Chapter 23 Respiratory System, Chapter 26 Digestive System, Chapter 24 Urinary System, Chapter 28 Reproductive System, Chapter 17: Endocrine System, Chapter 18 Cardiovascular System: Blood, Chapter 20 Cardiovascular System Blood Vessels, Chapter 19 C...

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1) The _______ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells> A) tunica media B) tunica externa C) tunica intima D) tunica interna E) none of the answers is correct

1) The ________ transfer urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder A) ureters B) urethras C) vas deferens and uterine tubes D) efferent arteries

10) Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries? A) Pulmonary circuit B) Visceral circuit C) Coronary circuit D) Systemic circuit

100) Sympathetic innervation of the heart arises from the ______ segments of the spinal cord A) T1-T5 B) T3-T8 C) T5-T10 D) T6-T11 E) T11-L2

100) Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? A) melatonin B) insulin C) melanin D) cortisol E) oxytocin

102) Sympathetic innervation of the heart a: increases the heart rate b: decreases the heart rate c: increases the force of contractions d: decreases the force of contractions e: has no effect on contraction force A) a, c B) b, d C) a, d D) b, e E) a, e

102) Which of the following is true? A) Semen is composed of seminal fluid and sperm B) Seminal fluid is composed of semen and sperm C) Sperm are composed of seminal fluid within a cell membrane D) The three ingredients of ejaculate are sperm, semen, and prostate-specific antigen

102) Which statement accurately describes alveolar exchange of oxygen? A) Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus to the blood because the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen B) Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus to the blood because the alveolus has a lower partial pressure of oxygen C) Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the alveolus because the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen D) Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the alveolus because the alveolus has a lower partial pressure of oxygen

103) Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that _______ synthesis of Na+/K+ pumps and Na+ channels in principal cells of kidney tubules A) stimulates B) inhibits

105) The radial and ulnar veins fuse to form ________ veins; all of these veins are _________ veins A) brachial; deep B) brachial; superficial C) cephalic; deep D) cephalic; superficial

107) As blood travels through a systemic capillary and exchanges gases with systemic cells, A) the partial pressure of oxygen in blood decreases as it goes from arterioles to venules B) the partial pressure of oxygen in blood increases as it goes from arterioles to venules C) the partial pressure of oxygen on blood remains the same as it goes from arterioles to venules

107) Dehydration results in A) increased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption B) increased ADH secretion and decreased water reabsorption C) decreased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption D) decreased ADH secretion and decreased water reabsorption

11) From innermost to outermost, the protective layers on the kidney are the A) fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat B) renal corpuscle, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat C) renal fascia, paranephric fat, renal corpuscle, perinephric fat D) renal fascia, perinephric fat, fibrous capsule, paranephric fat E) fibrous capsule, paranephric fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat

11) Mucin ______ the viscosity of mucus, facilitating the _______ of dust and dirt particles. A) increases; trapping B) decreases; flushing C) increases; diluting D) decreases; exocytosis

11) The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of A) platelets and leukocytes B) leukocytes C) platelets D) erythrocytes E) erythrocytes and leukocytes

110) The great cardiac vein runs along side the A) anterior interventricular artery B) posterior interventricular artery C) right marginal artery D) aorta E) coronary sinus

112) What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale? A) the blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium B) there is a valve that directs the blood that way C) the fetus is in an antigravity situation provided by the amnionic fluid D) the blood pressure in the left atrium is greater than in the right atrium E) the umbilical arteries have valves

113) Which prenatal structure forms the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk? A) Truncus arteriosus B) Sinus venosus C) Primitive atrium D) Primitive ventricle E) Conus cordis

114) Umbilical arteries carry _______ blood A) deoxygenated B) oxygenated C) lymph but not

114) Which reaction involving CO2 predominates within erythrocytes in the pulmonary capillaries of the lung? A) HCO-3 combines with H+ to form H2CO3, which dissociates into CO2 and H2O B) HCO-3 dissociates into H+, CO, and O2 C) CO2 combines with H+ to form HCO2 D) CO2 combines with water to form bicarbonate ion and carbonic acid

115) What causes closure of the foramen ovale at birth? A) Higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close B) Rapid myocardial tissue growth stimulated by pregnancy hormones C) A rise in fetal oxygen levels, which triggers growth of the epithelial lining D) An increase in endothelial mucous production, which forms a plug E) Migration of connective tissue from the right atrioventricular valve

116) The countercurrent multiplier is a system by which the A) nephron loop multiplies the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla B) nephron loop dilutes the concentration of solutes in the tubular fluid at its hairpin turn C) vasa recta secretes multiple amounts of metabolic wastes against their concentration gradient D) vasa recta becomes more concentrated with nitrogenous wastes than the urine

117) Bile salts are A) amphipathic B) completely hydrophilic

118) During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient? A) blood calcium levels will drop B) his kidneys will decrease the loss of calcium in the urine C) he will lose bone mass due to excessive bone erosion D) his blood sugar will increase

118) When blood passes through systemic capillaries, the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin changes A) from about 98% to about 75% saturated B) from about 40% to about 80% saturated C) from about 70% saturated to about 99% saturated D) from about 99% saturated to about 25% saturated

119) Which of the following does not have an endocrine function? A) urinary bladder B) adipose tissue C) liver D) small intestine

12) Several things happen to inhaled air in a process called conditioning. Select the exception. A) The air is cooled B) The air is humidified C) The air is cleansed D) The air is moistened E) The air becomes turbulent

12) The fibrous capsule of the kidney is composed of A) dense irregular connective tissue B) adipose connective tissue C) reticular connective tissue D) smooth muscle fibers

121) A person with erythrocytes that have surface antigen A, but not surface antigen B, is said to have type _______ blood.

122) In females, the genital tubercle forms the A) clitoris B) vagina C) labia majora D) labia minora E) uterus

123) Airway obstruction can lead to hypoventilation, which can cause A) hypoxia and respiratory acidosis B) hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis C) hypocapnia and hypernea D) hypoxia and respiratory alkalosis E) hypocapnia and respiratory acidosis

123) In males, the labioscrotal swellings form the A) scrotum B) scrotum and testes C) scrotum and root of the penis D) scrotum and dorsal side of the penis E) scrotum and ventral side of the penis

123) In response to excessive amounts of hormone, a target cell may reduce its number of receptors for that hormone. This is an example of A) down-regulation B) up-regulation C) increasing sensitivity to a hormone D) increasing specificity to a hormone

124) Growth hormone A) stimulates gluconeogenesis B) decreases blood glucose C) increases lipogenesis D) has few target cells in the body

124) When someone begins to hyperventilate, the increased movements of their respiratory muscles ________ venous return of blood to the heart A) increase B) decrease

125) As growth hormone levels in the blood increase, A) glycogenolysis increases B) fat produciton increase C) protein synthesis decreases D) blood glucose decreases

125) When someone exercises vigorously, their breathing is described as demonstrating A) hypernea, involving deeper but not faster breathing B) hyperventilation, involving both deeper and faster breathing C) bradypnea, involving deeper and slower breathing D) hypopnea, involving shallower but faster breathing

127) Calcitonin A) stimulates osteoblast activity B) stimulates bone resorption (breakdown) C) increases blood calcium D) is synthesized by the skin, liver, kidneys

13) The ___________ are considered the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx A) fauces B) choana C) conchae D) fossae E) glossus

132) Normal urine has a specific gravity that is ________ than the specific gravity of pure water; dehydration leads to a ___________ in the specific gravity of urine A) higher; increase B) higher; decrease C) lower; decrease D) lower; increase

133) When blood oxygen is _______, erythropoietin is released, which _______ production of erythrocytes. A) low; stimulates B) high; stimulates C) low; inhibits D) high; inhibits

14) Sinusoids are found in a: bone marrow b: spleen c: small intestine d: kidney e: liver f: muscle g: skin A) a, b, e B) b, c, e, f C) c, d D) f, g E) b, c, d, g

14) Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a _________ A) biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble B) protien hormone that is water-soluble C) steroid hormone that is water-soluble D) steroid hormone that is lipid-soluble E) monoamine that is water-soluble

140) Low blood pressure may cause the net hydrostatic pressure of a capillary to be less than normal. This will result in a(n) _______ net filtration pressure. A) decreased B) increased C) unchanged

140) The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is commonly called the _______ muscle A) detrusor B) trigone C) extrusor D) extrinsic

143) The ______ in the pulmonary circuit carry deoxygenated blood A) arteries B) veins

146) Which of the following supplies blood to the abdominal wall? A) Lumbar arteries B) Posterior intercostal arteries C) Subclavian arteries D) Median sacral artery

147) During quiet expiration, A) thoracic cavity volume decreases B) the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract C) inspiratory neurons in the VRG spontaneously depolarize D) air moves from the atmosphere to the alveoli

148) Which of the following supplies blood to the urinary bladder? A) Superior vesical artery B) Superior gluteal artery C) Middle rectal artery D) Obturator artery

148) ________ in the _________ cavity provides lubrication and reduces friction as the lungs change size during ventilation. A) Serous fluid; pleural B) Synovial fluid; peritoneal C) Mucus: pericardial D) Mucus; pleural

15) Follicle-stimulating hormone is a ______ A) glycoprotein B) steroid C) monoamine D) oligopeptide

15) The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of A) erythrocytes in the blood B) leukocytes in the blood C) platelets in the blood D) plasma in the blood E) all formed elements in the blood

151) Compared to carbon dioxide, oxygen has a relatively _______ solubility coefficient and so requires a _________ partial pressure gradient to help diffuse the gas into the blood. A) low; large B) low; small C) high; large D) high; small

153) The lungs of an individual with emphysema provide poor gas exchange due to the loss of alveolar walls. This exemplifies the need for a large _______ for efficient gas exchange. A) respiratory membrane surface area B) respiratory membrane thickness

155) During systemic gas exchange, what happens to carbon dioxide after it enters a red blood cell? A) It reacts with water to form carbonic acid B) It reacts with bicarbonate to become carbonic acid C) It reacts with carbonic acid to become bicarbonate D) It attaches to the heme portion of hemoglobin, forming carbaminohemoglobin

157) Hyperventilation causes generalized _________, which __________ blood flow to the brain and can result in feeling dizzy or faint. A) vasoconstriction; decreases B) vasoconstriction; increases C) vasodilation; decreases D) vasodilation; increases

159) Which of the following is the correct formula for calculation of net filtration pressure (NFP)? A) NFP = HPg - OPg - HPc B) NFP = HPg + OPg - HPc C) NFP = HPc - OPg - HPg D) NFP = HPc - OPg + HPg

16) Which correctly describes the heart's apex? A) Projects slightly anteroinferiorly toward the left side of the body B) Projects slightly anteroinferiorly toward the right side of the body C) Projects slightly posteroinferiorly toward the left side of the body D) Projects slightly posteroinferiorly toward the right side of the body E) Projects slightly posteroinferiorly toward the midline of the body

17) The term "epicardium" is another name for the A) visceral layer of the serosal pericardium B) parietal layer of the serosal pericardium C) external layer of the fibrous pericardium D) myocardium E) mediastinum

18) The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to A) lubricate membranes of the pericardium B) slow the heart rate C) equalize the pressure in the great vessels D) eliminate blood pressure spikes E) all of the choices are correct

19) What structures are used by oth the respiratory and digestive system? A) Oropharynx and laryngopharynx B) Laryngopharynx and larynx C) Nasal cavity and nasopharynx D) Parasinasal sinuses E) Laryngopharynx and esophagus

19) When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate A) vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs B) vasodilation so that blood is shifted toward the rest of the circulatory system C) vasoconstriction so that they function as blood reservoirs D) vasoconstriction so that blood is shifted toward the rest of the circulatory system

2) A network of small arteries called the ________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels A) vasa vasorum B) companion vessels C) distributing arteries D) fenestrated arteries E) thoroughfare channels

2) Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system? A) Alveoli B) Trachea C) Larynx D) Nasal cavity E) Bronchi

20) Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n) A) simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ B) simple pathway, as its two capillary beds are separated by a portal vein C) anastomosis, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ D) anastomosis, as its two capillary beds are separated by a portal vein

21) Interphase occurs A) prior to meiosis B) between meiosis I and meiosis II C) between anaphase I and telophase I D) between prophase I and prophase II E) between telophase II and cytokinesis

23) What structure is also known as the "voice box"? A) Larynx B) Pharynx C) Esophagus D) Bronchus E) Trachea

24) Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from ________ A) cholesterol B) glycerol C) amines D) polypeptides E) nucleic acids

26) Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to A) the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption B) the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes diffusion out of the capillaries C) the proteins in the blood, and it promotes filtration D) the pressure generated by the heart, and it favors osmosis into the arteriole end of the capillary bed E) the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes filtration from arterioles

26) The binding of a hormone and a carrier protein is _________; a very ________ fraction of such a hormone in the blood is bound to a carrier at any one point in time> A) temporary;large B) temporary;small C) permanent'large D) permanent; small

27) The proximal convoluted tubule is lined with a A) cuboidal epithelium with a large surface area B) simple columnar epithelium with a slick smooth surface C) stratified squamous epithelium with a large surface area D) stratified squamous epithelium with a tough, durable surface E) simple squamous endothelium that makes a slick surface

27) Which describes the endocardium? a: Has single layer of epithelium b: Has layer of areolar connective tissue c: Epithelial cells are squamous d: Epithelial cells are cuboidal e: Has layer of adipose connective tissue f: Has patches of myocardium A) a, b, c B) a, b, d C) a, d, e D) a, b, c, e E) a, e, f

28) Pitch refers to the ________ of sound waves; pitch is determined by the tension produced by _______ laryngeal muscles. A) frequency; intrinsic B) frequency; extrinsic C) loudness; intrinsic D) loudness; extrinsic

3) Which is not a function of the respiratory system? A) Sound reception B) Gas exchange C) Odor detection D) Air passage

30) Generally, the shorter the half-life of a hormone A) the more frequently it must be replaced B) the less frequently it must be replaced

30) Glucose is a A) polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma B) polar molecules, and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood C) nonpolar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma D) nonpolar molecule, and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood

30) What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi? A) Trachea B) Pharynx C) Esophagus D) Bronchioles E) Alveolar ducts

31) If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would A) be higher than normal B) be lower than normal

32) If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be A) above normal B) below normal

32) Lipophilic hormones bind to __________ receptors of target cells A) intracellular B) membrane-bound

32) One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to A) increase the viscosity of the blood B) decrease the blood pressure in the arteries C) decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood D) increase the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood E) increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

35) Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to A) reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid B) filter additional fluid to the interstitial fluid C) connect arterioles to venules and provide a shunt from the true capillaries D) regulate colloid osmotic pressure so that filtration levels do not decline

35) Throughout childhood, primary oocytes are arrested in A) prophase I B) anaphase I C) prophase II D) metaphase II E) metaphase I

35) Which are differences between cardiac muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue? a: The sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle is less extensive b: The sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle is more organized c: Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs; skeletal muscle does not d: Cardiac muscle has 1 or 2 nuclei per cell; skeletal muscle has multiple nuclei per cell e: Cardiac muscle has more well-defined terminal cisternae A) a, c, d B) a, c, e C) b, c, e D) a, b, e E) b, d, e

36) Foreign particles A) are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus B) are more likely to lodge in the left primary bronchus C) lodge equally often in each of the two primary bronchi

37) In the signal transduction pathway that results in the formation of inositol triphosphate, the G protein directly activates A) phospholipase C B) protein kinase A C) camodulin D) adenylate cyclase

39) Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that A) each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many B) each step involves one molecule activating or synthesizing exactly one other molecule for precise control C) enzymes are used up an degraded after each individual reaction they catalyze

39) Stimulation of granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system causes them to A) contract B) relax C) release calcitriol D) increase endocytosis

39) The metabolic pathways of cardiac muscle make it A) somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism B) extremely susceptible to heart attack, because it uses such a variety of fuel sources C) somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it has so few mitochondria D) relatively resistant to heart attack, because it uses exclusively anaerobic metabolism E) relatively resistant to heart attack, because it has a great capacity to accrue oxygen debt

4) The terms "upper respiratory system" and "lower respiratory system" are ______ categorizations of the respiratory system. A) structural B) functional C) outdated

40) If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, theu might loose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be A) regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle B) angiogenesis in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle C) regression of blood vessels in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle D) angiogenesis in adipose tissue and regression of blood vessels in skeletal muscle E) changes in teh diameter of blood vessels, but no angiogenesis nor regression

41) How many secondary oocytes ultimately develop from each primary oocyte? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

41) Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to A) up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity B) up-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity C) down-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity D) down-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity

43) As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express A) more receptors for sex hormones B) fewer receptors for sex hormones

43) Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte A) c, a, e, b, d, f B) a, b, c, e, d, f C) a, c, d, b, e, f D) c, b, a, d, e, f E) c, a, b, e, d, f

44) The alveolar cell that secretes pulmonary surfactant is the A)alveolar type II cell B) alveolar type I cell C) alveolar macrophage D) dust cell E) squamous alveolar cell

45) Glucagon and insulin work _______ on blood glucose levels A) anatagonistically B) permissively C) synergistically

46) As blood is pumped out of the heart and into the major arteries leaving the heart, it A) pushes against the semilunar valves and opens them B) pushes against the semilunar valves and closes them C) fills the cusps of the semilunar valves, causing them to expand and block the backflow of blood D) pushes against the atrioventricular valves and opens them E) fills the cusps of the atrioventricular valve causing opening of the bicuspid and closure of the tricuspid

46) Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can A) stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator B) stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasocinstrictor C) inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator D) inhibit release of nitric oxide, a vasoconstrictor

49) Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the A) hypothalamo-hypophysel tract B) primary plexus C) secondary plexus D) supraoptic portal system

5) The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. The pulmonary trunk is a(n) A) artery B) capillary C) vein

5) The temperature of blood is about ________ than measured body temperature. A) 1 degree Celcius higher B) 10 degrees Celcius higher C) 1 degree Celcius lower D) 10 degrees Celcius lower

50) An autorhythmic heart cell is one in which A) action potentials fire spontaneously B) action potentials are stimulated by internal stores of acetylcholine C) action potentials always occur at exactly the same frequency D) all filaments contract and relax with a high degree of synchrony E) action potentials are initiated by the autonomic nervous system

50) The hilum of the lung A) is an indented area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass B) is the point of exit of exhaled air C) is the point of entrance for inhaled air D) is an elevated area through which the trachea, pulmonary vessels, and nerves pass E) serves to anchor all pulmonary structures to the mediastinum

51) In the process of urine formation, first A) filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine B) tublar fluid is formed, then filtrate, then urine

52) Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones? A) anterior pituitary B) posterior pituitary

53) Bronchial arteries carry _______ blood to the tissues of the lung. A) oxygenated B) deoxygenated

53) Congenital hemolytic anemia is A) when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal B) when there is an inherited anemia associated with a defect in iron uptake C) caused by a failure of the body to absorb Vitamin B12 D) characterized by a large number of immature, nucleated cells E) characterized by significantly decreased formation of erythrocytes and hemoglobin due to defective red bone marrow

54) Vagal tone refers to the A) decreasing of the heart rate below its ingerent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation B) decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by sympathetic stimulation C) increasing of the heart rate above its inherent rhythm by sympathetic stimulation D) increasing of the heart rate above its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation

55) The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are A) oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone B) thyrotropin-releasing hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone C) prolcatin and growth hormone D) prolactin and vasopressin E) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

55) What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle? a: AV node b: AV bundle c: SA node d: Through the atria e: Through the ventricles f: Bundle branches g: Purkinje fibers A) c, d, a, b, f, g, e B) d, b, a, c, f, g, e C) b, a, d, c, f, g, e D) f, g, d, c, b, a, e E) c, d, a, f, b, g, e

56) The external os is the A) opening of the cervix into the vagina B) inferior portion of the central cavity C) bone that supports the uterus during pregnancy D) uterine tube attachment site E) primary suspensory ligament for the uterus

56) Where is the pituitary gland located? A) within the sella turcica of the shpenoid bone B) between the cerebrum and cerebellum, inferior to the occipital lobe C) on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland D) onthe tracheal surface, inferior to the larynx E) within the third ventricle of the brain

57) The accumulation of large amounts of adipose tissue in the __________ that extends from the inferolateral surface of the stomach can form what is commonly called a "beer belly" A) greater omentum B) mesentery proper C) mesocolon D) lesser omentum E) falciform ligament

58) The main function of serous fluid is to A) lubricate and reduce friction between pleural membranes around the lung B) improve adhesion of the lungs to the thoracic wall C) facilitate the diffusion of oxygen across the respiratory membrane

58) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the A) hypothalmus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary B) hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the posterior pituitary C) anterior pituitary and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland D) parathyroid hormone and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland E) thymus and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland

59) During the plateau phase of a cardiac muscle cell's action potential, the membrane stays A) depolarized as potassium exits and calcium enters B) depolarized as potassium enters and calcium exits C) repolarized as sodium enters and calcium exits D) hyperpolarized as sodium and calcium exit E) hyperpolarized as potassium enters and calcium exits

59) If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate A) the wrong blood type was used B) the recipient had type AB blood C) there were no agglutinins (antibodies) in the recipient blood D) the donor had type O blood

6) As an arterial pathway moves furher from the heart, the arteries A) get smaller B) get larger C) show no change in their lumen size

