gas or vapor capable of killing a specified species over a specified time.

Awareness level

Lowest level of training established by the national fire protection association for first responders at hazardous materials incidents

Allergen

Material that can cause an allergic reaction of the skin or respiratory system

Strong oxidizer

Material that encourages a strong reaction (by readily accepting electrons) from a reducing agent (fuel)

Threshold limit value/ceiling

Maximum concentration of a given material in parts per million that should not be exceeded, even instantaneously.

Vapor pressure

Measure of the tendency of a substance to evaporate; pressure at which a vapor is in equilibrium with its liquid phase for a given temperature.

Hydrogen chloride gas and hydrogen iodide gas

Meth production processes produces what types of gases?

Etiological or biological hazards

Microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria (or their toxins) that may cause severe, disabling disease or illness.

Lethal concentration

Minimum concentration of an inhaled substance in the gaseous state that will be fatal to the test group.

Electron

Minute component of an atom that possesses a negative charge

Orange pages

Most important section of ERG, includes 3 sections; potential hazards, public safety, and emergency response. Gives info needed to take action at a hazmat incident

0 to 4

NFPA 704 uses a rating system of numbers from ______ to ______

Tank and other rail cars

Non pressure tank cars with vapor pressure below 25 psi at 105-115 degrees, pressure cars with pressure greater than 25 psi at 68 degrees, cryogenic liquid tank cars, hopper cars, box cars, special service cars

Non pressure, atmospheric tanks

Normally have a small amount of pressure up to 0.5 psi inside.

Capacity stencil

Number stenciled on the exterior of tank cars to indicate the volume of the tank.

Radioactive contamination

Occurs when a material that contains radioactive atoms is deposited on surfaces, skin, clothing, or any place where it is not desired. Radiation does not spread, this does.

Radiation exposure

Occurs when a person is near a radiation source and is exposed to the energy from that source. This alone does not contaminate a person.

level C protection

PPE that affords a lesser level of respiratory and skin protection than levels A and B. Consists of full face or half mask APR, hooded chemical resistant suit, inner and outer gloves, and chemical resistant hoods.

Level B protection

PPE that affords the highest level of respiratory protection, but a lesser level of skin protection. Consists of positive pressure SCBA, hooded chemical resistant suit, inner and outer gloves, and chemical resistant boots.

Level D protection

PPE that affords the lowest level of respiratory and skin protection. Consist of coveralls, gloves, and chemical resistant boots or shoes.

Photon

Packet of electromagnetic energy

Proximity suits

Permit close approach to fires for rescue, fire suppression, and property conservation activities such as in aircraft rescue and ff or other ff operations involving flammable liquids.

Awareness

Persons trained at the__________ level are expected to be able to recognize a hazardous materials incident or terrorist attack, protect themselves from the hazards at the incident, call for additional help, and secure the incident scene.

Separately or in clusters

Physical signs and symptoms of chemical exposure may ________ or in ________

Biological toxin

Poison produced by living organisms

Convulsant

Poison that causes an exposed individual to have convulsions

Radiation exposure

Potential for ______ _________ exists for firefighters responding to incidents at medical centers, certain industrial operations, nuclear power plants, and research facilities.

Gases

Potential hazards of ________ may include thermal, asphyxiation, chemical, and mechanical

Liquid splash protective clothing

Primarily designed to protect users from chemical liquid splashes,but not against chemical vapors or gases. Can be encapsulating or non encapsulating.

Vapor- and gas- removing filters

Protect against specific vapors and gases, typically use some kind of sorbet material to remove the targeted vapor/gas. Color coded to identify what it is designed to filter.

Supplied air hoods

Provide loose fitting, lightweight respiratory protection that can be worn with glasses, facial hair, and beards. Used in hospitals, ER, require no fit test.

MOPPS

Provides 6 levels of protection, 0-4 and Alpha. The higher the level the greater the protection, but lower productivity and efficiency. Alpha is designed for upwind operations.

...

Provides guidance on appropriate PPE for specific hazardous materials in the Protective Clothing section of the Orange-bordered guide pages.

Dose

Quantity of a chemical material ingested or absorbed through skin contact for purposes of measuring toxicity.

