Chapter 22 the respiratory system part 2
Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?
The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.
Hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits?
4
Which is the most common form of lung cancer
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Match each type of lung cancer to its description
Squamous-cell carcinoma - Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium Adenocarcinoma - Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria Small-cell carcinoma - Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly
Which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume
Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar gas exchange
Alveolar gas exchangeQ
Alveolar gas exchange takes place between the blood and the air in the alveoli
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?'
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.
most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from
Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2
Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below.
Diameter of the bronchioles Lung compliance
Long term inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to emphysema Blank 1Blank 1 emphysema , —————, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.
Emphysema
Insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called
Hypoxia
The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood, which (as this graph illustrates) facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect?
More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates.
Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?
N
What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below
Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Water vapor
Which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation?
Residual volume
Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?
Systemic gas exchange
respiratory volume to its definition.
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing ->Tidal Volume (TV) The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume -> Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. ->Residual Volume (RV) The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval. -> Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
Which best describes what happens during exhalation?
The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out
What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule
The heme group
Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?
The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.
Where does systemic gas exchange occur?
at the capillary networks of the tissues
Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following?
pH
About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?
150mL
A normal inspiratory reserve volume would be ______ mL of air.
3000
COPDs are almost always caused by ______.
Cigarette smoking
Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?
Hypoxemic
Which of these occurs during exhalation?
Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.
For a given PO2, hemoglobin unloads ( more -or- less? ) oxygen at lower pH.
More
Which best summarizes the Bohr effect?
The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.
Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing?
Tidal volume
When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.
True - Reason: When lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops. This will pull air into the lungs.
A blood pH of 7.1 would be called ______.
acidosis
The central ______ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.
chemoreceptors
According to this figure, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following?
Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.
Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following?
Bronchioles
Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?
Coughing
As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?
Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.
Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane
____________ are a group of lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation.
COPDs
Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange?
Emphysema
True or false: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.
False - Reason: The anatomical dead space is the total volume of the conducting airways, where gas exchange does not occur. This volume can change. For example, the sympathetic nervous system dilates the airways during exercise.