60) The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are A) found on the surface of erythrocytes B) found in the cytosol of the erythrocytes C) located on the surface of the leukocytes D) located in the cytosol of the leukocytes E) part of the reticular connective tissue of the spleen

60) The endothelium of the glomerulus is made up of ________ capillaries A) fenestrated B) continuous

63) What is the correct order for the phases of the uterine cycle, beginning with day 1? A) Menstrual - proliferative - secretory B) Proliferative - secretory - menstrual C) Secretory - proliferative - menstrual D) Menstrual - secretory - proliferative E) Proliferative - menstrual - secretory

63) Which answer places the following events in proper order for pulmonary ventilation? a: Thoracic cavity volume changes b: Brainstem nuclei stimulate skeletal muscles to contract c: Air flows down its pressure gradient d: Dimensional changes in the thorax lead to pressure changes within the lung A) b, a, d, c B) d, c, b, a C) b, d, c, a D) a, c, d, b E) c, a, d, b

64) Excitation of the vasomotor center results in A) increased sympathetic activity and predominantly more vasoconstriction than vasodilation B) increased parasympathetic activity and predominantly more vasodilation than vasoconstriction C) increased autonomic activity that increases heart rate and dilates blood vessels D) decreased autonomic activity that decreases heart rate and constricts blood vessels E) redistribution of blood flow away from the skeletal muscles and toward the skin

65) Which type of muscle cell exhibits a longer refractory period? A) cardiac muscle cell B) skeletal muscle cell

66) Growth hormone is secreted by ________ cells in the anterior pituitary. A) somaotropic B) gonadotropic C) thyrotropic D) mammotropic E) corticotropic

66) These muscles extend from a superior rib inferomedially to the adjacent inferior rib. They elevate the ribs upon contraction, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation. A) External intercostals B) Scalenes C) Transversus thoracis D) Internal intercostals E) Serratus posterior inferior

67) Blood pressure in the glomerulus is ________ than in other capillaries due to the relatively large diameter of _________ arterioles A) higher; afferent B) higher; efferent C) lower; afferent D) lower; efferent

68) Exercise causes a(n) _______ in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) ______ in GH levels. A) increase; increase B) increase; decrease C) decrese; decrease D) decrease; increase

68) The inferior esophageal sphincter is also known as the A) cardiac sphincter B) pyloric sphincter C) pharyngoesophageal sphincter D) pharyngealgastric sphincter E) esophageal hiatus

69) Air flows out of the body during expiration because A) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure B) intrapleural pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure C) atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure D) intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

7) The average adult kidney weighs about 100 grams and measures about A) 12 cm long, 6.5 cm wide, and 2,5 cm thick B) 8 cm long, 4 cm wide, and 1.5 cm thick C) 15 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 4.5 cm thick D) 8 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick E) 12 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, and 8 cm thick

70) The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the A) brainstem B) midbrain C) cerebellum D) cerebral nuclei E) occipital lobe of the brain

71) Of the five types of secretory cells in the gastric glands, which ones secrete pepsinogen? A) Chief cells B) Parietal cells C) Surface mucous cells D) Mucous neck cells E) Enteroendocrine cells

72) Someone with a heart block would have A) a long P-R interval B) a long a T-P interval C) a short P-R interval D) a short T-P interval

72) When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a A) white blood cell differential count B) red blood cell differential count C) total cell count for red and white blood cells D) blood typing

73) Someone with tachyarrhythmia would be expected to show an abnormally A) small Q-T interval B) large P-R interval C) large R-R interval D) high amplitude P wave

74) When central chemoreceptors detect a drop in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid, A) medullary respiratory centers trigger an increase in rate and depth of breathing B) medullary respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing C) pontine respiratory centers trigger a decrease in rate and depth of breathing D) the vagus and phrenic nerves stimulate decreased production of the catalyst carbonic anhydrase

75) If the filtration membrane were made more porous, how would you expect the glomerular filtration rate to change? A) Increase B) Decrease C) No change

75) The carotid bodies contain _______ chemoreceptors that respond to changes in ______ A) peripheral; blood concentrations of H+ and O2 B) central; blood concentrations of H+, but not CO2 and O2 C) peripheral; cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of H+ D) central; cerebrospinal concentrations of CO2 E) peripheral; concentrations of carbon, dust, and pollution in the lungs

76) During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscle increases. What other blood flow changes occur? A) blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases B) blood flow to skin decreases, and flow to the kidneys increases C) blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to skin and brain decreases D) blood flow to skin, heart, and kidneys decreases

76) Thyroid hormone's effects are to A) increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells B) increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade C) decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells D) decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade E) increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning off the G protein, cAMP cascade

77) Breathing muscles such as the diaphragm are controlled by neurons of the _____ nervous system. A) somatic B) autonomic C) enteric

77) The first phase in hemostasis is A) vascular spasm B) elimination of clots C) coagulation D) platelet plug formation

78) Blood moves into and then out of a heart chamber because A) it moves along its pressure gradient, and that gradient depends on contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle B) it is under constant pressure, but its movement is dictated by the control of valve openings and closures C) the veins and arteries constrict and dilate to propel and attract blood D) all of the choices are correct

79) The myogenic response that occurs within afferent arterioles of the kidney is an _________ control of GFR. A) intrinsic B) extrinsic

79) Which structure is derived from the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity? A) Tunica vaginalis B) Perineal raphe C) Spermatic cord D) Tunica albuginea E) Mediastinum testis

8) Which are found in the capillary wall? a: Endothelium b: Subendothelial layer c: Internal elastic lamina d: Intercellular clefts e: External elastic lamina f: Basement membrane A) a, d, f B) a, b, d, f C) a, b, d, e, f D) a, c, d, e, f E) b, d, e, f

80) Suppose that following an automobile accident, a broken rib penetrates into the pleural cavity, causing air to accumulate in the space between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition is known as a A) pneumothorax B) tension hemothorax C) hemothorax D) cystic fibrosis

81) Just prior to atrial contraction, A) all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are open B) all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are closed C) all four chambers are contracting and all valves are open D) both ventricles are contracting and blood is being ejected into the major arteries E) both atria are contracting and blood is being ejected into the major arteries

81) The artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery is the A) brachiocephalic artery B) right common iliac artery C) right brachial artery D) right coronary artery E) superior vena cava

82) During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to A) collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor B) collagen with the assistance of prothrombin C) prostacyclin with the assistance of activated factor V D) prostacyclin with the assistance of thromboxane A2 E) proconvertin with the assistance of factor IX

82) The disease called _______ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face." A) Cushing syndrome B) Addison disease C) androgenital syndrome D) pheochromocytoma E) Graves' disease

83) Protein digestion begins in the A) stomach B) mouth C) esophagus D) small intestine E) large intestine

84) As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol A) degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2 B) degranulates as they release chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin C) becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2 D) becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin

85) Pulmonary fibrosis A) decrease elasticity, thereby increasing resistance and decreasing airflow B) increases elasticity, thereby increasing resistance and decreasing airflow C) decreases elasticity, thereby decreasing both resistance and airflow D) increases elasticity, thereby decreasing resistance and increasing airflow

85) The artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the ______ artery A) basilar B) external carotid C) maxillary D) superficial temporal E) internal carotid

86) Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)? A) the intrinsic pathway B) the extrinsic pathway

87) Cortisol binds to ______ receptors and has the effects of _______ blood glucose levels A) intracellular; raising B) intracellular; lowering C) membrane-bound; raising D) membrane-bound; lowering

87) Two individuals of the same size (same dead space) have a pulmonary ventilation rate of 6 L/min, but one is breathing 10 breaths/min and the other is breathing 15 breaths/min. How do their alveolar ventilation rates compare? A) The slower breather has a greater alveolar ventilation rate B) The faster breather has a greater alveolar ventilation rate C) Their alveolar ventilation rates are equivalent

87) Which region of the digestive tract moves material by peristalsis, haustral churning, and mass movement? A) Large intestine B) Small intestine C) Stomach D) Esophagus E) Pharynx

88) The internal thoracic artery will become the _______, which carries blood to the superior abdominal wall A) superior epigastric artery B) inferior epigastric artery C) anterior intercostal arteries D) musculophrenic artery E) none of the answers is correct

89) A buildup of fluid in the lungs caused by pneumonia leads to an increase in the A) physiologic dead space B) anatomic dead space C) residual volume

89) The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway A) common B) extrinsic C) intrinsic

9) Exposure to irritants causes mucus production to A) increase B) decrease

90) Large doses of certain stimulants can lead to dangerous increases in heart rates. Such a stimulant is a A) positive chronotropic agent B) negative chronotropic agent C) positive inotropic agent D) negative inotropic agent

91) The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration is the A) inspiratory reserve volume B) inspiratory capacity C) residual volume D) functional residual capacity

91) Where are spermatozoa stored until they are fully mature? A) Epididymis B) Rete testis C) Ductus deferens D) Seminiferous tubules E) Efferent ductules

92) To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers A) vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate B) vasoconstriction and a decrease in heart rate C) vasodilation and an increase in heart rate D) vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate

93) The rete testis A) receives sperm from the seminiferous tubules B) is the nerve plexus that supplies the testis C) is a venous network that cools the arterial blood traveling to the testis D) transports seminal fluid to the efferent ductules E) is the site of spermiogenesis

94) Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas? A) insulin B) glucagon C) somatostatin D) pancreatic polypeptide E) pancreatic lipase

95) Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) is the greatest amount of air that can be A) inspired and then expelled in 1 minute B) expired in 1 second C) held within the lungs for over 30 seconds D) inspired in one breath (regardless of dead space)

95) The ejaculatory duct is formed by the A) ampulla and the proximal portion of the seminal vesicle B) ductus deferens and the ducts of the prostate gland C) ampulla and the distal portions of the bulbourethral glands D) ductus deferens and the ducts of the prostate gland and bulbourethral glands E) ampulla and the prostatic urethra

96) Compared to its partial pressure at sea level, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude with an atmospheric pressure of only 380 mm Hg (recall that sea level atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg)? A) Po2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level B) Po2 would be twice as much as it would be at sea level C) Po2 would be one-fourth as much as it would be at sea level D) Po2 would be three-quarters as much as it would be at sea level

97) Stenosis (constriction) of the hepatopancreatic ampulla would interfere with A) the transport of bile and pancreatic juice B) the secretion of mucus C) the passage of chyme into the small intestine D) peristalsis E) salivary gland secretion

98) In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be A) decreased in number and less efficient B) decreased in number but more efficient C) increased in number but more efficient D) increased in number and more efficient

98) Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose A) increase; increase B) increase; decrease C) decrease; decrease D) decrease; increase

98) Which gland secretes a fluid containing fructose? A) Seminal vesicle B) Bulbourethral gland C) Vestibular gland D) Prostate gland E) Urethral gland

99) Vagus nerve activity ________ release of pancreatic juice A) stimulates B) inhibits

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to _______ A) increase B) decrease C) remain unchanged

139) The gastrointestinal tract lining changes along its length. Choose one section of the tract that has a simple epithelium and one section that has a stratified epithelium, and for each section describe the specific epithelium present and how that type of epithelium suits the organ's function.

A variety of answers are possible, but an obvious example follows. The oral cavity and pharynx have stratified squamous epithelium to contend with the friction of the food that is ingested. The small intestine has a simple columnar epithelium with many secretory cells; this epithelium is thin and has many microvilli (large surface area) to allow for efficient absorption and secretion.

139) Select all that occur during the plateau phase of an action potential on a cardiac muscle cell. A) Calcium is entering the cell B) Potassium is exiting the cell C) Sodium is entering the cell D) Calcium is exiting the cell

A, B

141) Select all that describe the movements of the small intestine A) Segmentation B) Peristalsis C) Haustral churning D) Mass movements

A, B

147) Select all that apply. The hepatic portal vein contains blood from the A) splenic vein B) superior mesenteric vein C) inferior mesenteric vein D) hepatic veins

A, B, C

144) Select all that contributes to the cerebral arterial circle A) Internal carotid arteries B) External carotid arteries C) Anterior cerebral arteries D) Posterior communicating arteries

A, C, D

94) The resistance in arteries to the ejection of blood by the heart is known as ___________.

Afterload

124) The binding of antibodies in the blood plasma to their corresponding surface antigens on the erythrocyte plasma membrane is called ________.

Agglutination

123) Surface antigen found on erythrocytes are also called ________ based on the response initiated when they interact with antibodies.

Agglutinogens

150) The amount of air that moves into and out of the respiratory tract with each breath is called ________.

Airflow

81) ________ is the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.

Airflow

132) The connections shared by arteries that allow them to shunt blood from one artery to another are called ________.

Anastomoses

39) The formation of new blood vessels is a process known as _________.

Angiogenesis

120) Imagine that someone is climbing a mountain on a very hot day. As their muscles work, acidic by-products are generated. Describe the relevant responses of the respiratory system and also describe how the affinity for hemoglobin will change under these conditions.

Answers should mention the stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors by hypoxia as well as exercise-induced changes in respiration (some apparently feed-forward). Minute ventilation rate should increase. Heat, low oxygen, and low pH will all lower Hb affinity for oxygen (favoring unloading at active body tissues).

104) This artery is sometimes referred to as the "widowmaker" because blockage of it often leads to fatal heart attack. It serves the anterior heart and is more formally called the (2 or 3 words) ________ artery.

Anterior interventricular

143) Normally, the uterus is angled anterosuperiorly within the body, a position referred to as _______.

Anteverted

13) The inferior, conical end of the heart is called the _______.

Apex

127) The anterior part of each atrium is a flaplike extension called a(n) ________.

Auricle

22) When eicosanoids bring about cellular changes within the cell from which they were formed, the process is called _________ stimulation.

Autocrine

129) The property that allows the heart to initiate each heartbeat itself is called ________.

Autorhythmicity

1) Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has A) more localized and long-lasting effects B) more widespread and long-lasting effects C) more localized and short-term effects D) more widespread and short-term effects

10) Blood is correctly classified as a(n) A) organ B) tissue C) organ system D) intracellular fluid

100) Proteins that are recaptured from tubular fluid are transported into the luminal membrane by way of A) diffusion B) pinocytosis C) secondary active transport with a symporter D) primary active transport with a protein pump E) facilitated diffusion with a carrier

100) The presence of fatty chyme in the small intestine stimulates it to release __________, which causes the ________ A) gastrin; liver to secrete an alkaline solution B) CCK; gallbladder to release bile C) CCK; stomach to increase gastric secretion D) secretin; stomach to increase motility E) secretin; pancreas to release acidic pancreatic juice

101) Which is an accurate description of glucose and sucrose? A) Glucose is a monosaccharide, sucrose is a polysaccharide, both molecules are starches B) Glucose is a monosaccharide, sucrose is a disaccharide, both molecules are carbohydrates C) Glucose is a disaccharide, sucrose is a monosaccharide, both molecules are lipids D) Glucose is a disaccharide, sucrose is a glycolipid, both molecules are essential nutrients E) Glucose is a monoamine, sucrose is a dipeptide, both molecules are acidic

102) Generally, a very ______ percent of Na+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed, and the reabsorption takes place _______ A) high; only in the nephron loop B) high; along the entire tubule C) small; only in the nephron loop D) small; along the entire tubule

103) The anatomic features of the respiratory membrane that make alveolar has exchange so efficient are A) the high degree of moisture and the large ratio of volume to surface area B) its large surface area and minimal thickness C) its thinness, high water content, and scarcity of capillaries D) its hearty thickness and the presence of oxygen transport pumps

103) The arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the _______ and _______ arteries A) axillary; subclavian B) radial; ulnar C) radial; brachial D) ulnar; brachial E) axillary; brachial

104) An increase in the partial pressure of COs causes bronchioles to A) constrict B) dilate

104) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) A) stimulates reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate B) stimulates reabsorption of calcium but inhibits phosphate reabsorption C) inhibits reabsorption of calcium but stimulates phosphate reabsorption D) inhibits reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate

105) An increase in the partial pressure of oxygen causes pulmonary arterioles to _______ thereby altering _________ to make gas exchange more efficient A) constrict; perfusion B) dilate; perfusion C) constrict; ventilation D) dilate; ventilation

105) Lactose intolerant individuals cannot digest the _______ lactose because they lack the enzyme ______ A) polysaccharide; maltose B) disaccharide; lactase C) monosaccharide; dextrolactase D) lipid; pancreatic lipase E) fatty acid; sucrolactase

105) The left and right coronary arteries A) are interconnected with several high-volume anastomoses allowing for well-perfused alternate blood paths B) are functional end arteries because the blockage of one of them leads to tissue death in the area it supplies

105) The primary mechanism of water reabsorption in the kidney is A) primary active transport by means of a protein pump B) osmosis through aquaporins C) secondary active transport by means of a sodium-water symporter D) bulk transport by means of endocytosis

106) The popliteal artery supplies the A) hip joint B) knee joint C) elbow joint D) palmar region

107) During orgasm, the ductus deferens undergoes A) peristalsis, and the internal urethral sphincter of the bladder relaxes B) peristalsis, and the internal urethral sphincter of the bladder contracts C) segmentation, and the external urethral sphincter contracts D) segmentation, and the external urethral sphincter becomes engorged with blood

107) Which path of arteries would a blood cell follow on its way from the thigh to the foot? A) Deep femoral a., medial planar a., posterior tibial a., plantar arterial arch B) Femoral a., popliteal a., anterior tibial a., dorsalis pedis a. C) Internal iliac a., deep femoral a., popliteal a., posterior fibular a. D) Lateral sacral a., femoral a., hamstring a., tibial a., dorsalis pedis a. E) Femoral a., saphenous a., azygos a., anterior tibial a.

108) Coronary vessels are open when the heart is A) contracting B) relaxed

109) The enzyme pepsin becomes active when pH is A) high B) low

11) Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by ________ A) hormonal stimulation B) humoral stimulation C) neural stimulation D) positive feedback stimulation

110) Hemoglobin is crucial for oxygen transport in the blood because oxygen has a _______ solubility coefficient in water. A) high B) low

110) Pepsinogen is an A) active enzyme that is released in the small intestine and digests carbohydrates B) inactive precursor to the enzyme pepsin that digests proteins in the stomach C) active enzyme that digests proteins within the small intestine D) inactive precursor to a nonspecific enzyme that is synthesized in the pancreas and released in the small intestine

110) The expression of the ______ gene results in the production of proteins that stimulates synthesis of androgens that initiate development of a male phenotype A) MDF B) SRY C) GRH D) YXP

111) Proteolytic enzymes secreted from the pancreas are activated A) once they reach the pancreatic duct B) within the lumen of the small intestine C) in secretory vesicles within pancreatic secretory cells D) once they reach the large intestine

112) About 23% of the carbon dioxide in the blood is attached to the ________ portion of hemoglobin A) heme B) globin C) carboxyl D) anhydrase

112) Which processes does urea undergo within the kidney? A) It is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted B) It is filtered and can be reabsorbed and secreted C) It is filtered and can also be secreted but not reabsorbed D) It is not filtered not reabsorbed but can be secreted E) It is not filtered but can be secreted but reabsorbed

112) Which veins drains the posterior aspect of the ventricles of the heart? A) great cardiac vein B) middle cardiac vein C) small cardiac vein D) circumflex vein

113) The changes that occur in a woman's body at menopause are due to A) atrophy of the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus B) reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone C) increased production of androgens by the adrenal gland D) depletion of oocyte supply E) fluid retention that disrupts the osmotic balance of the body

113) Which accurately describes the handling of urea by the kidney? A) All of the urea that reaches the kidney is excreted in the urine B) About half of the urea that is filtered is excreted in the urine C) None of the urea that reaches the kidney is excreted in the urine

114) The foramen ovale of the fetal heart is an opening in the A) interventricular septum B) interatrial septum C) fossa ovalis D) aorticopulmonary septum E) tetralogy of Fallot

115) About 70% of the CO2 that diffuses into systemic capillaries A) directly dissolves in the plasma B) combines with water to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions C) binds to hemoglobin D) forms carbonic anhydrase, which combines carbonic acid and water to solubilize with CO2

115) During menopause, the vaginal wall A) becomes thicker B) becomes thinner

115) Pregnancy tests often involve checking the urine for the presence of A) bilirubin from the fetus B) human chorionic gonadotropin C) sulfonamides D) epinephrine and prostaglandin

115) The tetralogy of Fallot is A) a condition in which the left and right sides of the heart are completely reversed B) a development disorder that is a cardiac septal defect C) an exceptionally fast heart rate D) an inadequate cardiac output due to poorly contracting heart chambers E) occlusion of the left coronary artery

117) During development, the ______ ductus form the female duct system A) mesonephric B) paramesonephric C) metanephric D) parametanephric E) Wolffian

117) If someone at sea level is given pure oxygen to breathe, it would cause the oxygen saturation of their hemoglobin A) to increase by more than double B) to increase by only a tiny amount C) to decrease due to uncooperative binding

117) The word "countercurrent" within "countercurrent multiplier" refers to the opposite direction of flow of A) sodium and potassium across the wall of the nephron B) tubular fluid within the ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop C) salts and water across the wall of the renal tubule D) tubular fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule

119) As blood flows through the vasa recta alongside the ascending limb of the nephron loop, the blood is flowing A) toward the cortex B) deep into the medulla

12) Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium, and so its secretion regulation is said to be ________ A) purely neural B) both hormonal and humoral C) both antagonistic and synergistic D) both neural and synergistic E) purely hormonal