Concentration

Quantity of a chemical material inhaled for purposes of measuring toxicity

Ionizing

Radiation may cause damage to any material by ________ the atoms in that material - changing the materials atomic structure

Ionizing radiation

Radiation that has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms resulting in a chemical change in the atom. The most energetic and hazardous radiation.

Underground storage caverns

Rare, not "tanks", but natural and man made caverns used to store natural gas. Locations should be noted in local emergency response plans.

Thermal hazards

Related to temperature extremes

Health

Represented on the diamond in the blue background

Flammability

Represented on the diamond in the red background

Instability

Represented on the diamond in the yellow background

Poison

Required in addition to danger on the labels of highly toxic materials

Intermediate bulk containers

Rigid or flexible packaging designed for mechanical handling. Max capacity is no more than 3 cubic meters or 793 gal. Min capacity is nobles than 0.45 cubic meters or 119 gal. May carry liquids, fertilizers, solvents, and other chemicals and solids.

Symptoms of chemical warfare agents

Salivation, lacrimation (tearing) urination, defecation, gastrointestinal upset/aggravation, emesis (vomiting), miosis (pinpointed pupils, or muscular twitching/spasms

Blue pages

Section in the ERG that provide an index of dangerous goods in alphabetical order or material name followed by it's assigned 4 digit number and guide number

Yellow

Section of the ERG that provides information on the four digit numbers that can be found on the shipping containers placard.

Yellow pages

Section of the ERG that you can look up the four digit UN/NA id and get the name of the material and guide number for it. If it is highlighted it means it releases gases that are toxic inhalation hazard (TIH) materials

Hemispheric

Semicircular or some shaped pattern of airborne hazardous material that is still partially in contact with the ground or water.

Waybill

Shipping paper used by railroad to indicate origin, destination, route, and product. Each car had a waybill that the conductor carries.

Bill of lading

Shipping paper used by the trucking industry indicating origin, destination, route, and product; placed in the cab of every truck tractor. This document establishes the terms of a contract between shippers and transportation companies; serves as a document of title, contract of carriage, and receipt for goods

Acute health effects

Short term effects that appear within hours or days , such as vomiting, or diarrhea

Acute

Single occurrence

Spill/leak

Slow release of a hazardous material under atmospheric or head pressure through holes, rips, tears, or usual openings/attachments

Chronic doses

Small amounts of radiation received over a long period of time. The body has time to replace dead cells with healthy ones. Can cause cancer over time.

Shrapnel fragmentation

Small pieces of debris thrown from a container or structure that ruptures from containment or restricted blast pressure. Can result in bruises, punctures, or even avulsions when they strike a person.

Neutrons

Soil moisture density gauges, research labs, and nuclear power plants are sources of these. Hazards arise from the release of secondary radiation when they interact with the human body.

Beta particles

Some of these are capable of penetrating skin and causing radiation damage, but they are generally more hazardous when inhaled or ingested. They can travel up to 20 feet but can be reduced or stopped by clothing or 2-3 millimeters of a substance like aluminum.

Systemic effect

Something that gage at an entire system rather than a single location or entity.

Radiological dispersal device (RDD)

Sometimes called a dirty bomb. A device that spreads radioactive contamination over the widest possible area by detonating conventional high explosives wrapped with radioactive material.

6 o'clock

Special hazards are located in what position on the clock and have no specific background color?

Rickettsias

Specialized bacteria that live and multiply in the gastrointestinal tract of arthropod carriers like ticks and fleas. Smaller than most bacteria, but larger than viruses. Spread through bites of infected Arthropods.

Median lethal dose (LD50)

Statistically derived single dose of a substance that can be expected to cause death in 50 percent o animals when administered by the oral route.

Specification marking

Stencil on the exterior of tank cars indicating the standards to which the tank car was built

Specification marking

Stencil on the exterior of tank cars indicating the standards to which the tank car was built.

Solid

Substance that has both specific shape and volume

Asphyxiants

Substances that get the oxygenation of the body and generally lead to suffocation.

Chemical Asphyxiants

Substances that prohibit the body from using oxygen. Some may be used in terrorist attacks. Oxygen may be available, but starve the cells of the body from oxygen.

Stream

Surface following pattern of a liquid hazardous material that is affected by gravity and topographical contours.

