Chapter 22: Immune System and the Body's Defense
Helper T-lymphocytes are also referred to as _______. CD2 cells CD6 cells CD4 cells CD8 cells
CD4 cells
Which of the following components are required for the process of class switching to occur (3)? CD40 surface protein cytokines MHC class I proteins CD154 protein
CD40 surface protein, cytokines, CD154 protein
Identify the process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells. Diapedesis Chemotaxis Margination
Chemotaxis
____ are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed.
Cilia
Identify the type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies. Classical pathway Alternative pathway
Classical pathway
Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following (2)? Antigen presenting cells Cytotoxic T cells B cells NK cells
Cytotoxic T cells, B cells
Place the events of activation of a T helper cell in order:
1. APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule 2. Helper T cell binds APC 3. Helper T cell secretes IL-2 4. Helper T cell proliferates
Place the events of B cell activation in order.
1. B cell binds free antigen. 2. B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell. 3. Activated helper T cell releases IL-4. 4. B cell proliferates.
Order the events that occur during the lifetime of a lymphocyte:
1. Formation of lymphocyte 2. Activation of lymphocyte 3. Effector response
Correctly order the events of inflammation.
1. Release of chemicals 2. Vasodilation 3. Recruitment of immune cells 4. Delivery of plasma proteins
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes have unique receptor complexes. Each cell typically has _______ receptor complexes. 100 10,000 100,000 1,000 10
100,000
Death is likely to occur when core body temperature reaches ________. 106 degrees Fahrenheit 100 degrees Fahrenheit 109 degrees Fahrenheit 103 degrees Fahrenheit
109 degrees Fahrenheit
What is the half life of IgA in blood? 5.5 days 2 days 2.8 days 23 days
5.5 days
Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within ____ hours after injury. 24 72 96 48
72
Identify the last event of a fever. Defervescence Stadium Onset
Defervescence
Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection. Margination Diapedesis Chemotaxis
Diapedesis
Identify the immune system cells that target parasites. Basophils Erythrocytes Eosinophils Neutrophils
Eosinophils
All IgM antibodies have what region in common? Fc Heavy chain Variable Light chain
Fc
Which antibody region is responsible for stimulating NK cells? Antigen binding site Variable Hinge Fc
Fc
Which region of an antibody helps activate complement? Precipitation Variable Fc
Fc
Identify the type of infectious agent that is a prokaryote cell. Viruses Multicellular parasites Bacteria Protozoans Fungi
Bacteria
Where are lymphocytes formed? Bone marrow Red pulp of the spleen In the blood Liver lobules
Bone marrow
Antigen-presenting cells display ______. MHC class II molecules Both MHC class I and II molecules MHC class I molecules
Both MHC class I and II molecules
A B cell is first stimulated by ______. free antigen antigen presented on an MHC class I molecule of an infected cell antigen presented on an MHC class II molecule of an APC antigen presented on an MHC class I molecule of an APC
free antigen
Molds and yeast are types of _____. viruses fungi bacteria protozoan
fungi
The 5 major categories of infectious agents include bacteria, protozoans, multicellular parasites, viruses, and ______.
fungi
The lipid toxin in poison ivy is an example of a _____.
hapten
Antibody-mediated immunity is also called ______ immunity.
humoral
Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called _______ surveillance.
immune
Certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. These areas are said to have ______ ______.
immune privilege
An antigen that induces an immune response is called an immunogen. Its ability to cause an immune response is termed ________.
immunogenicity
Antibodies are ________. immunogens lymphocytes immunoglobulins antigens
immunoglobulins
Redness, heat, and swelling are cardinal signs of ________.
inflammation
Macrophages and NK cells are part of our ______ immunity. innate adaptive
innate
Nonspecific immunity is another name for _____ immunity.
innate
The skin is an example of _________. adaptive immunity innate immunity
innate immunity
A class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called ________, also referred to as IFN.
interferons
Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are _________. B cells T cells interferons and complement antibodies
interferons and complement
Activated helper T cells release which 2 of the following to stimulate other immune cells (2)? granzymes membrane attack complexes interleukins perforins cytokines
interleukins, cytokines
Standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. However, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the _______ phase.
latent
Activated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells, become _______. CD8 cells CD4 cells memory B-lymphocytes MHC class I cells
memory B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen are called _____ T-lymphocytes.
naive
The second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because _______ of the presence of memory B cells there are more NK cells in circulation the helper T cells from the first infection are still active the plasma cells from the first infection are still active
of the presence of memory B cells
Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria. The binding protein, such as an antibody, is called an ______.
opsonin
Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular _______.
parasites
Immunity obtained from another individual is called ___ immunity.
passive
Activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using ________. antibodies interleukin-2 membrane attack complexes perforins and granzymes
perforins and granzymes
Antibodies are produced by activated B cells called ______ cells.
plasma
Antigen presentation is the display of an antigen on a cell's ________. nucleus plasma membrane nucleolus ribosomes
plasma membrane
T-lymphocytes that can bind with thymic epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called ________. negative selection positive selection
positive selection
A membrane attack complex is the name for a _________. plasma membrane protein channel complement protein
protein channel
Malaria is an example of a disease caused by _________. protozoans fungi bacteria viruses
protozoans
High fevers can cause: seizures edema irreversible brain damage death denaturation of proteins
seizures, irreversible brain damage, death, denaturation of proteins
T-lymphocytes learn to ignore self-antigens, a state referred to as _______. self-tolerance autoimmune
self-tolerance
HIV blood tests look for the presence of ______ _______ in the blood.