124) To calculate GFR, the concentration of a marker molecule is measured in both the blood and the urine, and the total volume of urine produced is also measured. Which of the following sets of results indicates the highest GFR? A) High concentration of the marker in the blood, high volume of urine, low concentration of the marker in the urine B) High concentration of the marker in the urine, high volume of urine, low concentration of the marker in the blood C) High concentration of the marker in the urine, low volume of urine, high concentration of the marker in the blood D) High concentration of the marker on the blood, low volume of urine, high concentration of the marker in the blood

126) Substances that are both filtered and reabsorbed have a renal plasma clearance that is ______ the GFR A) higher than B) lower than C) the same as

13) A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes is A) polyploid B) diploid C) haploid D) monoid

139) Which is not correct regarding the urinary bladder? A) There are two ureteral openings B) The inferior portion of the bladder is called the apex C) The mucosa has rugae for distension D) The peritoneum covers only the superior surface of the bladder

14) An adult human kidney typically contains ________ renal pyramid(s). A) 2 to 5 B) 8 to 15 C) 16 to 24 D) 1 E) 30 to 40

15) A child has the same number of chromosomes as each of his parents. This is because the gametes that combined when that child was conceived each contained ________ chromosomes. A) 12 B) 23 C) 46 D) 92 E) 2

16) Protein hormones are______ A) lipid-soluble B)water-soluble C) soluble in both water and lipids D) soluble in neither water nor lipids

16) What type of epithelium lines the majority of the oral cavity? A) Keratinized stratified squamous B) Nonkeratinized stratified squamous C) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar D) Keratinized stratified cuboidal E) Nonkeratinized stratified cuboidal

17) If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely A) increase B) decrease C) not change

17) The first structure in the kidney to collect newly formed urine is the A) renal capsule B) minor calyx C) renal pelvis D) renal sinus E) renal cortex

2) The units for perfusion of blood are typically A) grams per minute B) milliliters per minute per gram C) milliliers per hour per kilogram D) liters per gram E) beats per minute per gram

2) What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine? A) Bladder, urethra, kidney, ureter B) Kidney, ureter, bladder, ureter C) Kidney, urethra, bladder, ureter D) Kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra E) Urethra, bladder, kidney, ureter

20) A replicated chromosome consists of two identical structures known as A) centromeres B) sister chromatids C) telomeres D) haploids E) tetrads

20) A sphincter is a A) thickening of the longitudinal layer of the muscularis that propels materials through the GI tract B) thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis that controls movement of materials through the GI tract C) fold of the mucosa of the GI tract that increases the total surface area for absorption of nutrients D) circle of adventitia that anchors the GI tract to neighboring structures

20) Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ___________. A) largest; no nucleus B) largest; prominent nuclei C) smallest; no nucleus D) smallest; prominent nuclei

20) Which layer is made of dense irregular connective tissue? A) myocardium B) fibrous pericardium C) epicardium D) serous pericardium E) endocardium

21) Into what region of the pharynx do auditory tubes open? A) Oropharynx B) Nasopharynx C) Laryngopharynx

21) Pain from the kidneys is usually referred by way of the A) autonomic pathways to the inferior pelvic organs B) sympathetic pathways to the T11 - L2 dermatomes C) somatic pathways to the left shoulder D) parasympathetic pathways to the T1 - T2 dermatomes

21) When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating _________ signaling. A) autocrine B) paracrine C) allomone D) pheromone

22) Food is normally prevented from entering the nasopharynx by the A) elevation of the epiglottis B) elevation of the soft palate C) depression of the hard palate D) closure of the nasal conchae E) constriction of the esophagus

22) When homologous replicated chromosomes pair up during meiosis, they form a A) sister chromatid B) tetrad C) single-stranded chromosome D) centromere

24) One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will A) increase B) decrease

24) Which statement accurately compares filtration adn reabsorption? A) filtration is driven by concentration gradients, whereas reabsorption depends on hydrostatic pressure B) filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood C) filtration happens at the venule end of a capillary bed and reabsorption happens in the feeder arterioles D) the direction of filtration can be either into or out of the blood, but reabsorption always involves fluids entering the blood

25) From which view is the connection between the pulmonary veins and the heart most visible? A) anterior view B) posterior view

26) A reduction division is one in which A) the chemical reactions of oxidation and reduction take place B) the daughter cell receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had C) one daughter cell is substantially reduced in size compared to the parent cell D) the size of chromosomes is reduced from double-stranded to single-stranded

26) The globulins make up about _________ percent of all plasma proteins. A) 58 B) 37 C) 4 D) 1 E) 85

26) The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the A) pericardium B) myocardium C) endocardium D) pericardial cavity E) pectinate muscle

27) Secretin is a hormone that is secreted by the A) stomach B) small intestine C) large intestine D) liver E) pancreas

27) Which statement is accurate? A) filtration dominates at the arerial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure B) filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure C) filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure D) filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure

28) Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are _______. A) antibodies; lipids B) iron ions; antibodies C) lipids; heavy metals D) oxygen; clotting proteins E) clotting factors; hormones

29) Which of the following is considered to be one of the primary digestive system hormones? A) Bile B) Gastrin C) Hydrochloric acid D) Pancreatic amylase

3) In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the A) tunica externa B) tunica media C) tunica intima D) tunica adventitia E) none of the answers are correct because all the layers are of the same direction

30) Which class of nephron is crucially important in establishing a salt concentration gradient in the kidney so that urine concentration can be regulated? A) Intercalated nephrons B) Juxtamedullary nephrons C) Adrenal nephrons D) Cortical nephrons

31) The half-life of a hormone is A) one-half of the time it takes to synthesize the chemical messenger molecule B) the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted. C) half the time until the hormone molecule dissolves D) half of the duration of the hormone's effects on its target cells throughout the body

32) The lingual salivary glands are A) unicellular endocrine glands B) unicellular exocrine glands C) multicellular endocrine glands D) multicellular exocrine glands

33) How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other? A) One collecting duct drains into one nephron, and one nephron drains into one collecting tubule B) One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct C) One nephron drains into one collecting duct, and several collecting ducts empty into a collecting tubule D) One collecting tubule drains into one nephron, and several nephrons drain into one collecting duct E) One nephron drains into several collecting tubules, and all tubules eventually lead to one collecting duct

33) The buccal, lingual, and labial salivary glands are ________ salivary glands A) extrinsic B) intrinsic

33) The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes A) are actually dead B) lack a nucleus and organelles C) have lots of inclusion molecules D) are not red E) can form a rouleau when moving through a capillary

34) Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries, A) more fluid is absorbed and reabsorbed than is filtered B) more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed C) the fluid reabsorbed into the capillary exactly matches the amount filtered by the capillary

34) How long is the average trachea? A) 12-14 inches B) 12-14 cm C) 12-14 mm

35) Most saliva is produced by the ________ gland A) parotid B) submandibular C) sublingual D) lingual E) buccal

37) Which statement is true regarding secondary bronchi? A) The right lung has two secondary bronchi and the left lung has three secondary bronchi B) The left lung has two secondary bronchi and the right lung has three secondary bronchi C) Each lung has two secondary bronchi D) Each lung has three secondary bronchi E) Each lung has four secondary bronchi

38) The main parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the A) pricipal cells and macula densa B) granular cells and macula densa C) grnaular cells and intercalated cells D) intercalated cells and principal cells E) principal cells and granular cells

39) In a female infant, the ovaries contain A) primordial oocytes within primordial follicles B) primary oocytes within primordial follicles C) primordial oocytes within secondary follicles D) primary oocytes within corpora lutea E) primordial oocytes within corpora albicans

4) Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color. A) bright red B) dark red C) light blue D) dark blue

4) The male homologue to the labia majora is the A) testis B) scrotum C) penis D) bulbourethral gland E) prostate gland

40) Metabolically, cardiac muscle relies on A) aerobic metabolism using glycolysis of glycogen to meet most ATP demands B) aerobic metabolism using many mitochondira and a rich supply of myoglobin C) anaerobic metabolism using glycolytic enzymes to quickly generate ATP D) anaerobic metabolism using myoglobin, creatin kinase, and ketone bodies

40) The mastication center is located in the __________ of the brain A) hippocampus and amygldala B) medulla and pons C) hypothalamus D) entorhinal cortex and basal nuclei E) solitary nucleus

42) Alveoli abut each other, causing them to appear ______ in cross section. A) enlarged B) polygonal C) stratified D) circular E) columnar

42) The heart valves A) stabilize and hold the arteries leaving the heart B) permit the passage of blood in one direction C) separate the right and left sides of the heart D) are only used in the fetal heart E) direct the conduction impulse through the heart muscle

42) The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called A) leukopenia B) hemopoiesis C) leukocytosis D) arythroblastosis E) agglutination

43) At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor A) constricts local arterioles, thereby increasing pressure and increasing local blood flow B) stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow C) dilates local arterioles, thereby increasing pressure and increasing local blood flow D) inhibits precapillary sphincters to relax and decreases local blood flow E) constricts precapillary sphincters and thereby increases local blood flow

43) Ovulation is induced by a peak in the secretion of A) inhibin B) LH C) ovulin D) estrogen E) progesterone

43) The most common cell making up the alveolar wall is the A) alveolar type II cell B) alveolar type I cell C) alveolar macrophage D) dust cell E) septal cell

44) Inhibin is secreted b A) uterine lining cells, and it inhibits development of ovarian follicles B) follicular cells, and it inhibits FSH production C) the anterior pituitary, and it inhibits GnRH production D) the posterior pituitary, and it inhibits ovulation E) hypothalamic cells, and it inhibits LH production

45) The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from most other capillary networks in the body because they A) carry only deoxygenated blood B) drain into an arteriole instead of a venule C) contain no endothelium D) absorb nutrients from the glomerular capsule E) secrete mucus

45) Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax? A) left atrioventricular valve B) aortic semilunar valve C) right atrioventricular valve D) pulmonary semilunar valve E) none of the choices are correct

46) In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _______ line. A) lymphoid B) myeloid C) monocyte D) killer cell

47) The deciduous teeth are the _________ teeth, and there are a total of _________ deciduous teeth A) milk; 8 B) milk; 20 C) wisdom; 4 D) permanent; 20 E) permanent; 28

47) Typically, there are ________ papillary muscles that project from the wall of the left ventricle and attach to the tendinous cords that support the left AV valve A) three B) two C) a highly variable number of D) six E) no

48) Immediately before blood enters arterioles of the kidney, it travels through small arteries that project peripherally into the renal cortex. These arteries are the A) arcuate arteries B) interlobular arteries C) segmental arteries D) lobar arteries E) peritubular arteries

48) The term "canines" describes the teeth that A) are most anterior, used for slicing and cutting B) are lateral to the incisors, used for puncturing and tearing C) bear dental cusps for sutting and grinding D) are only found as permanent teeth

48) Which statement accurately describes total blood flow? A) total blood flow equals cardiac output and is a fixed number given that there is a finite amount of blood in the body B) total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels C) total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in liters D) total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in beats per minute E) changes in total blood flow are accompanied by equivalent changes in local blood flow in all areas of the body

49) Each lung consists of a number of segments called A) alveolar segments B) bronchopulmonary segments C) mesothelial segments D) pleural segments E) systemic segments

5) Which region(s) of the pharynx is lined by pseudostratified ciliated colmnar epithelium? A) Oropharynx B) Nasopharynx C) Laryngopharnx D) Oropharynx and nasopharynx E) Oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx

50) Blood pressure is lowest in A) arteries B) veins C) arterioles D) venules E) capillaries

50) Fluid contained within the lumen of a nephron loop is called A) plasma B) tubular fluid C) filtrate D) urine

50) How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin? A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 16

50) The pituitary gland is located _____ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the _______ A) superior;thalamus B) inferior; infundibulum C) inferior; epithalamus D) posterior; infundibulum

50) Which is the layer of the serous membrane that directly covers the surface of internal organs? A) Omental layer B) Visceral peritoneum C) Parietal peritoneum D) Rectal peritoneum E) Muscularis mucosa

51) Systolic blood pressure is recorded A) in arteries and is the minimum pressure that is recorded during ventricular relaxation B) in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction C) in veins and is the maximal pressure recorded during atrial contraction D) in veins and is the minimum pressure recorded during atrial relaxation E) in both arteries and veins and is the maximum pressure recorded during diastole of the heart

51) The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the ______ units. A) heme B) globin C) iron D) calcium

51) Which list of terms progresses from the most superficial structure to the deepest? A) Peritoneal cavity, visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum B) Parietal peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, visceral peritoneum C) Visceral peritoneum, paeritoneal cavity, parietal peritoneum D) Visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum, peritoneal cavity

51) Which of the two lungs is larger and wider? A) the left lung B) the right lung

52) Although the lining of the uterine tubes contains cilia and the lining of the uterus does not, the epithelium within both organs is categorized as A) pseudostratified columnar epithelium B) simple columnar epithelium C) nonkeratinized squamous epithelium D) stratified cuboidal epithelium E) simple cuboidal epithelium

52) Once an SA nodal cell reaches threshold, the depolarization phase occurs during which A) potassium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels B) calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels C) potassium moves out through fast voltage-gated channels D) sodium moves out through slow voltage-gated channels E) calcium moves out through slow voltage-gated channels

52) The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel A) is called the pulse B) is called the blood pressure C) increases the further the vessel is from the heart D) is greater during diastole E) is greater in the inferior vena cava than in the common iliac vein

53) The term "retroperitoneal" may be used to describe the location of certain abdominal organs. This means that such organs are located A) between the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum B) posterior to the parietal peritoneum C) in the peritoneal cavity D) between folds of the parietal peritoneum E) deep to the visceral peritoneum

53) Which is not a uterine function? A) Protection and support of developing embryo B) Usual site of fertilization C) Site of implantation D) Muscle contraction for labor and delivery E) Passageway for sperm

54) If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/56 mm Hg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be A) 70 mm Hg B) 80 mm Hg C) 90 mm Hg D) 100 mm Hg E) 110 mm Hg

54) The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary A) are synthesized there and are released upon signals from the anterior pituitary B) are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive C) are synthesized in the anterior pituitary and are transported to and from the posterior pituitary by the primary and secondary plexus D) are synthesized in the posterior pituitary and released by the anterior pituitary by way of the hypophyseal portal system

54) Urine passes from the renal papilla into a A) major calyx, then to a minor calyx, then to a ureter B) minor calyx, then to a major calyx, then to the renal pelvis C) ureter, then to a major calyx, then to a major calyx D) renal plevis, then to a major calyx, then to a ureter E) collecting duct, then to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx

55) Activation of sympathetic nerves that innervate lung tissue results in A) bronchoconstriction B) bronchodilation

55) Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin b: Bilibrubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed d: The iron ions are stored in the liver e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract A) a, b, c, e, f B) a, c, d, f C) a, b, c, g D) c, d, g E) c, e, g

55) Which peritoneal fold attaches the liver to the anterior internal body wall? A) Coronary ligament B) Falciform ligament C) Mesentery proper D) Intraperitoneal ligament E) Hepatic ligament

56) On each side of the chest, the ________ pleura lines the internal thoracic wall, and the _________ pleura tightly covers the lung. A) thoracic; pulmonary B) parietal; visceral C) visceral; parietal D) fibrous; serous E) respiratory; pleural

56) Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes A) a, b, c B) a, b, e C) b, c, e D) b, c, d E) c

57) How are the processes of reabsorption and secretion related? A) They both involve movement of material from the blood into the tubular fluid B) Materials move in opposite directions: reabsorption moves materials into the blood, whereas secretion removes them from the blood C) Materials move in opposite directions: secretion moves materials into the blood, whereas reabsorption removes them from the blood D) They both involve movement of material from the tubular fluid into the blood

57) In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? a: Primary plexus b: Secondary plexus c: Hypophyseal portal veins A) a-b-c B) a-c-b C) c-a-b D) b-a-c E) c-b-a

57) The membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains A) fast voltage-gated sodium channels and fast voltage-gated calcium channels B) fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels C) slow voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels D) slow voltage-gated sodium channels and fast voltage-gated calcium channels

58) The membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle contains A) no calcium pumps B) calcium pumps that move calcium out of the cell C) calcium pumps that move calcium into the cell D) calcium pumps that open and allow calcium to diffuse down its concentration gradient to reach equilibrium

58) What fibromuscular structure is about 10 centimeters long and serves as the birth canal? A) Fallopian tube B) Vagina C) Uterus D) Isthmus

59) Blood flow is A) directly related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance B) directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance C) inversely related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance D) inversely related to the pressure gradient but directly related to the resistance

6) In response to low blood _________, the kidneys secrete __________ A) calcium; renin B) oxygen; erythropoietin C) sodium; calcitrol D) potassium; erythropoietin E) glucose; calcitrol

6) The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and ________ proportional to the amount of fluid. A) directly; directly B) directly; indirectly C) indirectly; indirectly D) indirectly; directly

60) As with action potentials in other types of cells, the repolarization of cardiac muscle cells involves with A) entrance of calcium through voltage-gated channels B) exit of potassium through voltage-gated channels C) entrance of sodium through voltage-gated channels D) binding of ACh to ACh receptor E) simultaneous closure of sodium channels and opening of calcium channels

60) Menarche is A) the first four days of menstruation B) a female's first menstrual cycle C) the stage immediately preceding menopause D) marked by a dramatic decline in androgen secretion E) the final phase of the uterine cycle

60) The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is A) cortisol B) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) C) vasopressin D) adrenal follicle-stimulating hormone E) cortical stimulating factor (CSF)

60) The lungs remain inflated because A) intrapulmonary pressure is less than intrapleural pressure B) intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure C) intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to intrapulmonary pressure D) intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to atmospheric pressure

61) Atherosclerosis involves a A) sustained increase in blood flow that leads to decreases in venous resistance to keep blood pressure constant B) sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow C) sustained decrease in resistance that leads to decreases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow D) sustained decrease in blood flow that leads to increases in arterial diameter to lower resistance and raise pressure E) sustained increase in blood pressure that leads to compensatory vasodilation

62) Increased cardiac output _______ the blood pressure A) decrease B) increases C) will not affect

62) Podocytes are cells with foot-like processes called pedicels. Podocytes are found in the A) basement membrane of the glomerulus B) visceral layer of the glomerular capsule C) periphery of the distal convoluted tubule D) endothelium of the glomerulus

62) The main function of leukocytes is to A) trigger allergies B) defend against pathogens C) carry oxygen through the blood D) carry carbon dioxide through the blood E) form clots

62) The secretory phase of the uterine cycle coincides with A) ovulation B) the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle C) menstruation D) the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle E) proliferation

62) To initiate a cardiac muscle cell contraction, calcium A) binds to calmodulin B) binds to troponin C) binds to actin D) binds to the Z-disc E) binds to tropomyosin

63) The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the A) cardioacceleratory center, from which parasympathetic pathways extend B) cardioacceleratory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend C) vasomotor center, from which parasympathetic pathways extend D) cardioinhibitory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend E) all of the choices are correct

63) Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone? A) Thyroid follicle B) Ovaries and testes C) Mammary glands D) Uterus E) Hair follicles

63) Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contrian granules A) a, b, c, d B) b, c, e C) b, c, d, e D) a, b, c, d, e E) a, b, e

64) The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to A) regulate salt and water balance by acting on the renal system B) Stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands C) stimulate adrenaline release from the adrenal medulla D) stimualte cell growth and cell division in muscle and bone E) stimualte the development of the folds on the surface of the brain

65) Although the length of the menstrual cycle varies between women, menstruation consistently occurs 14 days after ovulation, and thus the _______ phase is constant in length A) follicular B) secretory C) proliferative D) menstrual

65) These muscles increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation A) External intercostals B) Scalenes C) Transversus thoracis D) Internal intercostals E) Serratus posterior inferior

65) Which type of leukocyte releases histamine? A) Eosinophil B) Basophil C) Lymphocyte D) Neutrophil E) Monocyte

66) Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result? A) baroreceptors increase firing, the vasomotor center increases firing, and skin blood vessels will dilate to cause a compensatory increase in flow B) baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase C) baroreceptors increase firing, the cardioinhibitory center increases firing, and the heart slows significantly to prevent further bleeding D) baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioinhibitory center and vasomotor centers increase firing, the heart slows, and blood is redirected

66) Mesangial cells help keep the basement membrane clean by A) secreting emulsifying agents that dissolve trapped particles B) engulfing macromolecules caught in its basement membrane C) opening larger pores in the membrane so that trapped particles move across D) secreting antibodies that attack the molecules caught in the endothelium

67) High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate A) baroreceptors to activate the vasomotor center B) chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center C) baroreceptors to activate the cardioinhibitory center and inhibit the cardioacceleratory center D) chemoreceptors to inhibit the vasomotor center E) baroreceptors and chemoreceptors to activate the cardioinhibitory center and inhibit the vasomotor center

68) According to Boyle's law, the pressure of a gas _______ if the volume of its container increases A) increases B) decreases C) remains the same

68) The atrioventricular (AV) node is located in the A) floor of the left atrium B) floor of the right atrium C) roof of the left ventricle D) back wall of the right ventricle E) back wall of the left ventricle

69) Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause A) Graves disease B) acromegaly C) pituitary gigantism D) pituitary dwarfism E) cushing syndrome

7) As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins A) get smaller B) get larger C) show no change in their lumen size