Ton containers

Tanks that have the capacity of 1 short ton. Typically stored on their sides, the ends of the containers are convex or concave and have two valves in the center of one end. Contain chlorine, sulphur dioxide, anhydrous ammonia, or freon.

Mutagens

Target organ- DNA. Examples- aluminum chloride, beryllium, dioxins

Carcinogens

Target organ- all. Examples- tobacco smoke, benzene, arsenic, radon, vinyl chloride.

Hemotoxins

Target organ- blood. Examples- carbon monoxide, cyanides, benzene, nitrates, arsine, naphthalene, cocaine

Teratogens

Target organ- embryo/fetus. Example- lead, lead compounds, benzene

Endocrine toxins

Target organ- endocrine system. examples- benzene, cadmium, chlordane, chloroform, ethanol, kerosene, iodine, parathion.

Eye hazards

Target organ- eyes. Examples- organic solvents, corrosives, acids.

Immunotoxins

Target organ- immune system. Examples- benzene, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) dioxins, dieldrin.

Nephrotoxins

Target organ- kidney. Examples- halogenated hydrocarbons, mercury, carbon tetrachloride.

Hepatoxins

Target organ- liver. Examples- alcohol, carbon, tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, chlorinated HC

Respiratory toxins

Target organ- lungs acid, chlorine. Example- hydrogen sulfide, xylene, ammonia, boric

Musculoskeletal toxins

Target organ- muscles/bones. Examples- fluorides, sulfuric acid, phosphine.

Neurotoxins

Target organ- nervous system. Examples- organophosphates, mercury, carbon, disulphide, carbon monoxide, sarin

Cutaneous hazards

Target organ- skin. Examples- gasoline, xylene, ketones, chlorinated compounds.

Boiling point

Temperature of a substance when the vapor pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure. At this temperature, the rate of evaporation exceeds the rate of condensation. At this point, more liquid is turning into gas than gas is turning back into liquid.

Low temperatures, high/cold winds, dampness, and cold water

The four primary environmental conditions that cause cold related stress are???

Toxicity of the chemical, pathway or route of exposure, nature and extent of exposure

The likelihood of an adverse health effect occurring and the severity o the effect depend on

Cooking

The process of making meth

Time, distance, and shielding

The three recognized ways to provide protection from external radiation during an emergency.

Mission oriented protective posture (MOPP)

The u.s. Military uses this ensemble to protect against chemical, biological, and radiological hazards. Consist of an over garment, mask, good, over boots, and protective gloves.

Types of hazards associated with hazmat

Thermal hazards, radiological hazards, asphyxiation, chemical hazards, etiology all/biological hazards, mechanical hazards

Class 2

These Ensembles are designed to protect at a chemical/biological terrorism incidents by providing sufficient vapor protection, when direct contact with liquid droplets is likely, and when victims are not ambulatory, but are showing signs or symptoms of exposure

Detector tubes

These devices detect a variety of gases and vapors. Can be chemical specific or chlorimetric and are most useful if a particular chemical is suspected as opposed to trying to identify a complete unknown.

Bulk capacity fixed facility containers

This category contains non pressure tanks, and pressure tanks, underground storage tanks, cryogenic liquid storage tanks.

Bulk transportation containers

This category includes tank and other rail cars, cargo tanks, and intermodal containers

Medical monitoring

This should be conducted before responders enter the warm and hot zones as well as after leaving. Pre-entry and post-entry evaluations include vitals, hydration, skin, mental status, and medical history.

Particulate removing APRs, vapor and gas removing APRs, combination particulate removing and vapor and gas removing APRs

Three categories that air purifying respirators are divided into based on what they filter

Pool

Three dimensional, slow flowing liquid dispersion. Assumes the shape of the container and pool in low areas.

Biological toxins

Toxins produced by living organisms; however, the organism itself is usually not harmful to people. Some have been manufactured synthetically and/or genetically altered for biological warfare

Cone

Triangular shaped pattern of a hazardous material with a point source at the breach and a wide base downrange

Neutron

Ulrahigh energy particles that have a physical mass like alpha or best radiation, but have no electrical charge. Highly penetrating. Fission reactions produce these with gamma rays, usually measured based in gamma measurements

Caution, warning, danger, and poison

Under the u.s. Federal hazardous substance act, labels on products destined for consumer households must incorporate one of the following four signal words

Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

Upper limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite. Above this limit, the has or vapor is too rich to burn (lacks the proper quantity of oxygen)

Ion mobility spectrometers

Use a radioactive source to ionize samples in order to determine their spectra. Designed to detect chemical warfare agents and explosives

Photo ionization detector

Use an ultraviolet lamp to ionize samples of gaseous materials. Useful when chemical hazards are unidentified or endetermined.