HIV antibodies
Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation. Chemotactic factor Histamine C-reactive protein Alpha-1 antitrypsin
Histamine
Identify the class of immunoglobulins that is usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections. IgD IgM IgE IgG IgA
IgE
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that has a half life in blood of 23 days. IgD IgM IgE IgG IgA
IgG
Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement. IgE IgM IgG IgA IgD
IgM
Identify the true statements regarding IgG (3). It can cross the placenta. Predominant antibody in the blood Most commonly created in response to parasitic infections It can neutralize snake venom.
It can cross the placenta. Predominant antibody in the blood It can neutralize snake venom.
Where are complement proteins synthesized? Liver Spleen Pancreas Kidney
Liver
Identify the enzyme that attacks the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria. Immunoglobulin A Lysozyme Cerumen Defensins
Lysozyme
Our salivary glands produce what antimicrobial enzyme? Perforin Granzyme Pepsin Lysozyme
Lysozyme
Identify the phagocytes (2). Macrophages Neutrophils Basophils Erythrocytes
Macrophages, neutrophils
Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin (2). Macrophages Mast cells Basophils Neutrophils
Mast cells, basophils
Identify the type of cell that becomes an epidermal dendritic cell. T-lymphocyte Monocyte B-lymphocyte Neutrophil
Monocyte
Identify the immune cell that secretes cytotoxic chemicals (i.e. perforin). Basophil Neutrophil Natural killer cell Macrophage
Natural killer cell
MHC class II molecules are synthesized by the ______. plasma membrane mitochondria nucleus RER
RER
Identify the location of leukocyte formation. Trachea Yellow bone marrow Thymus gland Thyroid gland Red bone marrow
Red bone marrow
The first line of defense of innate immunity includes _________. natural killer cells phagocytes the skin white blood cells
the skin
Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow and ______ gland.
thymus
T-lymphocytes mature in the _______.
thymus
Identify the structure that synthesizes MHC class I molecules. Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic Rough ER Mitochondria
Rough ER
Identify the skin secretion that contains lactic acid and fatty acids. Normal flora Hyaluronic acid Sebaceous gland secretions Sweat gland secretions
Sebaceous gland secretions
When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) ________, an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles.
vaccine
Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken? Spleen Tonsils Lymph node
Spleen
Positive selection tests to see if the _____ of a T-lymphocyte can recognize and bind to an MHC molecule. BAR TCR TAR BCR
TCR
Identify the lymphatic tissues. Tonsils Spleen Lymph nodes Liver
Tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes
T or F: Active and passive immunity both can be acquired naturally or artificially.
True
T or F: Nonpathogenic microorganisms reside on the skin of healthy individuals.
True: The microorganisms are called the normal flora. They help prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms.
Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody _____.
titer
The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody ______.
titer
The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the _____ region.
variable
HIV becomes identified as AIDS when which of the following occurs? When the patient develops an opportunistic infection When the patient's helper T cells drop below 900 cells per cubic mL When the patient tests positive for the HIV virus
When the patient develops an opportunistic infection
Pyrexia is the presence of ________. inflammation chills pus a fever
a fever
Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in _____.
a secondary lymphatic structure
Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired ______ immunity.
active
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in _______. subacute hypersensitivities delayed hypersensitivities acute hypersensitivities
acute hypersensitivities
Acquired immunity is also called _____ immunity.
adaptive
Cell-mediated immunity is a type of _____ immunity. innate adaptive
adaptive
If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up, because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as:
agglutination
The complement system is usually activated in 1 of 2 ways. The _______ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein.
alternative The classical pathway is usually activated by antibodies.
The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or ______ response. anaphylactic immunologic anamnestic integrated
anamnestic
A Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of 4 polypeptide chains and referred to as a(n) _______ monomer.
antibody
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their ______. antigens cell membranes antibodies enzymes
antigens
When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens __________ disorders occur.
autoimmune
Because memory B cells do not last forever, you need to get a(n) ______ shot for tetanus every ten years.
booster
Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte ___.
circulation
The process of changing the antibody produced by a cell is called ______ _______.
class switching
The only tissue that is transplanted that does not involve MHC matching is the ___.
cornea
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It is also called mad _____ disease.
cow
Along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper T-lymphocyte, specific type of __ released from the helper T-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching.
cytokines
Small proteins called _______ serve as a means of communication between immune system cells.
cytokines
Hives, allergic asthma, and allergic rhinitis may occur during the ____ phase of acute hypersensitivity. activation effector sensitization
effector
During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space. This material is called _______. exudate kinins complement interleukins
exudate