7) Terminal bronchioles of the lower respiratory system are lined with A) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium B) simple cuboidal epithelium C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium D) stratified columnar epithelium E) nonkeratinized stratified squamous

70) In an EKG, the P wave is generated when the A) ventricles depolarize B) atria depolarize C) atria repolarize D) ventricles repolarize E) Purkinje fibers initiate an impulse

70) Manufacturers of some medications used to treat heartburn advertise that their products shut down the acid-producing pumps in the stomach. Where are these "acid-producing pumps"? In other words, which type of gastric gland cell secretes acid? A) Chief cells B) Parietal cells C) Mucous neck cells D) Surface mucous cells E) Enteroendocrine cells

70) The presence of proteins in the plasma tends to A) push fluid across the filtration membrane B) draw fluid back into the glomerulus

70) The thyroid gland is located A) anterior to the atria of the heart B) immediately anterior to the trachea C) immediately superior to the larynx D) immediately posterior to the cricoid cartilage

70) Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes? A) Eosinophils B) Basophils C) Monocytes D) Lymphocytes E) Neutrophils

71) What is the name of the column of neurons within the medulla that initiates neural impulses for inspiration and expiration? A) Pontine respiratory center B) Ventral respiratory group C) Dorsal respiratory group D) Phrenic nucleus

71) Which segment of the ECG reflects the plateau phase of ventricular muscle cells' action potentials? A) P-T segment B) S-T segment C) Q-R segment D) P-R interval E) T-P interval

72) At rest, a normal person breathes about _______ times per minute A) 8 B) 12 C) 26 D) 32 E) 50

72) Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates A) vasoconstriction, increased urine output, and therefore increased blood pressure B) vasodilation, increased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure C) vasoconstriction, decreased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure D) vasodilation, decreased urine output, and therefore increased blood pressure E) vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and therefore increased blood pressure

72) Net filtration pressure is equal to the A) capsular hydrostatic pressure plus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and the glomerular hydrostatic pressure B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure C) capsular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and glomerular hydrostatic pressure D) blood colloid osmotic pressure minus the capsular hydrostatic pressure E) glomerular hydrostatic pressure plus blood colloid osmotic pressure minus capsular hydrostatic pressure

73) Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure A) similar B) opposite

74) Blood velocity is measured in _________ and is generally ________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels A) cm/second; directly B) cm/second; inversely C) liter/min; directly D) liter/min; inversely

74) During the excitement phase of the female sexual response, the uterus shifts to a more _______ position A) anteverted B) erect

74) Which phase of digestion involves the thought, smell, and sight of food? A) Gastric phase B) Cephalic phase C) Enteric phase D) Colic phase

75) During a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) Highly variable, depending on the heart beat rate E) None of the choices is correct

75) The presence of food in the stomach triggers the release of a hormone that stimulates contraction of the pyloric sphincter. Specifically, these events involve release of A) secretin in the cephalic phase of digestion B) gastrin in the gastric phase of digestion C) CCK in the intestinal phase of digestion D) lipase in the intestinal phase of digestion E) chyle in the secretory phase of digestion

76) Platelets play a key role in _______, but if they are not used they are broken down after about _______ days. A) hemostasis; 120 B) hemostasis; 9 C) hematopoiesis; 120 D) hematopoiesis; 9

77) The opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by A) contraction and relaxation of papillary muscles that pull on heart strings B) pressure changes of alternating contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle C) contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the great vessels leaving the heart D) action potentials within the cusps of the valves

77) The ridge that is visible externally along the midline of the scrotum is called the A) septum B) raphe C) perineum D) tunica albuginea E) scrotal cord

78) Sympathetic nervous system influences on glomerular filtration rate are considered _________ controls. A) intrinsic B) extrinsic

78) The first phase of hemostasis involves A) blood vessel dilation B) blood vessel constriction C) release of procoagulants D) fibrinolysis

78) The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by A) thyroid hormone B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone C) oxytocin D) antidiuretic hormone E) luteinizing hormone

78) Which type of receptor initiates the inhalation (or Hering-Breuer) reflex? A) Central chemoreceptors B) Baroreceptors C) Peripheral chemoreceptors D) Proprioceptors

8) In order to accommodate the large liver A) the left kidney is about 2 centimeters inferior to the right kidney B) the right kidney is about 2 centimeters inferior to the left kidney

8) Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood. A) 1 liter B) 5 liters C) 10 liters D) 15 liters

8) Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? A) Pulmonary arteries B) Pulmonary veins C) Pulmonary trunk D) Inferior vena cava E) Superior vena cava

80) Sperm are produced in the A) rete testis B) seminiferous tubules C) epididymis D) seminal vesicles E) efferent ductules

81) If there is an increase in systemic blood pressure, the resulting stretch of afferent arterioles results in reflexive A) vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles to raise GFR B) vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal C) vasodilation of efferent arterioles to lower GFR D) vasodilation of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal

81) Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a A) platelet attractant B) platelet repellent

82) Airflow is _________ related to the pressure gradient and _______ related to resistance A) directly; directly B) directly; inversely C) inversely; inversely D) inversely; directly

83) If someone is bleeding severely, the body's adaptive response is to A) increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore increase GFR B) increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR C) decrease sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR D) decrease sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore increase GFR

83) The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by A) adrenocorticotropic hormone B) the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system C) follicle-stimulating hormone D) growth hormone E) growth hormone E) thyrotropic hormone

84) Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped A) by a single ventricle in one hour B) by a single ventricle in one minute C) by both ventricles in one hour D) by both ventricles in one minute E) by the left ventricle into the aorta in one beat

84) Lacteals A) are found only in the large intestine B) absorb the products of fat digestion C) secrete intestinal juice D) connect directly to the liver E) all of the choices are correct

84) The branch of the external carotid that is responsible for supplying the teeth, gums, nasal cavity, and meninges is the _______ artery A) jugular B) maxillary C) lingual D) occipital E) internal carotid

84) What part of a spermatozoon contains the nuclear material? A) Acrosome cap B) Head C) Midpiece D) Flagellum E) Tail

85) Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney results in A) constriction of afferent arterioles and an increase in the surface area of the glomerulus B) constriction of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus C) dilation of afferent arterioles and an increase in the surface area of the glomerulus D) dilation of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus

86) During expiration, relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals A) increases the volume of the thoracic cavity B) increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity C) expands the rib cage D) flattens the floor of the thoracic cavity E) stimulates the phrenic nerve

86) The anterior communicating artery of the cerebral arterial circle connects the A) posterior cerebral arteries B) anterior cerebral arteries C) vertebral arteries D) basilar artery and the internal carotid artery E) posterior communicating artery and the middle cerebral artery

87) Cardiac reserve is A) the potential increase in stroke volume someone would show if they engaged in athletic training B) the increase in cardiac output an individual is capable of demonstrating during vigorous exercise C) the amount of blood left in the heart after the ventricle has contracted during cardiac cycles at rest D) the blood that the heart uses to nourish its cardiac muscle and does not put into general circulation

87) Which clotting pathway involves the combining of thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium? A) the intrinsic pathway B) the extrinsic pathway C) the common pathway D) each of the three pathways (intrinsic, extrinsic, and common)

88) The hormone ANP is release from the heart and causes the urinary system to A) increase urine volume and blood volume B) increase urine volume and decrease blood volume C) decrease urine volume and blood volume D) decrease urine volume and increase blood volume

89) In men, LH stimulates A) hypothalamic cells to secrete GnRH B) interstitial cells to secrete testosterone C) anterior pituitary cells to secrete FSH D) sustentacular cells to secrete testosterone E) spermatogenic cells to secrete ABP

89) Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the A) proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many flagella B) proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli C) distal convoluted tubule, where cells have many flagella D) distal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli

9) An organ that helps break down food but is not part of the tube through which the foodstuffs pass is referred to as a(n) A) chemically digesting organ B) accessory digestive organ C) alimentary canal organ D) diffuse ingestive structure E) organ of mastication

9) In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show A) a decrease in the relative amount of smooth muscle and an increase in the relative amount of elastic fibers B) an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in the relative amount of elastic fibers C) an increase in relative amounts of smooth muscle and elastic fibers and a decrease in endothelium D) a decrease in both smooth muscle and elastic fibers and an increase in areolar connective tissue

9) The anterior border to the perineum is the A) anus B) pubis symphysis C) ischial tuberosity D) bulbospongiosus muscle

90) When comparing gamete production in males and females, males produce A) more gametes that are larger in size B) more gametes that are smaller in size C) fewer gametes that are larger in size D) fewer gametes that are smaller in size

91) Bacteria within the large intestine are called A) indigenous macrobiota B) indigenous microbiota C) exogenous macrobiota D) exogenous microbiota

92) In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by A) endocrine dysplasia B) negative feedback C) positive feedback D) neural regulation E) somatic regulation

92) The expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume equals the A) tidal volume B) functional residual capacity C) inspiratory reserve volume D) vital capacity E) forced expiratory volume

92) Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing stroke volume? A) Afterload B) Chronotropic agents C) Inotropic agents D) Venous return

93) According to the Frank-Starling law A) the more calcium available to the heart cell, the more forcefully it will contract B) as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful C) the faster the heart rate, the larger the stroke volume D) the greater the resistance from the arteries, the higher the blood pressure

93) The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is A) insulin B) glucagon C) glucocorticoid D) somatostatin E) epinephrine

94) The structures of the male reproductive tract are a: ductus deferens b: urethra c: epididymis d: ejaculatory duct e: ampulla What is the order in which sperm passes through the structures from the testes to the penis? A) a, b, c, e, d B) c, a, e, d, b C) a, c, e, b, d D) c, a, b, d, e E) d, a, c, e, b

95) In fetal development, hemocytoblasts begin to colonize red bone marrow at approximately A) 10 days B) 10 weeks C) 5 months D) 8 months

95) Superior phrenic arteries supply the _______ and emerge from the ________ A) diaphragm; descending abdominal aorta B) diaphragm; descending thoracic aorta C) stomach; descending abdominal aorta D) pancreas; descending abdominal aorta E) esophagus; descending thoracic aorta

96) The renal threshold of a substance refers to A) the number of protein transporters for the substance per tubule B) the plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine C) the concentration of the substance found in the kidney before the substance becomes toxic D) the concentration of the substance in the urine that results in an overall increase in urine volume

97) For glucose to be absorbed from the tubule lumen, it is transported into the tubule cell by means of a A) glucose uniporter B) Na+/glucose symporter C) glucose protein channel D) Na+/glucose antiporter

97) In young children, hemopoiesis occur in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in A) long bones of the hands and feet B) flat bones of the axial skeleton C) short bones of the appendicular skeleton D) the liver and spleen

97) Which of the following would cause a decrease in cardiac output? A) an increase in venous return B) an increase in afterload C) addition of positive inotropic agents D) an increase in heart rate

98) Compared to its partial pressure in the atmosphere, oxygen's partial pressure in the alveoli is A) higher B) lower C) equivalent

98) Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the tubular fluid A) are completely secreted B) are completely reabsorbed C) have half of their plasma concentration secreted D) have a little less than half of their tubular fluid concentration reabsorbed E) have concentration in the filtrate and urine that match their transport maximum

98) The pancreas is located primarily on the __________ side of the body, and it produces an ________ juice that is rich in a variety of enzymes A) left, acidic B) left, alkaline C) right, acidic D) right, alkaline

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that A) activate a G protein and second-messenger cascade B) bind to DNA and initiate transcription C) open ion channels in the cell membrane D) activate adenylate cyclase

156) Select all that can bind to the globin portion of hemoglobin. A) Oxygen B) Carbon dioxide C) H+ D) Bicarbonate

B, C

141) Select all that describe total blood flow A) It is the amount of blood transported through a specific tissue in given period of time B) It is equivalent of cardiac output C) It increases during exercise D) It averages 5 liters per minute during rest

B, C, D

160) Select all that have regulated reabsorption A) Glucose B) Sodium C) Water D) Calcium

B, C, D

86) What is the correct order for the list of structures of the large intestine, starting at the cecum and ending at the rectum? a: Left colic flexure b: Ascending colon c: Transverse colon d: Right colic flexure e: Sigmoid colon f: Descending colon A) f, c, d, e, a, b, B) b, d, c, a, f, e C) e, b, a, c, d, f D) b, a, c, d, f, e E) e, b, d, c, a, f

B87)

65) The aorta contains specialized sensory nerve endings that respond to stretch of the vessel wall. These pressure-sensitive structures are called aortic arch _______.

Baroreceptors

112) Someone born with an inherited condition known as adrenal hyperplasia might have two X chromosomes but genitalia that resemble those of a male. Explain the effects on the individual's phenotypic and genotypic sex.

Because a genetic mutation led to excessive production of androgens in the fetus, the individual's genetic sex is female, but the individual's phenotypic sex could be considered ambiguous or male.

116) Two of the four globin chains in the hemoglobin molecule are called alpha chains and the other two are called _________ chains.

Beta

120) The heme group from the phagocytized erythrocyte is converted into a green pigment called _________.

Biliverdin

13) Modified amino acids that act as hormones are referred to as ________ amines.

Biogenic

34) Chewed food mixed with saliva is called a ________, which is swallowed once mastication is complete.

Bolus

108) Contrast the effects of aldosterone and ADH on water reabsorption in the kidney. How are they similar and how do they differ?

Both hormones increase water reabsorption, but aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by principal cells (through increased synthesis of sodium pumps and channels), whereas ADH increases water reabsorption near the end of the tubule by stimulating increased insertion of aquaporins into principal cell membranes.

39) Relaxation of the smooth muscle within the walls of bronchioles leads to _______.

Bronchodialtion

10) The largest arteries of the body are classified as A) muscular arteries B) arterioles C) elastic arteries D) muscular and elastic because they have the same dimensions E) none of the answers is correct

100) Because oxygen has a low solubility coefficient in water, A) it is easily dissolved in water and requires only a slight partial pressure gradient to enter the water B) it is easily dissolved in water and the partial pressure gradient is irrelevant to its solubility C) it is not easily dissolved in water and requires a steep partial pressure gradient to enter the water D) it is impossible to dissolve oxygen into water unless the partial pressure gradient is very minor

100) The hepatic portal system allows for the processing of A) drugs and toxins in the blood so that they are secreted directly into the urine B) bacteria that grow in the large intestine but need to be regulated C) nutrients and toxins absorbed from the gastrointestinal system into the blood D) hormones that are secreted by glands and must be directed to their target organs

100) Which of these male reproductive structures is unpaired (meaning there is only one in the body)? A) Epididymis B) Bulbourethral gland C) Prostate gland D) Seminal vesicle E) Corpus caverosum

101) The left renal vein, right renal vein, right suprarenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the A) superior vena cava B) great saphenous vein C) inferior vena cava D) common iliac vein E) obturator vein

101) These tubuloalveolar glands produce a clear, viscous mucin that serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse A) Seminal vesicles B) Prostate glands C) Bulbourethral glands D) Areolar glands

102) Compared to young adults, the elderly usually have _______ levels of circulating growth hormone and _________ levels of circulating sex hormones A) higher; higher B) higher; lower C) lower; lower D) lower; higher

104) The external urethral orifice is found at the ________ of the penis A) bulb B) crus C) glans D) corpus cavernosum E) body

106) Digestion of carbohydrates within the small intestine involves enzymes that come from the a: mouth b: stomach c: pancreas d: lining of the small intestine A) a, b B) b, c C) c, d D) a, d E) a, b, c, d

106) Generally, most water reabsorption in a nephron occurs at the A) nephron loop and is called obligatory water reabsorption B) nephron loop and is called facultative water reabsorption C) proximal convoluted tubule and is called obligatory water reabsorption D) proximal convoluted tubule and is called facultative water reabsorption

106) The _________ nervous system facilitates increased blood flow to the penis by facilitating local release of _______ A) sympathetic; nitric oxide B) sympathetic; norepinephrine C) parasympathetic; nitric oxide D) parasympathetic; norepinephrine E) somatic; actylcholine

106) What would you expect a cardiologist to recommend if there was substantial occlusion to a patient's left coronary artery but not the right coronary artery? A) because there are multiple alternate paths for blood delivery, the cardiologist would not intervene B) because this is a relatively small, unimportant artery, the cardiologist would not intervene C) because this is an important artery, and alternate vascular paths are inadequate, the cardiologist would treat the condition D) because occlusions require blood to be moved under greater pressure, the cardiologist would prescribe drugs to raise blood pressure

107) The posterior interventricular artery is a branch off of the A) superior vena cava B) left marginal artery C) right coronary artery D) left coronary artery E) coronary sinus

108) The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it A) merges with the popliteal vein B) merges with the internal iliac vein C) passes above the inguinal ligament D) passes above the tenth thoracic vertebra

109) Which statement accurately describes alveolar and systemic gas exchanges? A) In both alveolar and systemic gas exchange, oxygen diffuses out of the blood B) In both alveolar and systemic gas exchange, oxygen diffuses toward the blood C) In alveolar gas exchange oxygen diffuses into the blood, but in systemic has exchange it diffuses out of the blood D) In alveolar has exchange oxygen diffuses out of the blood, but in systemic gas exchange it diffuses into the blood

11) Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae? A) elastic arteries B) arterioles C) muscular arteries D) elastic and muscular arteries E) elastic arteries and arterioles

110) Someone with a diet that is high in vegetables but low in animal protein is likely to have very active A) type A cells, which secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+ B) type A cells, which reabsorb HCO3- and secrete H+ C) type B cells, which secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+ D) type B cells, which reabsorb HCO3- and secrete H+

110) The umbilical cord contains _______ umbilical vein(s) and ______ umbilical artery(ies) A) one; two B) two; two C) one; two D) two; one E) two; three

111) The appearance of the external genitalia determines an individual's A) gender identity B) genetic sex C) phenotypic sex D) genotypic sex

111) Which fetal circulatory structure shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta? A) Foramen ovale B) Ductus venosus C) Ductus arteriosus D) Umbilical vein E) Umbilical artery

111) Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste produced from nucleic acid breakdown in the liver? A) Urea B) Deoxyribose C) Uric acid D) Creatine

113) After birth, the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the A) fossa ovalis B) ligamentum arteriosum C) ligamentum teres D) ligamentum venosum E) medial umbilical ligament

113) Carboxypeptidase is an enzyme that helps digest A) amino acids within the stomach B) complex carbohydrates within the small intestine C) peptides within the small intestine D) disaccharides within the duodenum E) starch within the stomach

114) As a protein is broken down into smaller and smaller fragments, each fragment ultimately requires splitting of the last peptide bond within it. The breaking of the bond between those last two amino acids is catalyzed by the enzyme A) pepsin B) chymotrypsin C) dipeptidase D) trypsin E) glucoamylase

116) In addition to oxygen, hemoglobin also transports A) carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions B) calcium and carbon dioxide C) carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions D) iron and albumin

119) An actively contracting muscle will cause local temperature to rise and will produce acidic molecules. Warmth and lower pH cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift _______ reflecting that hemoglobin releases _______ oxygen A) left; more B) left; less C) right; more D) right; less

119) What structures fuse during female development to form the uterus? A) The superior ends of the mesonephric ducts B) The anterior ends of the Wolffian ducts C) The caudal ends of the paramesonephric ducts D) The posterior ends of the gubernaculum

12) The function of the postcapillary venule is to A) allow for diffusion of nutrients to the tissues B) allow for diffusion of metabolic wastes from the tissues C) drain the capillary bed D) supply metarteriole with blood E) allow for diffusion of nutrients and metabolic wastes

12) Which heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood? A) Left atrium and right atrium B) Left ventricle and right ventricle C) Right atrium and right ventricle D) Left atrium and left ventricle E) Right atrium and left ventricle

120) Nuclei acids are digested within the A) mouth B) stomach C) small intestine D) pancreas E) large intestine

121) Nucleosidase is an enzyme that breaks the A) phosphodiester bond between nucleotides within DNA B) bond that attaches the phosphate to the nucleoside C) bond between the sugar and the nitrogenous base of the nucleoside D) bonds within the nitrogenous bases of rRNA

123) To measure GFR, an individual's urine is examined for the concentration of a test substance that they received by injection. How is that test substance treated by the kidney? A) It is filtered, reabsorbed, and excreted, but it is not secreted B) It is neither filtered nor reabsorbed, but it is secreted C) It is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted D) It is filtered and secreted, but not reabsorbed E) It is not filtered, but it is secreted and reabsorbed

124) Anti-Mullerian hormone is secreted by A) ovarian follicular cells B) primary spermatocytes cells C) sustentacular cells D) interstitial cells E) paramesonephric cells

125) The external genitalia do not become clearly differentiated until about week _________ of development A) 6 B) 12 C) 20 D) 32 E) 38

127) Careful measurements of GFR are made by injection of _______, but approximations of GFR can be made more simply by measuring renal plasma clearance of ______ A) creatine phosphate; insulin B) insulin; creatine phosphate C) inulin; creatine D) creatine; inulin

131) The normal pH for urine A) is anything below 7.0 B) is anything above 7.0 C) ranges between 4.5 and 8.0 D) ranges between 3.0 and 6.0 E) ranges between 8.0 and 9.0 for someone with a diet high in protein

134) Urine flow from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is produced by A) ciliary action in the renal pelvis B) suction from the urinary bladder C) peristalsis of the ureters D) hydrostatic pressure from the small intestine E) contraction of the detrusor muscle

