Chapter 22: Immune System and the Body's Defense

Helper T-lymphocytes are also referred to as _______. CD2 cells CD6 cells CD4 cells CD8 cells

CD4 cells

Which of the following components are required for the process of class switching to occur (3)? CD40 surface protein cytokines MHC class I proteins CD154 protein

CD40 surface protein, cytokines, CD154 protein

Identify the process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells. Diapedesis Chemotaxis Margination

Chemotaxis

____ are hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed.

Cilia

Identify the type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies. Classical pathway Alternative pathway

Classical pathway

Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following (2)? Antigen presenting cells Cytotoxic T cells B cells NK cells

Cytotoxic T cells, B cells

Place the events of activation of a T helper cell in order:

1. APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule 2. Helper T cell binds APC 3. Helper T cell secretes IL-2 4. Helper T cell proliferates

Place the events of B cell activation in order.

1. B cell binds free antigen. 2. B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell. 3. Activated helper T cell releases IL-4. 4. B cell proliferates.

Order the events that occur during the lifetime of a lymphocyte:

1. Formation of lymphocyte 2. Activation of lymphocyte 3. Effector response

Correctly order the events of inflammation.

1. Release of chemicals 2. Vasodilation 3. Recruitment of immune cells 4. Delivery of plasma proteins

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes have unique receptor complexes. Each cell typically has _______ receptor complexes. 100 10,000 100,000 1,000 10

100,000

Death is likely to occur when core body temperature reaches ________. 106 degrees Fahrenheit 100 degrees Fahrenheit 109 degrees Fahrenheit 103 degrees Fahrenheit

109 degrees Fahrenheit

What is the half life of IgA in blood? 5.5 days 2 days 2.8 days 23 days

5.5 days

Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within ____ hours after injury. 24 72 96 48

72

Identify the last event of a fever. Defervescence Stadium Onset

Defervescence

Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection. Margination Diapedesis Chemotaxis

Diapedesis

Identify the immune system cells that target parasites. Basophils Erythrocytes Eosinophils Neutrophils

Eosinophils

All IgM antibodies have what region in common? Fc Heavy chain Variable Light chain

Fc

Which antibody region is responsible for stimulating NK cells? Antigen binding site Variable Hinge Fc

Fc

Which region of an antibody helps activate complement? Precipitation Variable Fc

Fc

Identify the type of infectious agent that is a prokaryote cell. Viruses Multicellular parasites Bacteria Protozoans Fungi

Bacteria

Where are lymphocytes formed? Bone marrow Red pulp of the spleen In the blood Liver lobules

Bone marrow

Antigen-presenting cells display ______. MHC class II molecules Both MHC class I and II molecules MHC class I molecules

Both MHC class I and II molecules

A B cell is first stimulated by ______. free antigen antigen presented on an MHC class I molecule of an infected cell antigen presented on an MHC class II molecule of an APC antigen presented on an MHC class I molecule of an APC

free antigen

Molds and yeast are types of _____. viruses fungi bacteria protozoan

fungi

The 5 major categories of infectious agents include bacteria, protozoans, multicellular parasites, viruses, and ______.

fungi

The lipid toxin in poison ivy is an example of a _____.

hapten

Antibody-mediated immunity is also called ______ immunity.

humoral

Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called _______ surveillance.

immune

Certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. These areas are said to have ______ ______.

immune privilege

An antigen that induces an immune response is called an immunogen. Its ability to cause an immune response is termed ________.

immunogenicity

Antibodies are ________. immunogens lymphocytes immunoglobulins antigens

immunoglobulins

Redness, heat, and swelling are cardinal signs of ________.

inflammation

Macrophages and NK cells are part of our ______ immunity. innate adaptive

innate

Nonspecific immunity is another name for _____ immunity.

innate

The skin is an example of _________. adaptive immunity innate immunity

innate immunity

A class of cytokines released from leukocytes are called ________, also referred to as IFN.

interferons

Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are _________. B cells T cells interferons and complement antibodies

interferons and complement

Activated helper T cells release which 2 of the following to stimulate other immune cells (2)? granzymes membrane attack complexes interleukins perforins cytokines

interleukins, cytokines

Standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. However, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the _______ phase.

latent

Activated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells, become _______. CD8 cells CD4 cells memory B-lymphocytes MHC class I cells

memory B-lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen are called _____ T-lymphocytes.

naive

The second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because _______ of the presence of memory B cells there are more NK cells in circulation the helper T cells from the first infection are still active the plasma cells from the first infection are still active

of the presence of memory B cells

Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria. The binding protein, such as an antibody, is called an ______.

opsonin

Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular _______.

parasites

Immunity obtained from another individual is called ___ immunity.

passive

Activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using ________. antibodies interleukin-2 membrane attack complexes perforins and granzymes

perforins and granzymes

Antibodies are produced by activated B cells called ______ cells.

plasma

Antigen presentation is the display of an antigen on a cell's ________. nucleus plasma membrane nucleolus ribosomes

plasma membrane

T-lymphocytes that can bind with thymic epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called ________. negative selection positive selection

positive selection

A membrane attack complex is the name for a _________. plasma membrane protein channel complement protein

protein channel

Malaria is an example of a disease caused by _________. protozoans fungi bacteria viruses

protozoans

High fevers can cause: seizures edema irreversible brain damage death denaturation of proteins

seizures, irreversible brain damage, death, denaturation of proteins

T-lymphocytes learn to ignore self-antigens, a state referred to as _______. self-tolerance autoimmune

self-tolerance

HIV blood tests look for the presence of ______ _______ in the blood.