Condenser tubes

Used to cool vapors produced during cooking

Surface acoustic wave device

Used to detect nerve agents, blister agents, blood agents, choking agents, and some toxic industrial materials/toxic industrial chemicals

Combustible gas indicator

Used to detect the concentration of combustible gases and vapors in the air. Typically ensure the % LEL, percent of gas by volume, or ppm of material in the air.

Grinders

Used to find up ephedrine or pseudoephedrine tablets

Polymerase chain reaction devices

Used to identify DNA. Used to detect and identify biological agents and toxins.

Funnels/turkey basters

Used to separate layers of liquids

Covered top floating roof tanks with geodesic dome

Used to store flammable liquids

Powered air-purifying respirators PAPR

Uses a blower to pass contaminated air through a canister or filter to remove the contaminants and supply the purified air to the full facepiece. Offers a greater degree of safety due to positive pressure in the facepiece. Can be used at CBR Incidents

Raman spectroscopy

Uses light (typically a laser) to illuminate a sample thereby creating a spectral signature that is unique to each material.

Specific chemical monitor

Usually fixed devices used to sound an alarm when the presence of a specific chemical is detected. Carbon monoxide monitors are a common form

Flame ionization detector

Utilize a hydrogen flame to which gaseous materials are exposed. Detect organic gases and vapors. May not be safe to operate in explosive atmospheres

Chemical agent monitors

Utilize various technologies to specifically detect chemical warfare agents

Vapordome roof tanks

Vertical storage tanks that have lightweight aluminum geodesic domes on their tops. Attached to the underside of the dome is a diaphragm that moves in conjunction with changes in vapor pressure. Contains combustible liquids of medium volatility and other non hazardous materials.

Viral agents

Viruses are the simplest types of microorganisms that can only replicate themselves in the living cells of their hosts. Do not respond to antibiotics.

Vapor density

Weight of a given volume of pure vapor gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. Vapor density less than 1 indicates a vapor lighter than air and vice versa

Specific gravity

Weight of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water at a given temperature.

SCBA disadvantages

Weight of the unit, limited air supply duration, change in profile that may hinder mobility because of the configuration of the harness assembly and the location of the air cylinder, limited vision caused by facepiece fogging, limited communications if the facepiece is not equipped with a microphone or a speaking diaphragm

Explosives, gases, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizing substances and organic peroxides, toxic and infectious substances, radioactive materials, corrosive substances, miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles.

What are the 9 hazard classes used to categorize hazardous materials under the UN system?

Limited life of filters and canisters, need for constant monitoring of the contaminated atmosphere, need for a normal oxygen content of the atmosphere before use

What are the three primary limitations of an APR?

Flammability

What is the most serious hazard associated with meth labs?

Vision

What is the safest of your senses to use in the detection of a hazardous material?

Records

What must be kept of all inspection procedures?

Physical condition of the user, agility, facial features, neurological functioning, mental soundness, muscular/skeletal condition, cardiovascular conditioning, respiratory functioning.

What physical, medical, and mental limitations affect first responders ability to use respiration protection equipment effectively?

Know what chemicals/contaminants are in the air, know how much of it is in the air, ensure the oxygen level is between 19.5-23.5%, ensure atmospheric hazards are below IDLH conditions.

What precautions should be taken before using APRs?

NIOSH national institute for occupational safety and health, and MSHA mine safety an health administration

Who certifies all SCBAs for immediately dangerous to life and health atmospheres?

Law enforcement organizations

Who must be notified and included in the initial response of terrorist incidents

Operations

_________ personnel are expected to do all of these things, plus initiate defensive actions to protect the public, the environment, and property from the effects of the hazardous material(s) involved in the incident.

Bacterial agents

microscopic, single-celled organisms. Most do not cause disease in people, but when they do, two different mechanisms are possible: invading the tissues or producing poisons.