136) What is the value of transitional epithelium in the urinary system? A) Its cilia help propel the urine B) It can contract to produce peristalsis C) It allows distension D) It protects against trauma E) It provides cushioning

137) Where in the urinary tract is transitional epithelium found? A) Urinary bladder B) Urethra C) Ureters, urinary bladder, and prostatic urethra D) Ureters E) Ureters and urinary bladder

137) Which of the following vessel types typically has the thickest tunica media? A) veins B) capillaries C) arteries

14) Where are the transverse palatine fold located? A) Soft palate B) Glossopalatine arch C) Hard palate D) Pharyngopalatine arch E) Labial frenulum

141) Within the urinary system, the storage reflex involves A) contraction of both the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter B) contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter C) relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter D) relaxation of both the detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter

15) The base of the heart faces in the ________ directions. A) anterior and inferior B) anterior and superior C) posterior and superior D) posterior and inferior E) none of these choices is correct

15) Which is the most common type of capillary? A) fenestrated B) sinusoids C) continuous D) venules E) discontinuous

16) A comparison of the clinical hematocrit and true hematocrit would indicate that A) the clincial hematocrit is much larger B) the true hematocrit is much larger C) their values are very similar

16) A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ________ micrometers A) 1 B) 10 C) 100 D) 1000

16) The region of the nasal cavity immediately internal to the nostrils is the _____; it contains coarse guard haris. A) choanae B) olfactory region C) vestibule D) respiratory region E) nasopharynx

16) Which of the following choices lists structures in the order in which urine flows through them? A) Major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis B) Renal pelvis, major calyx, minor pelvis C) Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis D) Major pelvis, minor calyx, renal pelvis E) major calyx, renal pelvis, minor calyx

18) Eicosanoids are synthesized from________ A) cholesterol B)progesterone C) arachidonic acid D) amino acids

18) Lipid molecules that are absorbed of the digestive tract A) mesenteric arteries B) mesenteric veins C) lymphatic capillaries D) the liver

18) The most numerous of the formed elements are the A) neutrophils B) platelets C) erythrocytes D) basophils E) albumins

18) Which choice best distinguishes between mitosis and meiosis? A) Mitosis produces sex cells that are genetically identical to the parents cell, whereas meiosis produces somatic cells that are genetically different from the parent cell B) Mitosis produces sex cells that are genetically different from the parent cell, whereas meiosis produces somatic cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell C) Mitosis produces somatic cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, whereas meiosis produces sex cells that are genetically different from the parent cell D) Mitosis produces somatic cells that are genetically different from the parent cell, whereas meiosis produces sex cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

19) The pericardial cavity is between the A) heart muscle adn serous pericardium B) fibrous and serous layers of the pericardium C) visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium D) parietal and myocardial layers of the fibrous pericardium

19) The process by which double-stranded, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material is known as A) crossing over, and it occurs in interphase B) crossing over, and it occurs in mitosis C) crossing over, and it occurs in meiosis D) interphase, and it occurs in meiosis E) interphase, and it occurs in mitosis

2) Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies? A) Regulation B) Prevention C) Protection D) Transportation

21) A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure A) increases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space B) increases, and so blood volume is abnormally high C) decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space D) decreases, and so blood volume is abnormally high

21) A portal system A) includes a functional end artery that makes an arterial anastomosis B) is a simple circulatory system with an arteriovenous anastomosis C) is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart D) is one in which circulation to a large organ involves only one artery and one main (portal) vein E) is one is which multiple arteries converge on one organ or body region

21) The type of receptor within the GI tract wall that detects stretch is the A) steroid receptor B) chemoreceptor C) mechanoreceptor D) retroperitoneal proprioceptor

22) Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors are found in the A) adventitia of the upper portion of the GI tract B) epithelium of the inferior portion of the GI tract C) mucosa and submucosa of the GI tract along its length D) myenteric plexus of the mucosa of the intestine E) muscularis interna of the entire length of the GI tract

22) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of A) exocytosis and endocytosis by endothelial cells B) pinocytosis using fluid-filled vesicles C) diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration D) active transport (using ATP) by protein carriers of endothelial cells

23) If a fatty meal has been ingested, the liver and gallbladder need to be alerted about the need for bile. The receptors that are responsible for sensing the fat in the ingested food are referred to as A) bilireceptors B) mechanoreceptors C) chemoreceptors D) omental neurons E) osmodetectors

23) Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore ________ A) steroids B) biogenic amines C) proteins D) catecholamines

23) The posterior interventricular sulcus A) is another name for the coronary sulcus B) contains the great cardiac vein and coronary sinus C) is a groove between the ventricles on the back of the heart D) is a valve in the interventricular septum that closes at birth

23) The renal corpuscle is located within the A) collecting duct B) renal medulla C) renal cortex D) renal pelvis

25) The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the A) globulins B) endocrine hormones C) albumins D) fibrinogens E) prothrombins

28) The nephron loop makes a hairpin turn within the _______ and its _________ limb ends at the distal convoluted tubule A) cortex; ascending B) cortex; descending C) medulla; ascending D) medulla; descending

29) Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma A) solvents B) nutrients C) electrolytes D) proteins E) formed elements

29) The fossa ovalis appears just above the opening of the coronary sinus within the A) left atrium B) left ventricle C) right atrium D) right ventricle

3) Occlusion of blood vessels tends to lead to A) increases in perfusion B) increases in capillary exchange C) inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues D) defibrillation of cardiac muscle cell contraction

30) An enzyme found within saliva is salivary A) pancreatase B) nuclease C) amylase D) protease E) pepsin

30) As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure A) increases, as blood hydrostatic pressure rises B) increases, as blood colloid osmotic pressure rises C) decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases D) decreases, as blood colloid osmotic pressure decreases E) remains the same, as rises in blood osmotic pressure are offset by declines in tissue osmotic pressure

30) Which cord or sheet of connective tissue attacks to the ovary at the hilum? A) Suspensory ligament B) Ovarian ligament C) Mesovarium D) Broad ligament E) Round ligament

31) Cortical nephrons have their corpuscles near the ________ edge of the cortex and are the ________ common type of nephron A) deeper; more B) deeper; less C) peripheral; more D) peripheral; less

31) The internal wall surface of each ventricle displays large, smooth, irregular muscular ridges called A) conus arteriosus B) atrioventricular opening C) trabeculae carneae D) tendinous cords E) pectinate muscles

31) Tracheal cartilages provide for _______ on the __________ aspect of the trachea. A) flexibility; anterior B) flexibility; posterior C) rigidity; anterior D) rigidity; posterior

32) Pectinate muscles are found on the A) posterior wall of the right ventricle B) anterior wall of the right ventricle C) internal walls of the right and left atria D) posterior walls of the right and left ventricles E) external wall of the right atrium

33) Which type of ovarian follicle contains a secondary oocyte? A) Secondary follicle B) Primary follicle C) Mature follicle D) Primordial follicle E) Polar follicle

34) When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone itself is A) the G protein B) the second messenger C) the first messenger D) the hormone-response element E) the phospholipase

34) Which feature permits the compression necessary to pump large volumes of blood out of the ventricles? A) negative pressure inside the ventricles B) absence of oxygenated blood in the atria C) arrangement of cardiac muscle in the heart wall D) presence of skeletal muscle tissue in the heart skeleton E) presence of papillary muscles in the ventricles

35) A G protein is A) a type of water-soluble hormone B) a second messenger activated by a steroid hormone C) a molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell D) a receptor for a water-soluble hormone that causes arachidonic acid to be extracted from a phospholipid E) an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cyclic AMP

36) What are the cell-to-cell contacts of the cardiac muscle fibers called? A) Z-discs B) T-tubules C) Intercalated discs D) Cardiac discs E) Sarcoplasmic reticulum

36) Which type of distal cell within kidney tubules and collecting ducts are responsive to aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone? A) Type A cells B) Type B cells C) Principal cells D) Intercalated endocrine cells

36) Within the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathways of target cells, cAMP activates A) the G protein B) adenylate cyclase C) protein kinase D) the receptor E) transcription of a mRNA

37) Lysozyme within sliva primarily functions to A) moisten adn disperse food B) initiate the chemical breakdown of starch C) inhibit bacterial growth D) wash materials off teeth

37) Ovulation occurs when an oocyte is released from a ruptured _______ follicle A) secondary B) primary C) mature D) primordial E) oogonial

38) An increased secretion of watery saliva will result when the A) basal nuclei of the brainstem activate sympathetic pathways to salivary glands B) basal nuclei of the cerebrum activate somatic pathways to salivary glands C) salivary nuclei of the brainstem activate parasympathetic pathways to salivary glands D) salivary nuclei of the cerebrum activate sympathetic pathways to the salivary glands E) glossopharyngeal nuclei of the pons activate somatic and sympathetic pathways to the salivary glands

38) Oxytocin results in more forceful smooth muscle contractions in the uterus by causing target cells to increase production of A) adenylate cyclase B) mRNA for myosin C) inositol triphosphate D) glucose

4) The ______ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue A) tunica media B) tunica externa C) tunica intima D) tunica adventitia E) none of the answers is correct

4) Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body? a: There is undirectional blood flow b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart e: Veins carry blood toward the heart A) a, c, d, e B) a, b, c, d, e C) a, d, e D) b, c, d, e E) d, e

40) Granular cells synthesize and release the enzyme A) angiotensinogen B) antidiuretic hormone C) renin D) calcitrol

41) Angiogenesis A) is a momentary chemical control of local blood flow B) involves muscular constriction of arterioles to alter local perfusion C) allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue D) involves building new muscle tissue and decreasing the amount of blood vessels in a region

41) Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of A) glucose in the blood B) antidiuretic hormone in the urine C) sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule D) calcium in the fluid of the proximal convoluted tubule E) aldosterone in the afferent arteriole

41) Which do not belong to the respiratory zone of the respiratory system? A) Respiratory bronchioles B) Alveolar ducts C) Terminal bronchioles D) Pulmonary alveoli E) Alveolar sacs

42) Mastication is a process that facilitates A) propulsion of materials through the intestine, and it involves simultaneous secretion of enzymes B) mixing of food within the stomach, and it occurs with simultaneous hormone secretion there C) swallowing of food, and it increases the surface area of the food for exposure to enzymes D) absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream, and it involves carrier proteins in the epithelium

42) The term down-regulation refers to the process by which A) a glandular cell decreases the amount of hormone it secretes B) a large amount of hormone shuts down all metabolic activity in a target cell C) a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone D) a carrier protein increases the rate of degradation for a hormone and thereby decreases its blood concentration E) a carrier protein decreases the rate of degradation of the protein it ferries

42) What is the correct order for the phases of the ovarian cycle, beginning with day 1? A) Luteal, follicular, ovulation B) Follicular, luteal, ovulation C) Follicular, ovulation, luteal D) Ovulation, follicular, luteal E) Ovulation, luteal, follicular

43) Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve? A) contraction of the right atrium B) contraction of the left atrium C) contraction of the right ventricle D) relaxation of the right ventricle E) relaxation of the left atrium

44) How many half-moon shaped, pocketlike cusps are found in each semilunar valve? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 6

44) Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg? A) decreases in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation B) buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vaso constriction C) buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation D) decreases in oxygen and potassium will cause vasoconstriction E) increases in oxygen and potassium will cause vasodilation

45) Phagocytic cells of the alveolus are the A) alveolar type II cells B) alveolar type I cells C) alveolar macrophages D) septal cells E) squamous alveolar cells

45) Which cranial nerves innervate the salivary glands? A) V and VII B) XI and XII C) VII and IX D) VI and IX E) V and XI

46) An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the A) renal artery B) proximal convoluted tubule C) efferent arteriole D) distal convoluted tubule E) afferent arteriole

46) Ovulation typically occurs on day 14 of the ovarian cycle, and the luteal phase occurs on days. A) 1-5 B) 6-14 C) 15-28 D) 8-18

46) When the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell, the interaction is said to be A) agonistic B) anatagonistic C) synergistic D) permissive

47) To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as A) bradykinins are released to trigger vasoconstriction B) nitric oxides are released to trigger vasoconstriction C) thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction D) prostaglandins are released to trigger vasodilation E) vasopressins are released to trigger vasodilation

49) Fimbriae A) are extensions of the ovarian ligament B) line the ampulla of the uterine tube C) enclose the ovary at the time of ovulation D) are sloughed off during menstruation E) assist in the movement of sperm through the female reproductive tract

49) How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8

49) The central cavity of a tooth is filled with A) cementum B) dentin C) pulp D) enamel E) calcium phosphate

5) Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the ________ and the tissues of the body A) arteries B) veins C) capillaries D) capillaries and veins E) capillaries and arteries

53) If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mm Hg, then their pulse pressure would be A) 125 mm Hg B) 5/3 C) 50 mm Hg D) 40 mm Hg E) 100 mm Hg

53) The hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the A) anterior pituitary B) posterior pituitary C) paraventricular nucleu D) pineal gland E) nucleus of the solitary tract

55) The portion of the uterine wall that includes the basal layer is the A) myometrium B) perimetrium C) endometrium D) serosa E) muscularis

56) At the AV node of the conduction system, the action potential is A) rapidly advanced due to the cells being large and well connected by gap junctions B) rapidly advanced due to the cells being small and well insulated by myelin C) delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions D) delayed due to the cells being large and having many leakage channels

56) The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires, A) intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure both increase B) intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure both decrease C) intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases D) intra-abdominal pressure decreases and intrathoracic pressure increases

57) Peripheral resistance is A) directly related to both vessel length and radius B) inversely related to both vessel length and radius C) directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius D) inversely related to vessel length and directly related to vessel radius

59) Foreign particles that are not filtered out by the respiratory epithelium are A) dissolved by enzymes in the alveoli B) coughed up during normal daily activities C) collected by lymph nodes D) carried away in blood E) stored in nearby pulmonary alcoves

59) The active transport of solutes out of the blood and into the tubular fluid is called A) filtration B) tubular reabsorption C) tubular secretion D) fenestration E) titration

61) Most of the calcium that triggers contraction of cardiac muscle comes A) into the cell through leakage contraction of cardiac muscle comes B) into the cell through voltage-gated channels in the sarcolemma C) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cell D) from the Golgi apparatus of the cell

62) Organize the items listed into the proper sequence of events for gas exchange. a: O2 is transported to cells by circulatory system b: O2 is drawn into the lungs during inhalation c: Cells use O2 and generate CO2 d: CO2 is exhaled e: The circulatory system transports CO2 to the lungs A) a, b, c, d, e B) b, a, c, d, e C) b, a, c, e, d D) c, e, d, a, b E) e, d, c, b, a

65) Generally, negatively charged plasma proteins are A) moved across the filtration membrane by active transport pumps B) attracted by the positive charge of the filtration membrane C) repelled by the negative charge of the filtration membrane D) engulfed by endocytosis and reabsorbed at the filtration membrane

65) Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins? A) prolactin and oxytocin B) antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin C) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone D) follicle-stimulating hormone and growth hormone E) thyroid-stimulating hormone and andrenocorticotropic hormone

66) The plateau phase of an action potential A) occurs only in skeletal msucle and makes those fibers' contraction most forceful B) leads to tetanic contractions in smooth and skeletal muscle C) allows cardiac muscle cells to contract and then relax without locking up D) allows cardiac muscle cells to exhibit synchronous fibrillation

67) T-lymphocytes are a category of A) eosinophils B) basophils C) lymphocytes D) neutrophils E) monocytes

68) Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of A) blood in the nephron capsule B) tubular fluid in the glomerular capsule C) blood in the glomerular capillaries D) filtrate in the glomerular capillaries E) solutes in the tubular fluid

68) The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n) A) eosinophil B) basophil C) monocyte D) lymphocyte E) neutrophil

69) In an ECG, what does the T wave represent? A) Depolarization of the atria B) Depolarization of the right ventricle C) Repolarization of the ventricles D) Closure of the AV valves E) Depolarization of the left ventricle

69) Renin converts A) antiotensin I to antiotensin II B) angiotensin II to angiotensin I C) angiotensinogen to angiotensin I D) antidiuretic hormone to angiotensin E) antidiuretic hormone to angiotensinogen

7) The primary target cells for GnRH are located in the A) hypothalamus B) gonads C) anterior pituitary gland D) adrenal gland E) genitals

70) Angiotensin II causes A) increased heart rate, vasodilation, and less urine formation B) decreased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and increased urine formation C) vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst D) decreased thirst, vasodilation, and increased urine formation E) vasoconstriction, increased urine formation, and decreased thrist

70) The secretory structures that produce milk in a lactating female are the A) lactiferous sinuses B) lactiferous ducts C) alveoli D) areolar glands E) Bartholin glands

71) Which is not true about the thyroid gland? A) it requires iodine to synthesize thyroid hormone B) it is located on the anterior surface of the trachea, inferior to the thyroid cartilage C) it has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure D) it secretes thyroid hormone in response to stimulation by TSH E) an enlargement of the thyroid gland is called a goiter

72) Gastric mixing changes A) foodstuffs into bile B) food into chyle C) a bolus into chyme D) chyle into pepsin E) proteins into lipids

72) The posterior pituitary hormone that is crucial for milk ejection is A) LH B) GnRH C) oxytocin D) prolactin E) progesterone

73) Also known as the pneumotaxic center, this area allows for smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration A) Dorsal respiratory group B) Ventral respiratory group C) Pontine respiratory center D) Medullary respiratory center E) Carotid body

74) During the S-T segment, what is occuring within cardiac muscle cells? A) Sodium is rapidly diffusing out of atrial muscle cells B) Sodium channels are beginning to open in ventricular cells and calcium is entering through slow channels in atrial cells C) Calcium is entering and potassium is leaving ventricular cells D) Potassium is entering atrial cells and sodium is leaving ventricular cells

75) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the A) hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the posterior pituitary gland B) hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the anterior pituitary gland C) anteiror pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland D) posterior pituitary, and it targets parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland E) thyroid gland, and it targets cells of the parathyroid gland

76) The function of the dartos and cremaster muscles is to A) attach the penis to the body wall B) produce erections C) regulate the temperature of the testes D) help the testes descend into the scrotum prior to birth E) move sperm along the ductus deferens

80) Vascular spasms last A) a few milliseconds when tissue damage is moderate B) almost a full minute when tissue damage is extensive C) several minutes when tissue damage is extensive D) several hours when tissue damage is moderate

81) "Segmentation" within the small intestine refers to the A) propulsion of material between the segments of the GI tract B) division of function between the different segments of the small intestine C) back-and-forth motion that mixes chyme with glandular secretions D) gastroileal reflex that moves materials from the stomach to the large intestine

81) The interstitial cells in the testes A) undergo mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes B) support and protect the developing sperm cells C) secrete testosterone D) convert fructose to glucose to nourish the sperm E) form the lining of the seminiferous tubule

82) The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the A) brachiocephalic artery B) subclavian arteries C) common iliac arteries D) common carotid arteries E) none of these answers is correct

82) The tubulogomerular feedback mechanism responds to an increase in A) systemic blood pressure by signaling for a decrease in heart rate through blood-borne hormones B) urine production by signaling for a decrease in urine production through the hormone ADH C) NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction with local chemical messengers D) glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure by signaling for afferent arterioles to constrict and increase filtration rate

82) Villi A) are found throughout the gastrointestinal tract B) generate movement of materials in the large intestine C) increase surface area in the small intestine D) contain both smooth and skeletal muscle fibers E) all of the choices are correct

83) The shutting of the semilunar valves occurs during which phase? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Ventricular ejection C) Isovolumetric relaxation D) Atrial contraction and ventricular filling E) Late ventricular diastole

84) Sympathetic stimulation causes A) mesangial cells to release angiotensin, which ultimately leads to granular cell contraction B) mesangial cells to release angiotensin, which ultimately leads to granular cell relaxation C) granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell contraction D) granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell relaxation E) inhibited release of erythropoietin and contraction of granular and mesangial cells

85) The stages that appear during spermatogenesis are a: spermatid b: primary spermatocyte c: spermatogonium d: spermatozoon e: secondary spermatocyte What is the correct order of appearance of these stages? A) b, e, c, d, a B) c, e, d, a, b C) c, b, e, a, d D) a, c, b, e, d E) d, b, c, e, a

86) Cardiac output equals the A) end diastolic volume minus end systolic volume B) blood pressure multiplied by heart rate C) heart rate multiplies by stroke volume D) stroke volume divided by heart rate E) cardiac reserve minus the stroke volume

86) The acrosome cap contains A) testosterone B) nutrients to sustain the sperm C) enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte D) mitochondria to provide energy for movement E) buffers to neutralize the acidity of the female reproductive tract

88) An increase in dead space results in A) increases in both alveolar and pulmonary ventilation B) decreases in both alveolar and pulmonary ventilation C) a decrease in alveolar ventilation but no change in pulmonary ventilation D) an increase in alveolar ventilation but a decrease in pulmonary ventilation E) a decrease in alveolar ventilation but an increase in pulmonary ventilation F) an increase in alveolar ventilation but no change in pulmonary ventilation

88) What is the primary function of the large intestine? A) Storage of vitamins and minerals B) Protein digestion and nutrient absorption C) Water and electrolyte absorption D) Secretion of water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes

88) Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting? A) Factor III combines with factor VII B) Factor XII converts inactive factor XI to active factor XI C) Prothrombin is activated to thrombin D) Calcium combines with factor IX

9) The kidneys are located _________ the peritoneum A) within B) anterior to C) posterior to

90) When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the __________ nervous system A) parasympathetic B) somatic C) sympathetic

91) In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces A) white blood cells B) sodium chloride C) pancreatic juice D) endorphins E) prostaglandins

91) Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent because it causes A) less calcium to enter heart cells, which leads to lower risk of heart attack B) more forceful contractions during each heart rate C) an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells D) thyroid hormone to have a steadying effect on heart activity E) heart cell membrane potentials to become more positive during action potentials

93) The largest possible amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed or secreted across a kidney tubule wall in a given duration of time is known as the A) glomerular filtration rate B) renal threshold C) transport maximum D) net filtration pressure E) renal clearance exponent

94) The percentage of the vital capacity that can be exhaled during a specific time period is known as the A) tidal volume B) alveolar ventilation C) forced expiratory volume D) maximal lung capacity rate E) pulmonary minute ventilation

96) Which is not a lobe of the liver? A) Right lobe B) Caudate lobe C) Round lobe D) Quadrate lobe E) Left lobe

97) Which of the male accessory glands encircles the urethra? A) Seminal vesicle B) Bulbourethral gland C) Prostate gland D) Cowper's gland E) Urethral gland

99) Glucagon works by A) binding to hormone response elements on DNA and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis B) binding to hormone response elements on DNA and stimulating glycogenesis C) activating second messengers and stimulating glyconeogenesis D) activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenesis

99) Which of the following has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide? A) The alveoli of the lungs B) The blood circulating in systemic arteries C) The systemic cells

98) Explain the factors that affect cardiac output. In your answer provide one example of a positive inotropic agent and one example of a positive chronotropic agent. For each of those examples, explain what specifically happens to the cells of the heart when they have their effect.