HIV antibodies

Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation. Chemotactic factor Histamine C-reactive protein Alpha-1 antitrypsin

Histamine

Identify the class of immunoglobulins that is usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections. IgD IgM IgE IgG IgA

IgE

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that has a half life in blood of 23 days. IgD IgM IgE IgG IgA

IgG

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement. IgE IgM IgG IgA IgD

IgM

Identify the true statements regarding IgG (3). It can cross the placenta. Predominant antibody in the blood Most commonly created in response to parasitic infections It can neutralize snake venom.

It can cross the placenta. Predominant antibody in the blood It can neutralize snake venom.

Where are complement proteins synthesized? Liver Spleen Pancreas Kidney

Liver

Identify the enzyme that attacks the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria. Immunoglobulin A Lysozyme Cerumen Defensins

Lysozyme

Our salivary glands produce what antimicrobial enzyme? Perforin Granzyme Pepsin Lysozyme

Lysozyme

Identify the phagocytes (2). Macrophages Neutrophils Basophils Erythrocytes

Macrophages, neutrophils

Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin (2). Macrophages Mast cells Basophils Neutrophils

Mast cells, basophils

Identify the type of cell that becomes an epidermal dendritic cell. T-lymphocyte Monocyte B-lymphocyte Neutrophil

Monocyte

Identify the immune cell that secretes cytotoxic chemicals (i.e. perforin). Basophil Neutrophil Natural killer cell Macrophage

Natural killer cell

MHC class II molecules are synthesized by the ______. plasma membrane mitochondria nucleus RER

RER

Identify the location of leukocyte formation. Trachea Yellow bone marrow Thymus gland Thyroid gland Red bone marrow

Red bone marrow

The first line of defense of innate immunity includes _________. natural killer cells phagocytes the skin white blood cells

the skin

Lymphocytes are tested to see if they are immunocompetent in the bone marrow and ______ gland.

thymus

T-lymphocytes mature in the _______.

thymus

Identify the structure that synthesizes MHC class I molecules. Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic Rough ER Mitochondria

Rough ER

Identify the skin secretion that contains lactic acid and fatty acids. Normal flora Hyaluronic acid Sebaceous gland secretions Sweat gland secretions

Sebaceous gland secretions

When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) ________, an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles.

vaccine

Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken? Spleen Tonsils Lymph node

Spleen

Positive selection tests to see if the _____ of a T-lymphocyte can recognize and bind to an MHC molecule. BAR TCR TAR BCR

TCR

Identify the lymphatic tissues. Tonsils Spleen Lymph nodes Liver

Tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes

T or F: Active and passive immunity both can be acquired naturally or artificially.

True

T or F: Nonpathogenic microorganisms reside on the skin of healthy individuals.

True: The microorganisms are called the normal flora. They help prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms.

Antibody concentration in the blood is also known as antibody _____.

titer

The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody ______.

titer

The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the _____ region.

variable

HIV becomes identified as AIDS when which of the following occurs? When the patient develops an opportunistic infection When the patient's helper T cells drop below 900 cells per cubic mL When the patient tests positive for the HIV virus

When the patient develops an opportunistic infection

Pyrexia is the presence of ________. inflammation chills pus a fever

a fever

Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in _____.

a secondary lymphatic structure

Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired ______ immunity.

active

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in _______. subacute hypersensitivities delayed hypersensitivities acute hypersensitivities

acute hypersensitivities

Acquired immunity is also called _____ immunity.

adaptive

Cell-mediated immunity is a type of _____ immunity. innate adaptive

adaptive

If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up, because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as:

agglutination

The complement system is usually activated in 1 of 2 ways. The _______ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein.

alternative The classical pathway is usually activated by antibodies.

The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or ______ response. anaphylactic immunologic anamnestic integrated

anamnestic

A Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of 4 polypeptide chains and referred to as a(n) _______ monomer.

antibody

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their ______. antigens cell membranes antibodies enzymes

antigens

When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens __________ disorders occur.

autoimmune

Because memory B cells do not last forever, you need to get a(n) ______ shot for tetanus every ten years.

booster

Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte ___.

circulation

The process of changing the antibody produced by a cell is called ______ _______.

class switching

The only tissue that is transplanted that does not involve MHC matching is the ___.

cornea

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It is also called mad _____ disease.

cow

Along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper T-lymphocyte, specific type of __ released from the helper T-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching.

cytokines

Small proteins called _______ serve as a means of communication between immune system cells.

cytokines

Hives, allergic asthma, and allergic rhinitis may occur during the ____ phase of acute hypersensitivity. activation effector sensitization

effector

During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space. This material is called _______. exudate kinins complement interleukins

exudate