CO = SV x HR, so a positive inotropic agent increases calcium levels in the muscle cells. A positive chronotropic agent usually cause the SA node to reach threshold more quickly.

77) Describe the changes in blood flow and pressure that result when someone engages in prolonged strenuous exercise. Indicate how pressure, flow, and resistance change systemically and in the skeletal muscles being used.

CO rises dramatically, increasing flow and pressure. Within skeletal muscle, vasodilation leads to lower resistance and increased flow.

4) The kidneys make the final enzyme for synthesis of the hormone _______, which causes increased calcium absorption in the small intestine.

Calcitrol

126) Because of their role in material exchanges, the _______ are considered to be the functional units of the cardiovascular system.

Capillaries

139) It is important that flow of blood in the ______ is slow, allowing time for nutrients and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissues.

Capillaries

29) At the inferior end of the trachea is an internal ridge of mucosal covered cartilage that initiates a cough reflex when it is stimulated; this structure is the ______.

Carina

57) The potential space between the serous membranes surrounding each lung is known as the pleural ______.

Cavity

133) The _________ vein runs alongside the lateral aspect of the upper limb and eventually drains into the axillary vein.

Cephalic

127) __________ is the attraction of leukocytes to a site of infection due to the presence of molecules released by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens.

Chemotaxis

89) A chemical that alters heart rate is known as a(n) ______ agent.

Chronotropic

119) Within intestinal epithelial cells, lipids are wrapped in a protein coat to form ______ which will be packaged into secretory vesicles at the Golgi apparatus.

Chylomicrons

146) Decreased testosterone levels in males in their 50s signal a change called the male ______.

Climacteric

74) Until thyroid hormone needs to be secreted, precursors to it are stored in a viscous, protein-rich fluid within the center of thyroid follicles. This viscous fluid is known as ______.

Colloid

18) Extensions of the renal cortex that project into the medulla (and subdivide it) are known as the renal _______.

Columns

63) The wall of the pharynx is formed by three muscle pairs: the superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal _______.

Constrictors

1) Which is not a function of the digestive system? A) Absorption B) Ingestion C) Secretion D) Micturition E) Elimination

1) Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones? A) Regulation B) Protection C) Prevention D) Transportation

101) The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and blood in the lungs is called A) ventilation B) systemic respiration C) internal respiration D) external respiration E) cellular respiration

103) Amylase from saliva digests A) lipids B) proteins C) glucose D) starch

103) The right border of the heart is supplied by the A) circumflex artery B) posterior interventricular artery C) anterior interventricular artery D) right marginal artery E) great cardiac vein

105) An erection of the penis is caused by A) semen pressure from the testes and ductus deferens B) muscle flexion of the penile muscles C) increased secretions of lymph into the spongy tissue D) blood filling the erectile bodies and compressing the veins E) ejaculatory muscles

108) Digestion of proteins is initiated by the enzyme A) amylase B) hydrochloric acid C) aminopeptidase D) pepsin E) CCK

109) In males, the _________ region on the Y chromosome initiates male phenotypic development. A) HRT B) AMH C) TDF D) SRY E) BPH

11) Human somatic cells contain only one pair of A) chromosomes B) autosomes C) homologous chromosomes D) sex chromosomes

11) Peristalsis A) is under voluntary control B) involves the opening and closing of muscular sphincters C) involves back-and-forth movement for mixing D) is the alternating contraction of muscle layers in the GI tract wall that propels materials through the tract E) all of the choices are correct

11) Which circuit of the cardiovascular system includes ventricle and aorta? A) Pulmonary circuit B) Cardio circuit C) Coronary circuit D) Systemic circuit

111) The function of the coronary sinus is to A) connect the top and bottom halves of the heart B) guide the aorta out of the heart C) guide the inferior vena cava into the right atrium D) take blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium E) shunt blood from the right atrium to the left atrium

114) When a women in her fifth decade of life is not pregnant and has stopped having menstrual cycles for ______, she is said to be in menopause A) 2 months B) 4 months C) 6 months D) 1 year E) 18 months

116) Which of the following is false? A) the pineal gland forms part of the epithalamus B) the pineal gland is found within the diencephalon of the brain C) the pineal gland secretes melatonin in a cyclic fashion D) melatonin makes us feel alert and awake

12) The initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion is the A) stomach B) small intestine C) esophagus D) oral cavity E) pharynx

12) When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the A) electroclytes and waste products B) buffy coat C) monocytes D) erythrocytes E) platelets F) plasma

121) Paramesonephric ducts degenerate when the hormone _______ is present A) inhibin B) estrogen C) testosterone D) AMH E) TSH

122) What changes in the blood levels of respiratory gases result from hyperventilation? A) Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels rise B) Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels fall C) Oxygen levels rise and carbon dioxide levels fall D) Oxygen levels do not change but carbon dioxide levels fall

128) Renal plasma clearance A) is lower than GFR for substances that are both filtered and secreted B) is the same as GFR for substances that are both filtered and secreted C) is the amount of water loss from the plasma to the urine over the course of one hour D) is the volume of plasma that can be entirely cleared of a substance in one minute

13) Plasma makes up about _______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood. A) 25 B) 35 C) 45 D) 55 E) 75

13) The nost contains a single septal cartilage. How many alar cartilages are in the nose? A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four

135) Which layer is not found in the wall of the ureter? A) Adventitia B) Muscularis C) Mucosa D) Submucosa

14) Which pair is located more anteriorly in a heart in normal position? A) Left atrium and left ventricle B) Left atrium and right ventricle C) Right atrium and left atrium D) Right atrium and left ventricle E) Right atrium and left ventricle

144) Put the portions of the male urethra in the correct order, from the urinary bladder to the exterior. a: Spongy part b: Urethral orifice c: Prostatic part d: Membranous part A) b, c, a, d B) c, a, d, b C) b, c, d, a D) c, d, a, b E) b, a, c, d

149) Which of the following supplies blood to the medial thigh muscles? A) Superior vesical artery B) Superior gluteal artery C) Middle rectal artery D) Obturator artery

15) Where are the renal pyramids located within the kidney? A) Renal cortex B) Renal sinus C) Renal pelvis D) Renal medulla E) Renal papilla

15) Which bones form the hard palate? A) Palatine bones B) Maxillae and inferior nasal conchae C) Ethmoid and sphenoid bones D) Palatine bones and maxillae E) Maxillae and sphenoid

16) When the process of meiosis is complete, the result is A) two daughter cells that are diploid B) two daughter cells that are haploid C) four daughter cells that are diploid D) four daughter cells that are haploid

17) An air passage (valley) beneath a turbinate within the nasal cavity is referred to as a A) vestibule B) concha C) vibrissa D) meatus

17) The lining of the gastrointestinal tract that allows for absorption and secretion is A) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium B) nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium C) areolar connective tissue D) simple columnar epithelium E) simple squamous epithelium

17) Valves in veins A) make the use of a skeletal muscle pump unnecessary for venous blood flow B) are the leading cause of high blood pressure C) are found only in the largest veins D) cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction E) are formed of the tunica media

18) Which bone does not contain a paranasal sinus? A) Sphenoid bone B) Frontal bone C) Ehtmoid bone D) Mandible E) Maxilla

18) Which part of the circulatroy system holds the largest amount of blood? A) pulmonary arteries B) pulmonary veins C) systemic arteries D) systemic veins

19) Autonomic innervation of the kidney includes A) Cranial Nerve V and sympathetic nerves from T1 - T2 B) Cranial Nerve V and sympathetic nerves from T10 - T12 C) Cranial Nerve X and sympathetic nerves from T1 - T2 D) Cranial Nerve X and sympathetic nerves from T10 - T12

20) Which statement is false regarding the oropharynx? A) It houses the paried palatine tonsils B) It is located posterior to the oral cavity C) It houses the lingual tonsils D) It houses the pharyngeal tonsil E) It extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone

22) The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by the A) anterior interventricular sulcus B) posterior interventricular sulcus C) sinoventricular sulcus D) coronary sulcus E) none of the choices is correct

23) Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight? A) 1% B) 25% C) 46% D) 92% E) 98%

24) Each of the receiving chambers of the heart has a wrinkled flaplike extension; the one that is more visible from an anterior view is the A) interatrial septum B) interventricular septum C) left auricle D) right auricle

24) The thick tangle of capillary loops found within a corpuscle is known as the A) Bowman B) convoluted capillary bed C) glomerular capsule D) glomerulus E) nephron

24) What connects the pharynx to the trachea? A) Esophagus B) Bronchi C) Alveolar ducts D) Larynx E) Nasal cavity

25) Which type of hormones requires a carrier protein in the blood? A) autocrine hormone B) water-soluble hormone C) oliopeptide D) lipid-soluble hormone

26) In some digestive reflexes, the facial nerve stimulates salivary glands; the salivary glands are acting as A) afferents B) receptors C) efferents D) effectors E) control centers

26) The larynx is supported by nine pieces of cartilage. Which cartialges occur in pairs? A) Thyroid and corniculate B) Corniculate and cricoid C) Cricoid, corniculate, adn arytenoid D) Corniculate, cuneiform, and arytenoid E) Arytenoid and epiglottis

27) An individual's meatocrit would vary with A) age B) sex C) altitude D) all of the choices are correct

28) Cholescystokinin is a(n) ________ released by the ________ A) enzyme; stomach B) enzyme; small intestine C) enzyme; gallbladder D) hormone; small intestine E) hormone; gallbladder

28) The daughter cells that result from meiosis I are A) diploid and contain single-stranded chromosomes B) diploid and contain double-stranded chromosomes C) haploid and contain single-stranded chromosomes D) haploid and contain double-stranded chromosomes

29) Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the A) blood hydrostatic pressure minus the tissue hydrostatic pressure B) colloid osmotic pressure in the blood divided by resistance in the tissue C) blood pressure times the total peripheral resistance D) net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure E) osmotic pressure in the tissue minus the hydrostatic pressure in the blood

3) Which is not a function of the kidneys? A) Regulation of blood pressure B) Removal of wastes from th eblood C) Regulation of erythrocyte production D) Regulation of lymphocyte production E) Regulation of acid-base balance

3) Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system? A) Effects: causes metabolic activity changes in target cells B) Response time: slow reaction time = seconds to hours C) Duration of response: long-lasting = minutes to weeks D) Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level E) Communication method: hormones in the bloodstream

30) The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricualr vavles by means of the A) pectinate muscles B) trabeculae carneae C) conus arteriosus D) tendinous cords E) tricuspid valve

31) Which is not correct regarding the ovaries? A) Each ovary has an outer cortex and an inner medulla B) The ovaries are located lateral to the uterus C) The ovarian artery and vein join the ovary at its hilum D) The gametes develop from the ovarian germinal epithelium E) The tunica albuginea is deep to the germinal epithelium

32) What prevents the trachea from collapsing? A) The internal air pressure within the trachea B) The surrounding muscles C) The internal epithelium D) The C-shaped cartilaginous rings

33) Which are functions performed by the fibrous skeleton of the heart? a: Separates the atria and ventricles b: Anchors the heart valves c: Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles d: Provides the framework for the attachment of the myocardium e: None of these are true functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart A) a, d B) b, d C) a, c, d D) a, b, c, d E) e

33) Which statement is true regarding the location of the trachea? A) It lies superior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs B) It lies posterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs C) It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and inferior to the primary bronchi of the lungs D) It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs E) It lies superior to the esophagus, superior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs

34) The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to A) only oxygen B) only carbon dioxide C) only nitrogen D) both oxygen and carbon dioxide E) oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

34) What structure forms from the remnants of the follicle following ovulation? A) Corona radiata B) Zona pellucida C) Corpus albicans D) Corpus luteum E) Antrum

40) A secondary oocyte arrests in A) prophase I B) anaphase II C) prophase II D) metaphase II E) metaphase I

44) Late one night, while studying for your anatomy class, you open a box of saltine crackers to do a little snacking. After chewing on a starchy morsel for a few minutes, you begin to notice a sweet taste in your mouth. What accounts for this? A) "Sweet" taste receptors are slower to respond than others B) Activity of bacteria in the mouth lowers the pH C) Esophageal reflux D) Salivary amylase activity E) Pahocytosis by the pharygeal tonsils produces by-products that taste sweet

44) Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably A) up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much pf the ligand B) up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate C) down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much of the ligand D) down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate

44) Which is the correct sequence of arteries that a drop of blood would flow through as it entered the kidney and moved toward a glomerulus? A) Segmental artery - interlobar artery - interlobular artery - renal artery - arcuate artery B) Interlobar artery - segmental artery - interlobular artery - renal artery - arcuate artery C) Renal artery - interlobar artery - segmental artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery D) Renal artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery E) Arcuate artery - interlobular artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - renal artery

46) Which is not part of the respiratory membrane? A) Capillary endothelium B) Fused basement membrane C) Plasma membrane of Type I cell D) Plasma membrane of Type II cell

46) Which of the following statements is true about teeth? A) The primary component of teeth is dentin B) The outer surface of enamel forms the crown of a tooth C) The root is covered by cementum D) All of the choices are correct

48) Macrophages colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of A) granulocytes from their progenitors B) erythrocytes from myeloid stem cells C) megakaryocytes and platelets D) monocytes from monoblasts E) erythrocyte progenitor cells

48) The lateral margin of the uterine tube, which bears the fimbriae, is called the A) ampulla B) fornix C) isthmus D) infundibulum E) uterine part

48) The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the A) pineal gland B) cerebral cortex C) spinal cord D) hypothalamus E) adrenal cortex

49) As it is leaving the kidney, blood passes directly from the arcuate vein to the A) renal vein B) vasa recta C) segmental vein D) interlobar vein E) interlobular vein

5) Puberty is initiated when a region of the brain begins secreting A) luteinizing hormone B) estrogen or testosterone C) follicle-stimulating hormone D) gonadotropin-releasing hormone E) androgens

50) The normal site of fertilization is the A) vagina B) body of the uterus C) fundus of the uterus D) ampulla of the uterine tube E) uterine part of the uterine tube

51) What is the correct order for the segments of the uterine tube, beginning at the ovary? A) Infundibulum - isthmus - ampulla - uterine part B) Uterine part - infundibulum - ampulla - isthmus C) Ampulla - infundibulum - uterine part - isthmus D) Infundibulum - ampulla - isthmus - uterine part E) Uterine part - isthmus - ampulla - infundibulum

52) The life span of an erythrocyte is about ________ days. A) 10 B) 30 C) 60 D) 120 E) 360

53) For the repolarization phase of an SA nodal cell action potential, A) sodium and potassium channels open B) calcium channels open and sodium channels close C) calcium and potassium channels close D) calcium channels close and potassium channels open E) sodium and chloride channels open

54) Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the A) liver B) spleen C) lung D) liver and spleen E) spleen and lung

54) Which does not provide structural support for the uterus? A) Round ligament B) Transverse cervical ligament C) Uterosacral ligament D) Uterine ligament E) Urogenital diaphragm

54) Which peritoneal fold supports the large intestine? A) Greater omentum B) Lesser omentum C) Falciform ligament D) Mesocolon E) Peritoneal ligament

56) Which organ is retroperitoneal? A) Stomach B) Jejunum C) Transverse colon D) Pancreas E) Cecum

57) Which are characteristics of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B A) b, c, d, f B) a, c, d, f C) a, d, f D) b, c, f E) a, c, f

58) Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would have A) high viscosity and therefore have high resistance B) high viscosity and therefore have low resistance C) low viscosity and therefore have high resistance D) low viscosity and therefore have low resistance

58) The gastroenterologist has just determined that you have a blockage in your jejunum and he will have to perform surgery, making a small incision in the wall to remove the obstruction. Which tunic will be cut first? A) Mucosa B) Submucosa C) Tunica muscularis D) Serosa E) Adventitia

58) Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group A) a, c B) b, c, e C) a, d, e D) b, e E) a, e

59) The hymen is located A) at the cervix B) near the fundus of the uterus C) at the superior end of the vagina D) near the vaginal orifice E) at the external urethral sphincter

59) What is the correct order for the layers of the GI tract wall, from innermost (next to lumen) to outermost? A) Mucosa - submucosa - adventitia/serosa - muscularis B) Muscularis - mucosa - adventitia/serosa - submucosa C) Adventitia/serosa - mucosa - submucosa - muscularis D) Mucosa - submucosa - muscularis - adventitia/serosa E) Adventitia/serosa - muscularis - mucosa - submucosa

60) For the majority of the GI tract, which layer(s) of the wall contain smooth muscle? A) Muscularis only B) Mucosa and adventitia C) Serosa only D) Mucosa and muscularis E) Submucosa and muscularis

61) The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of glycoproteins and _________, and it restricts the passage of _______ A) phospholipids; plasma ions B) phospholipids; plasma proteins C) proteoglycans; plasma ions D) proteoglycans: plasma proteins

61) Which layer of the uterine wall is sloughed off during menstruation? A) Perimetrium B) Basal layer of endometrium C) Myometrium D) Functional layer of endometrium E) Epimetrium

62) Which is not a tropic hormone? A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone C) Follicle-stimulating hormone D) Prolactin

64) You may have noticed that after a large meal you have had some difficulty breathing. Which explanation is most accurate with regard to this situation? A) The food presses on the bronchi, making air flow difficult B) The large quantity of food retards pulmonary blood flow C) Oxygen to the lungs is restricted due to fullness in the stomach D) A full stomach impedes contraction of the diaphragm, limiting inhalation

66) Progesterone levels are highest during the _______ phase A) menstrual B) proliferative C) follicular D) luteal E) ovulation

66) The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n) A) eosinophil B) basophil C) lymphocyte D) neutrophil E) monocyte

67) Contraction of these muscles depresses the ribs, but only during forced exhalation. A) External intercostals B) Scalenes C) Transversus thoracis D) Internal intercostals E) Serratus posterior inferior

67) The esophagus A) secrete digestive enzymes from its mucosa B) is located anterior to the trachea C) opens to the stomach at the pyloric sphincter D) contains both smooth and skeletal muscle fibers E) is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

67) Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)? A) GH affects most body cells B) GH stimulates cell growth and mitosis C) GH is also known as somatotropin D) GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin E) GH is a tropic hormone

67) Which of these structures contains sebaceous glands? A) Clitoris B) Vestibular bulb C) Mons pubis D) Labia minora E) Prepuce

69) Stenosis (constriction) of the pyloric sphincter would interfere with A) passage of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum B) peristalsis C) passage of a bolus into the stomach D) passage of chime into the duodenum E) mucus secretion

69) Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes? A) Eosinophils B) Basophils C) Lymphocytes D) Neutrophils E) Monocytes

71) The capsular hydrostatic pressure is generally ________ than the glomerular hydrostatic pressure; increases in capsular hydrostatic pressure __________ the formation of additional filtrate A) larger; facilitate B) larger; impede C) smaller; facilitate D) smaller; impede

72) Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ________ by the follicular cells A) colloid B) thyroxine C) triiodothyronine D) thyroglobulin E) tetraiodothyronine

73) The growth factor that icreases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is A) EPO B) M-CSF C) G-CSF D) Multi-CSF E) GM-CSF

73) The units for measurement of glomerular filtration rate are A) mmHg B) mmHg per minute C) liters D) liters per minute

75) The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is A) rapid, due to their small total cross-sectional area B) rapid, which prevents pooling in lower extremities C) slow, due to small total cross-sectional area, low friction and high pressure D) slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues

76) Where would you find the trachealis muscle? A) Between the esophagus and the diaphragm B) Between the trachea and the diaphragm C) Superior to the larynx D) Between the esophagus and the trachea E) Between the larynx and the pharynx

77) You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem? A) Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone B) Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone C) Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone D) Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone E) Hyposecretion of calcitonin

78) The pulmonary trunk carries A) oxygenated blood from the left ventricle toward the lungs B) oxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs C) oxygenated blood from the lungs toward the left atrium of the heart D) deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs E) deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the right atrium of the heart

78) Which of the following is a thin layer of smooth muscle just beneath the skin of the scrotum? A) Raphe B) Cremaster C) Tunica vaginalis D) Dartos muscle E) Inguinal muscle

79) Atrial contraction occurs just before A) isovolumetric relaxation B) atrial relaxation and ventricular filling C) ventricular ejection D) isovolumetric contraction

79) Duodenal glands (Brunner glands) that secrete a viscous mucus into the small intestine are located in the A) serosa B) adventitia C) mucosa D) submucosa E) muscularis interna

8) The perineum consists of an anterior A) ischial tuberosity and a posterior analellipse B) urethral orifice and a posterior pubic crest C) false pelvis and a posterior true pelivs D) urogenital triangle and a posteiror anal triangle E) pubic quadrilateral and a posterior anal rhombus

80) Pulmonary arteries are wider than systemic arteries. Therefore, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is A) high and blood flows very rapidly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange B) high and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange C) low and blood flows very rapidly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange D) low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange

80) Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids? A) zona reticularis B) zona glucosa C) zona papillarosa D) zona fasciculata E) zona glomerulosa

81) What is the function of the minralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland? A) regualte glucose levels in the blood B) act as secondary sex hormones C) stimulate metabolism of lipids D) regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids E) stimulate metabolism of proteins

82) Developing sperm cells are protected by a blood-testis barrier formed by A) connective tissue septa B) interstitial spaces C) Leydig cells D) sustentacular cells E) leukocytes

83) The vessels that supply the lower limbs are the A) common carotids B) internal iliac arteries C) subclavian arteries D) external iliac arteries E) vertebral arteries

83) Which is not true about spermatogenesis? A) The process includes two meiotic divisions B) The final stage of the process is called spermiogenesis C) Mature spermatozoa are haploid (n=23) D) Spermatogenesis begins at birth and continues throughout a man's life E) The process takes place in the walls of the seminiferous tubules

84) The adrenal glands are located ________ to the parietal peritoneum and each has a cortex of a ______ color A) anterior; brown B) anterior; yellow C) posterior; brown D) posterior; yellow

85) Cardiac output is usually expressed in A) beats per minute B) mL per beat C) mm Hg D) liters per minute

86) In most of its target cells, cortisol _______ glucose uptake and ______ protien metabolism A) increases; increases B) increases: decreases C) decreases: decreases D) decreases; increases

87) ANP is a hormone that causes A) constriction of the afferent arterioles and release of renin B) constriction of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release C) dilation of the afferent arterioles and release of renin D) dilation of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release

87) How many spermatozoa ultimately develop from each primary spermatocyte? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

87) The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the a: Internal jugular veins b: Right sigmoid sinus c: Left sigmoid sinus d: Subclavian veins e: Straight sinus A) a, b, e B) a, c, d C) b, c, e D) a, d E) b, d, e

88) Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels? A) pancreatic polypeptide B) somatostatin C) glucagon D) insulin E) somatotropin

89) Which is (are) not found in the wall of the large intestine? A) Goblet cells B) Simple columnar epithelium C) Lymphatic nodules D) Villi E) Intestinal glands

9) Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions? A) Pulmonary circuit B) Visceral circuit C) Coronary circuit D) Systemic circuit

90) At the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, the ________ artery arises to supply the sacrum and coccyx A) lumbar B) posterior intercostal C) subclavian D) median sacral E) femoral

91) The superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the ______ veins A) internal thoracic B) inferior epigastric C) lumbar D) brachiocephalic E) internal jugular

92) Peritubular capillaries tend to exhibit A) high hydrostatic pressure and high colloid pressure B) high hydrostatic pressure and low colloid pressure C) low hydrostatic pressure and low colloid pressure D) low hydrostatic pressure and high colloid pressure

92) Several esophageal branches emerge off of which of the following vessels? A) celiac trunk B) bronchial arteries C) left gastric artery D) superior mesenteric artery

93) Which duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder? A) Common bile duct B) Pancreatic duct C) Hepatopancreatic duct D) Cystic duct E) Hepatic duct

94) Fibrinolysis involves _________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein __________. A) construction; thrombokinase B) construction; plasmin C) construction; actinomyosin D) destruction; plasmin E) destruction; thrombokinase

94) What material is transported in the sinusoids of the liver? A) Bile B) Arterial blood C) Venous blood D) Mixed arterial and venous blood E) Hepatic juice

95) What structures compose a portal triad? A) Branches of the hepatic artery, hepatic vein, and hepatic duct B) Branches of the common bile duct, central vein, and hepatic artery C) Branches of the hepatic duct, cystic duct, and central vein D) Branches of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic duct E) Branches of the cystic duct, central vein, and hepatic artery

96) A drug the decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the heart's contractions would be a A) positive chronotropic agent B) negative chronotropic agent C) positive inotropic agent D) negative inotropic agent

97) The artery that arises from the descending aorta and is immediately inferior to the celiac trunk is the _______ artery A) inferior mesenteric B) right gastric C) common hepatic D) superior mesenteric E) splenic

97) The pancreas is located ________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the _______ A) anterior; liver B) anterior: spleen C) posterior; liver D) posterior; spleen

99) Parasympathetic innervation of the heart occurs via A) CN IV B) CN VI C) CN VIII D) CN X E) CH XII

62) The process of swallowing is also called ________.

Deglutition

126) The numerous _______ within the intercalated discs prevent cardiac muscle fibers from pulling apart.

Desmosomes

126) Movement of leukocytes between the endothelial blood vessel cells into the body tissues is called ________.

Diapedesis

71) The test that measures the amount of each type of leukocyte in the bloos is a _______ count.

Differential

131) _______ arteries emerge from the superficial and deep palmar arches to supply the fingers.

Digital

89) Most of the venous blood of the cranium drains through large vessels known as the _______ venous sinuses.

Dural

10) The parathyroid glands are located ________ A) just below the thalamus B) within the thymus C) above the kidneys D) anterior to the thyroid gland E) posterior to the thyroid gland

101) How does aging affect the endocrine system? A) secretory activity of endocrine glands decreases B) normal levels of hormones, particularly growth hormone and sex hormones, often decrease C) aging reduces the efficiency of endocrine system functions D) endocrine system imbalances can lead to weight gain or muscle loss E) all of the choices are correct

102) Which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage? A) Axillary artery - brachial artery - subclavian artery - ulnar artery B) Brachial artery - subclavian artery - axillary artery - radial artery C) Axillary artery - subclavian artery - radial artery - ulnar artery D) Subclavian artery - brachial artery - axillary artery - radial artery E) Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery

104) The _______ run(s) adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb and eventually helps form the axillary vein A) cephalic vein B) radial veins C) ulnar veins D) brachial veins E) basilic vein

111) Approximately what percent of the oxygen in blood is transported by the hemoglobin of erythrocytes? A) 33% B) 50% C) 66% D) 75% E) 98%

116) Which is not considered to be a change associated with aging in males? A) Erectile dysfunction B) Impotence C) Decreased testosterone levels D) Prostate enlargement E) Termination of spermatogenesis

13) Precapillary sphicters will A) control blood flow into the true capillaries B) cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule C) open whenthe tissue needs nutrients D) close when the tissues needs have been met E) all of the answers are correct

138) Which layer is not found in the wall of the urinary bladder? A) Adventitia B) Muscularis C) Mucosa D) Submucosa E) No exceptions; all layers are found in the wall of the urinary bladder

143) Micturition A) is another name for urination B) is a reflex triggered by stretch receptors in the urinary bladder C) requires the opening of two sphincters D) requires contraction of the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder E) All of the choices are correct

2) Endocrine glands A) are ductless glands B) are the organs of the endocrine system C) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream D) help maintain homeostasis E) all of the choices are correct

2) The gonads A) are the males testes and female ovaries B) secrete sex hormones C) produce gametes D) are dormant until puberty E) All of the choices are correct

20) Which is not correct regarding the innervatio of the kidney? A) Parasympathetic innervation is from the vagus nerve B) The kidney is served by the renal plexus C) Sympathetic innervation is from segments T10 - T12 of the spinal cord D) Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction of the renal blood vessels E) Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the rate of filtrate formation

25) What structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound? A) Esophagus B) Bronchi C) Pharynx D) Nasal cavity E) Larynx

27) Sister chromatids are pulled apart in A) prophase I B) anaphase I C) interphase D) prophase II E) anaphase II

27) The male voice tends to be in a lower range than a female's voice because men have A) more taut vestibular folds B) more air to push through the rima glottidis C) wider arytenoid cartilages D) shorter and fatter vestibular ligaments E) longer and thicker vocal folds

32) Which is not correct regarding nephrons? A) The renal corpuscle includes the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule B) The renal tubule is composed of the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule C) The nerphron is the functional filtration unit in the kidney D) Eighty-five percent of nephrons are cortical nephrons E) The renal corpuscle may be located in the renal cortex or renal medulla

35) What type of tissue lines the trachea? A) Cuboidal epithelium B) Simple squamous epithelium C) Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium D) Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium E) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

36) The volume of the antrum is largest in a ______ follicle A) primary B) secondary C) primordial D) polar E) mature

37) The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located A) within the renal sinus B) in the renal papilla C) in the perinephric fat D) inside the tubular pole of the glomerulus E) near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

38) Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are A) reticulocytes B) promegakaryocytes C) myeloid stem cells D) late erythroblasts E) proplatelets

38) Tendons and ligaments have A) a high degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and rapid healing B) a high degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and slow healing C) a high degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing D) a low degree of vascularization, therefore high perfusion and rapid healing E) a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing

4) Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract? A) Esophagus B) Large intestine C) Stomach D) Oral cavity E) Liver

43) The projections on the superior surface of the tongue, some of which house taste buds, are the A) tonsils B) cilia C) rugae D) glossal spines E) papillae

48) Which is not correct about the left lung? A) It is slightly smaller than the right lung B) It has a cardiac impression C) It has a cardiac notch D) It has 2 lobes and 1 fissure E) It has an esophageal depression

52) Which is not a fold of peritoneum that forms a mesentery? A) Lesser omentum B) Falciform ligament C) Mesentery proper D) Mesocolon E) Intraperitoneal ligament

53) Place the regions of the nephron in the correct order for the process of urine formation. a: capsular space of glomerulus b: Nephron loop c: Collecting duct d: Distal convoluted tubule e: Proximal convoluted tubule A) a, c, b, e, d B) e, d, b, a, c C) b, e, c, d, a D) b, d, c, e, a E) a, e, b, d, c

56) Which step(s) in the process of urine formation occur in the renal tubule? A) Filtration only B) Secretion only C) Reabsorption only D) Filtraton, secretion, and reabsorption E) Secretion, and reabsorption only

57) The myometrium of the uterus is composed of A) skeletal muscle B) mucosa membrane C) fibrous connective tissue D) loose connective tissue E) smooth muscle

61) Which is going to result in significant agglutination? A) Donor is type A, recipient has antibody anti-B B) Donor is type B, recipient has antibody anti-A C) Donor is type O, recipient is Type O D) Donor is type A, recipient is type AB E) Donor is type AB, recipient is type B

61) Which layer(s) of the wall of the GI tract contain a nerve plexus? A) Muscularis only B) Mucosa and serosa C) Adventitia only D) Mucosa and muscularis E) Submucosa and muscularis

67) What part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava? A) AV bundle B) Bundle branches C) Purkinje fibers D) AV node E) SA node

68) Which is not part of the vulva? A) Mons pubis B) Clitoris C) Labia majora D) Labia minora E) Vagina

7) Blood plasma is slightly _________; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of ______. A) acidic; glucose B) acidic; proteins C) basic; glycogen D) basic; glucose E) basic: proteins

74) Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line? A) Neutrophils B) Basophils and eosinophils C) Lymphocytes and monocytes D) Lymphocytes E) Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

76) During ventricular contraction A) only the AV valves open B) only the AV valves close C) only the semilunar valves close D) the semilunar valves close and the AV valves open E) the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close

79) Which hormone group is no secreted by the adrenal cortex? A) corticosteroids B) glucocorticoids C) mineralocorticoids D) gonadocorticoids E) Noexceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex

8) Which organ is not considered an accessory digestive organ? A) Tongue B) Teeth C) Pancreas D) Salivary glands E) Pharynx

85) Which of the following is the correct sequence of regions of the small intestine, from beginning to end? A) Ileum - duodenum - jejunum B) Jejunum - duodenum - ileum C) Duodenum - ileum - jejunum D) Ileum - jejunum - duodenum E) Duodenum - jejunum - ileum

89) Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets? A) alpha cell B) delta cell C) beta cell D) F cell E) C cell

90) Which is not correct regarding the pancreas? A) it is located posterior to the stomach, between the small intestine and the spleen B) it is heterocrine, or mixed, gland C) it is elongated in shape, spongy, and nodular D) the majority of cells in the pancreas are pancreatic acini E) it does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty

92) Which structure is not found in both males and females? A) Glans B) Corpora cavernosa C) Tunica albuginea D) Prepuce E) Vestibular gland

95) The metabolic condition called ________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response A) Type 2 diabetes B) gestational diabetes C) beta cell diabetes D) insulin-independent diabetes mellitus E) Type 1 diabetes

96) What branches arise directly from the celiac trunk? A) Left gastric and splenic arteries B) Left gastroepiploic and splenic arteries C) Left gastric and common hepatic arteries D) Left gastric, left gastroepiploic, and splenic arteries E) Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries

98) The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the A) transverse colon B) transverse colon and descending colon C) sigmoid colon D) sigmoid colon and ascending colon E) transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

99) Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava? A) Hepatic portal vein B) Splenic vein C) Inferior mesenteric vein D) Superior mesenteric vein E) Hepatic veins

99) Which of the following is not a component of seminal fluid? A) Prostaglandin B) Citric acid C) Mucous D) Seminalplasmin E) Calcium

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes A) a, b, c B) b, d, e C) a, b, e, f D) c, d E) a, b, e

136) If the stroke volume if unequal between the left and right ventricles, _________ may occur, which is excess fluid surrounding or within cells.

Edema

116) The process by which bile breaks up large fat droplets into smaller ones is called ______.

Emulsification

129) Making up 2 to 4 percent of the leukocytes, the ________ increase in number when they react to or phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes or allergens.

Eosinophils

145) The _______ is a comma-shaped structure that lies on the surface of the testis, and includes a head, body, and tail.

Epididymis

126) Describe how internal reproductive structures develop. What genetic factors determine whether development proceeds in a male or female manner? What ducts are formed in male and female embryos and fetuses?

Expression of SRY from the Y chromosome causes Sertoli cells to secrete AMH, which leads to degeneration of the paramesonpheric ducts and continued development of Wolffian ducts to form the epididymis and ductus deferens. In the absence of SRY proteins, mesonephric ducts degenerate and paramesonephric ducts continue to develop helping to form the uterus and uterine tubes.

102) When viewing a centrifuged blood sample, the erythrocytes will be on the top. TRUE or FALSE

False

103) The corpora cavernosa extend within the glands of the penis. TRUE or FALSE

False

104) Salivary amylase is activated once it enters the acidic environment of the stomach. TRUE or FALSE

False

104) The antigen-antibody reaction is an example of the regulation function of blood. TRUE or FALSE

False

106) The blood type of a person missing the surface antigen D is Rh-positive. TRUE or FALSE

False

108) From moment to moment, the oxygen partial pressure gradient between systemic capillary blood and systemic cells switches: one moment it favors diffusion toward the blood and the next moment it favors diffusion toward the cells. TRUE or FALSE

False

109) Blood flow to the heart wall courses through coronary vessels in a steady stream. TRUE or FALSE

False

109) The great saphenous vein is a deep vein and the popliteal vein is a superficial vein. TRUE or FALSE

False

110) M-CSF is a growth factor that stimulates the production of monocytes from myeloblast cells. TRUE or FALSE

False

111) All hormone secretion is under the direct control of the hypothalamus. TRUE or FALSE

False

114) Somatostatin suppresses the release of pancreatic polypeptide. TRUE or FALSE

False

115) Bile catalyzes the breakdown of triglyceride into a monoglyceride and two free fatty acids. TRUE or FALSE

False

115) Pancreatic hormones are secreted directly into the pancreatic duct for rapid transport to the small intestine. TRUE or FALSE

False

118) The countercurrent multiplier is a negative feedback mechanism. TRUE or FALSE

False

119) Of the three artery types, the elastic arteries have the greatest ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate. TRUE or FALSE

False

12) The X and Y chromosomes are considered homologous autosomes. TRUE or FALSE

False

120) The thymus gland secretes erythropoietin in response to low blood oxygen. TRUE or FALSE

False

121) Hyperventilation leads to hypercapnia. TRUE or FALSE

False

121) The diffusion of urea out of the distal convoluted tubule is an important part of maintaining the concentration gradient of the renal medulla. TRUE or FALSE

False

122) During ventricular contraction, the semilunar valves close in order to permit the blood to enter the large arterial trunks that carry blood away from the heart. TRUE or FALSE

False

122) Once produced by an endocrine cell, a hormone enters the blood after passing through a duct. TRUE or FALSE

False

124) Purkinje fibers are small fibers within the atria that conduct impulses rapidly. TRUE or FALSE

False

125) A GFR measurement will be directly related to the concentration of inulin in the plasma and inversely related to the concentration of inulin in the urine. TRUE or FALSE

False

126) Like PTH, calcitonin increases blood calcium levels. TRUE or FALSE

False

126) The main stimulus that drives increased breathing during exercise is a drop in blood levels of oxygen. TRUE or FALSE

False

13) The paranephric fat is deep to the fibrous capsule of the kidney. TRUE or FALSE

False

130) Glucose and protein are common solutes within urine. TRUE or FALSE

False

131) The pharynx is lined with a keratinized epithelium to protect against abrasion. TRUE or FALSE

False

134) The testes are the male gametes. TRUE or FALSE

False

135) During a dangerous situation, the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasoconstriction, raising systemic blood pressure. This is an example of the myogenic response. TRUE or FALSE

False

135) Production of new primary oocytes by mitosis continues throughout a woman's life. TRUE or FALSE

False

135) The cystic duct and common bile duct unite to form the common hepatic duct. TRUE or FALSE

False

137) The atrial reflex relies upon chemoreceptors to detect stretch in the atrial wall. TRUE or FALSE

False

14) Another name for the nasal septum is the turbinate. TRUE or FALSE

False

140) Around day 21 of development the primitive heart begins to beat. At this stage it contains the four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. TRUE or FALSE

False

140) Sperm begin to exhibit motility once they exit the seminiferous tubules. TRUE or FALSE

False

142) The left primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the right primary bronchus. TRUE or FALSE

False

143) Depression of the ribs increases the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity. TRUE or FALSE

False

144) Consistent with Boyle's law, air flows from a region of lower pressure (the atmosphere) into a region of higher pressure within the lungs. TRUE or FALSE

False

149) As the thoracic cavity (and therefore the lungs) increase in size, the pressure inside increases proportionally. TRUE or FALSE

False

152) The internal sphincter is formed by skeletal muscle fibers of the urogenital diaphragm. TRUE or FALSE

False

17) Mitosis involves crossing over and the production of haploid daughter cells. TRUE or FALSE

False

17) Steroids, peptides, and nucleic acids are the three classes of hormones. TRUE or FALSE

False

2) The term "motility" refers only to involuntary contractions (not voluntary contractions) that mix and movve materials through the GI tract. TRUE or FALSE

False

20) Like proteins, eicosanoids are synthesized on ribosomes in a process that involves transcription and translation. TRUE or FALSE

False

24) Short reflexes of digestion involve the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. TRUE or FALSE

False

25) Filtration and reabsorption are processes that involve water (a solvent) but not solutes. TRUE or FALSE

False

25) The tubular pole of the renal corpuscle is where afferent and efferent arterioles attach to the glomerulus. TRUE or FALSE

False

26) The glomerulus is part of the renal tubule. TRUE or FALSE

False

27) Like all other hormone transport proteins, albumin is highly specific in terms if which hormone it carries through the blood. TRUE or FALSE

False

35) Type A and Type B cells of kidney tubules are types of principal cells. TRUE or FALSE

False

36) Although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time (based on demand), the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar. TRUE or FALSE

False

36) Natural killer cells derive from T-lymphoblasts and monocytes derive from the granulocyte line. TRUE or FALSE

False

38) Primary follicle form before birth. TRUE or FALSE

False

4) The reaction time for endocrine effects is generally measured in milliseconds. TRUE or FALSE

False

40) Bronchoconstriction results from relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of airways. TRUE or FALSE

False

42) A vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed. TRUE or FALSE

False

47) The pattern of venous drainage in the kidney differs from the arterial supply in that there are no arcuate or segmental veins. TRUE or FALSE

False

49) The hearts nodal cells have a more negative resting potential than neurons do, because nodal cells lack leaks channels for sodium and potassium ions. TRUE or FALSE

False

5) The gallbladder is part of the gastrointestinal tract. TRUE or FALSE

False

52) The bronchial circulation is a component of the pulmonary circulation. TRUE or FALSE

False

59) The function of each of the regulatory hormones of the hypothalamus is to trigger the release of a tropic hormone from the pituitary. TRUE or FALSE

False

6) Ateries carry blood toward the heart, while veins carry blood away from the heart. TRUE or FALSE

False

6) The pancreas is part of the alimentary canal. TRUE or FALSE

False

60) An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow. TRUE or FALSE

False

61) The chest wall is anatomically configured to contract inwardly, so that when the thorax is opened surgically its walls collapse. TRUE or FALSE

False

63) Large proteins and red blood cells normally pass freely through the filtration membrane. TRUE or FALSE

False

64) The upper half of the esophagus contains smooth muscle and the lower half contains skeletal muscle. TRUE and FALSE

False

65) The pharyngeal phase of swallowing is a voluntary process that is controlled by the cerebral cortex. TRUE or FALSE

False

71) Increases in angiotensin II levels cause decreases in blood pressure. TRUE or FALSE

False

75) Platelets are roughly the same size as erythrocytes, and like erythrocytes, they eject their nucleus just before entering circulation. TRUE or FALSE

False

76) Increases in capsular hydrostatic pressure result in increases in net filtration pressure. TRUE or FALSE

False

77) Increase in the levels of plasma proteins result in increases in net filtration pressure. TRUE or FALSE

False

77) The transverse colon is part of the upper gastrointestinal tract. TRUE or FALSE

False

79) The phrenic and intercostals nerves are made up primarily of autonomic nerves for smooth muscle control. TRUE or FALSE

False

8) In general, respiratory zone structures are lined with a thicker mucosa than conducting zone structure. TRUE or FALSE

False

85) The extrinsic pathway is a clotting system that is initiated by chemicals that come from outside the body. TRUE or FALSE

False

88) Cardiac reserve is greater in a nonathletic individual than in a highly trained athlete. TRUE or FALSE

False

93) The azygos vein is located on the left side of the vertebrae. TRUE or FALSE

False

94) The higher the concentration of a substance in the blood, the greater its transport maximum is. TRUE or FALSE

False

95) Generally, the higher a substance's transport maximum is, the lower its renal threshold will be. TRUE or FALSE

False

97) When a partial pressure gradient exists for a gas, it will move from the area of its lower partial pressure to the area of higher partial pressure. TRUE or FALSE

False

99) Peptides such as angiotensin are reabsorbed by means of phagocytosis by tubule wall cells. The peptide is then transported back to the blood as a functional molecule. TRUE or FALSE

False

Although hormones influence activity in the neural and reproductive systems, they do not influence the digestive system. TRUE or FLASE

False

132) As the popliteal vein travels up the left, it curves to the anterior portion of the thigh and is renamed the _______ vein.

Femoral

128) ______ capillaries have pores within each endothelial cell.

Fenestrated

118) The iron that has been transferred to the liver after the aged erythrocytes were phagocytized is stored by the protein _________.

Ferritin

112) Fibrin, which is produced from the plasma protein _____________, helps form blood clots.

Fibrinogen

58) Passive movement of water and solutes from the plasma to the capsular space of kidney corpuscles is a process known as ______.

Filtration

154) The ball of capillaries in the renal corpuscle is called the _______.

Glomerulus

3) In both males and females, primary sex organs called _________ produce the gametes.

Gonads

49) The driving force propelling blood through the circulatory system is the difference in blood pressure from the beginning of a blood vessel to its end. This difference is knwn as the blood pressure ________.

Gradient

14) When a cell's genetic content is designated as 1n, the cell is said to be _______.

Haploid

137) The teniae coli of the large intestine pull the large intestine into many sacs, collectively called ______.

Haustra

14) The percentage of volume of red blood cells is called the _______.

Hematocrit

44) The process of hemopoiesis starts with hemopoietic stem cells called _________.

Hemocytoblasts

115) The molecule to which both oxygen and carbon dioxide can attach in an erythrocyte is called __________.

Hemoglobin

122) The rupture of erythrocytes is called _______.

Hemolysis

10) The concave medial border of the kidney is called the _______.

Hilum

29) Generally, there are two main factors that determine the levels of a hormone in the blood. Explain what those factors are and provide examples of how they might increase or decrease a hormone's level.

Hormone synthesis is directly related to plasma hormone levels, and hormone elimination (by liver, kidneys, and target cell uptake) is inversely related to plasma hormone levels.

45) An increase in blood flow that follows a temporary disruption of blood flow is known as reactive _________.

Hyperemia

80) Of the three regions of the small intestine, the terminal (end) portion is the _________.

Ileum

24) Define the term "independent assortment" and indicate how this leads to diversity in the genetic content of gametes.

Independent assortment is described in the text as the random alignment of homologous chromosomes (maternal and paternal) along the equator metaphase I of meiosis. Because the cellular division distibutes the maternal and paternal chromosomes randomly, a wide variety of gametes are generated.

122) To test someone's glomerular filtration rate, the individual is injected with the polysaccharide _________.

Inulin

134) The term used to describe the inadequate blood flow to a structure caused by obstruction of the blood supply is __________.

Ischemia

80) The beginning of ventricular contraction, when all four valves are closed, is called (2 words) ________.

Isovolumetric contraction

131) Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the ________ to increase the rate of production and maturation of erythrocyte progenitor and erythroblast cells.

Kidney

138) The sinusoids of the liver are lined by phagocytic reticuloendothelial cells, also called _______ cells.

Kupffer

78) A lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine is called a ________.

Lacteal

132) Lipids are absorbed from the small intestine into lymphatic capillaries called ______.

Lacteals

71) The channels that convey milk from the mammary glands to the nipples are called ________ ducts.

Lactiferous

125) A reduced number of leukocytes causes a serious disorder called _______.

Leukopenia

35) The production of leukocytes is called ________.

Leukopoiesis

5) The hormones and neurotransmitters released by the endocrine and nervous system are chemical substances referred to as ________

Ligands

119) Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen by cells called _________.

Macrophages

3) There are two aspects to digestion: chemical digestion and __________ digestion.

Mechanical

39) Platelets are continually produced in the red bone marrow by cells called _________.

Megakaryocytes

158) Intraglomerular ___________ cells help keep the filtration membrane "clean" as they phagocytose (engulf) items such as antigen-antibody complexes.

Mesangial

142) The uterine tubes are covered and suspended by a superior portion of the broad ligament called the _________.

Mesosalpinx

157) Urination is triggered by a complex sequence of events called the ________ reflex.

Micturition

125) The middle layer of the heart wall that is made of cardiac muscle tissue is the _______.

Myocardium

28) Give the formula for net filtration pressure; then include typical values (at the arterial end of a capillary bed) for all variable and include units.

NFP = (HPb - HPif) - (COPb - COPif). For example, (35 - 0) - (26 - 5) = 14 mmHg.

130) Among the three categories of lymphocytes, it is the _________ killer cells that attack abnormal and infected tissue cells.

Natural

153) Each kidney contains more than a million "functional units" called ________.

Nephrons

128) _________ are the most numerous type of leukocyte in the blood.

Neutrophils

The word "cascade" can be defined as a series of small waterfalls, one leading to the next. Describe a specific second-messenger cascade that results from the series of chemical reactions (from one to the next) initiated by a hormone binding to its receptor.

On example is how glucagon works through the cAMP, PKA cascade to cause release of glucose from liver cells. The receptor activates the G protein, which activates AC, which synthesizes cAMP, which activates PKA, which phosphorylates enzymes within the liver cell.

22) If someone with kidney damage was losing lots of protein in their urine, what would happen to colloid osmotic pressure and how might it lead to edema (swelling) of body tissues?

Osmotic pressure would decrease. Because less fluid would be retained by the osmotic draw of the proteins, capillaries would lose more fluid, and swelling could result.

91) Substances that are reabsorbed by passing between epithelial cells of the tubular walls undergo _________ transport.

Paracellular

9) The small, cone-shaped gland that is in the epithalamus of the brain is the _______ gland.

Pineal

113) When a finger is pricked, the blood will quickly stop flowing because of the action of the formed elements called _________.

Platelets

102) A complex carbohydrate that consists of several repeating units of simple sugars is referred to as a ________.

Polysaccharide

130) The hepatic _______ system is a venous network that drains the GI tract and delivers blood to the liver.

Portal

69) The fold of the labia minora that forms a hood over the clitoris is the _______.

Prepuce

32) The most primitive type of ovarian follicle is a _______ follicle.

Primordial

73) The anterior pituitary hormone that facilitates milk production is ________.

Prolactin

148) ________ is a period in adolescence where the reproductive organs become fully functional and the external sex characteristic become more prominent.

Puberty

63) The time that starts when a muscle cell is depolarized and ends when it is able to be restimulated is the _________ period.

Refractory

155) The juxtaglomerular cells release the enzyme ________ when the macula densa cells detect low blood volume or solute concentration.

Renin

90) The amount of air left in the lungs even after the most forceful expiration is referred to as the _______ volume.

Residual

93) When actinomyosin of platelets contracts and squeezes the serum out of a clot, the process is called clot ________.

Retraction

73) At the pylorus of the stomach, closure of the pyloric sphincter during the multistep process of gastric emptying leads to a reverse current of material; this reserve flow event is known as __________.

Retropulsion

114) A ________ (singular) is the name for the cylinder shape that erythrocytes form as they line up in single file for passage through the smallest blood vessels.

Rouleau

38) Another name for the tertiary bronchi is the _______ bronchi.

Segmental

28) Deep to the interventricular sulci is the thick muscular wall that divides the left and right ventricles, known as the interventricular _______.

Septum

111) When clotting proteins are removed from plasma, the remaining fluid is called __________.

Serum

130) The heartbeat is initiated by the cells of the ________ node.

Sinoatrial

133) The _________ cardiac vein travels alongside the right marginal artery.

Small

88) The final stage of spermatogenesis, during which spermatids develop into mature sperm, is known as ______.

Spermiogenesis

94) The azygos vein merges with the _______ vena cava.

Superior

144) The _______ cells support, nourish, and protect developing sperm cells.

Sustentacular

9) Describe how a change in the blood's pH might result in adverse changes to the structure and function of important molecules within it. Name a specific functional impairment resulting from damage to a specific functional macromolecule in the blood.

Swings in pH could denature proteins. As a result, alterations in protein antibodies could disrupt body defenses; denaturation of clotting proteins impairs hemostasis.

131) ____________ innervation increases the rate and the force of heart contraction.

Sympathetic

23) The process that occurs during prophase I, during which tetrads are formed, is known as ________.

Synapsis

47) List, in order, the structures of the respiratory membrane that carbon dioxide must cross to move from the blood into an air sac of the lung.

The carbon dioxide must pass through the pulmonary capillary endothelium, then the fused basement membrane, then the squamous cell of the alveolar wall.

66) Describe the anatomy and physiology of swallowing. Specifically, explain the three phases of swallowing, and how they are controlled.

The cerebrum and skeletal muscles govern the voluntary phase, which is followed by the involuntary pharyngeal phase (coordination of palate and pharynx governed by medulla), and the involuntary esophageal phase (peristalsis and sphincter coordination).

106) In a situation where one small bronchus is obstructed, the air in that segment of the lung will develop a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide and a low partial pressure of oxygen. What changes in ventilation and perfusion will occur in that segment in response to this condition?

The changes in gas pressures will result in bronchiole dilation and arteriolar constriction.

91) Explain how the body tries to maintain enough blood pressure to keep the most vital organs functioning after a catastrophic loss of over 10% of total blood volume.

The sympathetic nervous system triggers general vasocontriction, increased heart rate and increased heart contractility. Blood is distributed to heart and brain.

132) If one of your classmates comes down with mononucleosis, he will probably notice that his neck and axillary area are tender. A differential white count would reveal an unusually high level of one type of leukocyte. Which leukocyte proliferates and how does activation of this leukocyte change its appearance? How would this relate to the axillary tenderness?

There are several lymphocytes in the differential count, and activation makes several of them look large (and atypically similar to monocyte, hence the name of the condition). Inflammation of lymph nodes explains the location of the tenderness.

37) The production of platelets is called ______.

Thrombopoiesis

40) ____________ is a growth factor that stimulates both the production of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and the subsequent formation of platelets.

Thrombopoietin

117) The iron of the heme unit of hemoglobin is transported in the blood by the protein _________ after the aged erythrocytes are phagocytized.

Transferrin

156) The triangular area within the urinary bladder that is delimited by the openings of the ureters and the urethra is called the _____.

Trigone

1) Both males and females have accessory reproductive organs, including ducts through which gametes are carried. TRUE or FALSE

True

1) The depth and rate of respiration influence blood levels of hydrogen ion. TRUE or FALSE

True

1) The main functions of the cardiovascular system include the transport and exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body. TRUE or FALSE

True

10) Mucous secretions of the respiratory tract include antimicobial substances such as lysozyme and defensins. TRUE or FALSE

True

10) The ischiocavernosus muscle is located within the urogenital triangle. TRUE or FALSE

True

10) The liver and gallbladder are accessory digestive organs. TRUE or FALSE

True

101) Parasympathetic innervation influences the heart rate, but generally tends to have no direct effect on the force of contractions. TRUE or FALSE

True

101) The reabsorption of both sodium and potassium is carefully regulated. TRUE or FALSE

True

103) Simply put, antibodies are molecules on the lookout for antigens. TRUE or FALSE

True

105) Erythrocytes exhibit a limited lifespan due to their inability to synthesize the proteins necessary to repair themselves. TRUE or FALSE

True

107) Maltase is a brush border enzyme of the small intestine that digests the sugar maltose, TRUE or FALSE

True

107) The ABO and Rh blood types are inherited independently of each other. TRUE or FALSE

True

108) During the resolution phase, the central artery of the penis decreases in diameter. TRUE or FALSE

True

108) Macrophages are the converted monocytes that phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris. TRUE or FALSE

True

109) The GM-CSF growth factor accelerates the formation of all granulocytes and monocytes from their progenitor cells. TRUE or FALSE

True

109) Usually the urine of someone with a high-protein diet does not contain any bicarbonate ions, as all of it that is filtered is reclaimed from the tubules. TRUE or FALSE

True

112) Chief cells store and release an inactive precursor of the proteolytic enzymes (rather than the active form) to avoid destroying proteins within themselves. TRUE or FALSE

True

112) The posterior pituitary does not produce its own hormones but stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus. TRUE or FALSE

True

113) Most carbon dioxide is transported through the blood as bicarbonate dissolved in plasma. TRUE or FALSE

True

113) The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. TRUE or FALSE

True

114) Both aspirin and morphine are eliminated in the urine. TRUE or FALSE

True

117) Parathyroid hormone functions to raise blood calcium levels. TRUE or FALSE

True

118) All of the heart's sulci house blood vessels that supply the myocardium. TRUE or FALSE

True

118) Male embryos develop both Wolffian and Mullerian ducts, but only the Wolffian ducts remain in the male fetus. TRUE or FALSE

True

118) Once micelles enter intestinal epithelial cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides combine to form triglycerides. TRUE or FALSE

True

119) The left ventricle walls are typically thicker than the right ventricular wall. TRUE or FALSE

True

120) After the hairpin turn in the vasa recta, the blood within it starts to lose salt and gain water. TRUE or FALSE

True

120) It is the contraction of the atria during atrial systole that completes the filling of the ventricles while the ventricles are in diastole. TRUE or FALSE

True

120) Systolic pressure is greater than diastolic pressure due to the force generated by ventricular contraction. TRUE or FALSE

True

121) About 70% of the ventricle filling is achieved passively without the contraction of the atria. TRUE or FALSE

True

121) Among the advantages of the cerebral arterial circle is the presence of collateral channels of blood flow to the brain should a supply artery become blocked. TRUE or FALSE

True

121) To be a target cell for a particular hormone, the cell must have a specific receptor for that hormone. TRUE or FALSE

True

122) The stomach needs the celiac artery blood supply in order to receive blood. TRUE or FALSE

True

123) The liver receives oxygenated blood from the common hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein. TRUE or FALSE

True

123) Though the autonomic innervation by autonomic centers in the brainstem cannot initiate a heartbeat, it can increase or decrease the heart rate. TRUE or FALSE

True

124) The left suprarenal and gonadal veins differ from the right suprarenal and gonadal veins in how directly they get to the inferior vena cava. TRUE or FALSE

True

125) Branches of the subclavian arteries carry blood on the way to the brain, neck and shoulder muscles, and mammary glands. TRUE or FALSE

True

129) During swallowing, elevation of the uvula and soft palate prevents food or fluid from entering the nasopharynx. TRUE or FALSE

True

129) Generally, the higher the renal plasma clearance of a given drug, the more frequently the drug must be given in order to be effective. TRUE or FALSE

True

130) The submandibular ducts open into the floor of the oral cavity, lateral to the lingual frenulum. TRUE or FALSE

True

133) The quadrate is visible on the inferior surface of the liver, adjacent to the gallbladder. TRUE or FALSE

True

133) The specific gravity of urine is its density compared to that of water, and the more solutes urine has, the higher its specific gravity. TRUE or FALSE

True

134) Pancreatic juice is secreted by the exocrine pancreatic acini. TRUE or FALSE

True

135) Normally, the left and right ventricles eject the same amount of blood. TRUE or FALSE

True

136) The corpus luteum secretes the hormones estrogen and progesterone. TRUE or FALSE

True

136) When blood flow increases stretch of specific arterioles in the kidney, the arterioles reflexively contract to keep blood pressure from getting too high. This is an example of the myogenic response. TRUE or FALSE

True

137) Movement of the oocyte along the uterine tube is due to peristalsis and ciliary action. TRUE or FALSE

True

138) Parasympathetic and sympathetic influence on heart rate is controlled by reflexes. TRUE or FALSE

True

138) Slow blood flow in the capillaries allows time for exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissues. TRUE or FALSE

True

138) The clitoris is homologous to the penis. TRUE or FALSE

True

139) The dartos muscle is composed of smooth muscle; the cremaster muscle is composed of skeletal muscle. TRUE or FALSE

True

140) The small and large intestines are considered part of the lower GI tract. TRUE or FALSE

True

141) An erection is the result of parasympathetic innervation, and ejaculation is the result of sympathetic innervation. TRUE or FALSE

True

142) Individuals can voluntarily empty their bladder by contracting their abdominal muscles as part of the Valsalva maneuver. TRUE or FALSE

True

142) When resistance is high, a larger blood pressure gradient must be produced to maintain adequate blood flow. TRUE or FALSE

True

145) Most venous blood from the cranium drains into dural venous sinuses, which drain into internal jugular veins. TRUE or FALSE

True

145) The pulmonary plexus is a weblike network of nerve fibers that surrounds the primary bronchi and enters the lungs at the hilum. It consists of both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. TRUE or FALSE

True

146) Prematurely born infants sometimes experience respiratory distress due to inadequate production of surfactant. TRUE or FALSE

True

147) Seminal fluid is a component of semen. TRUE or FALSE

True

149) Typically, girls reach puberty before boys. TRUE or FALSE

True

15) Olfactory receptors located in the superior region of the nasal cavity are stimulated when airborne molecules are inhaled and dissolved in the mucous covering. TRUE or FALSE

True

150) For girls, menarche is usually the first sign that puberty has begun. TRUE or FALSE

True

151) In both genders, the development of axillary hair signals the onset of puberty. TRUE or FALSE

True

151) Sympathetic fibers inhibit micturition. TRUE or FALSE

True

154) During systemic gas exchange, oxygen diffuses from the blood to the tissues and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood. TRUE or FALSE

True

161) The external urethral sphincter is voluntarily controlled. TRUE or FALSE

True

19) Eicosanoids are a primary type of local hormone. TRUE or FALSE

True

19) Platelets are formed elements. TRUE or FALSE

True

19) The function of the muscularis of the GI tract wall is to both propel and mix the contents of the tract. TRUE or FALSE

True

21) The pericardium helps prevent overfilling of the heart and it lessens the friction of movements during heartbeats. TRUE or FALSE

True

22) Sympathetic axons innervate the afferent and efferent arterioles of the kidneys. TRUE or FALSE

True

23) Some large molecules, such as fatty acids, are transported between capillaries and tissues by vesicular transport. TRUE or FALSE

True

25) Long reflexes of digestion involve activity of the central nervous system. TRUE or FALSE

True

25) Meiosis I is a reduction division. TRUE or FALSE

True

29) Both the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule reside in the cortex or the kidney. TRUE or FALSE

True

29) The final products of the two meiotic divisions are four haploid daughter cells from an original diploid cell. TRUE or FALSE

True

3) Blood helps regulate the pH and the temperature of the body. TRUE or FALSE

True

31) Iron, lactic acid, and lipids are all considered to be nutrients in blood plasma. TRUE or FALSE

True

31) The stomach is considered part of the upper gastrointestinal tract. TRUE or FALSE

True

33) Blood hydrostatic pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure. TRUE or FALSE

True

34) Collecting ducts are larger than collecting tubules. TRUE or FALSE

True

37) Myofibrils within cardiac muscle cells are aligned in sarcomeres. TRUE or FALSE

True

37) The higher the degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow. TRUE or FALSE

True

39) Sympathetic stimulation causes saliva to be more viscous. TRUE or FALSE

True

41) Cardiac muscle is able to use a variety of fuel types for cellular respiration. TRUE or FALSE

True

41) During hemopoiesis, the lymphoid line forms lymphocytes only. TRUE or FALSE

True

41) Mastication is one cmponents of the mechanical digestion of food. TRUE or FALSE

True

42) Macula densa cells signal grnaular cells to release renin through paracrine stimulation. TRUE and FALSE

True

43) Peritubular capillaries are associated with the convoluted tubules, while vasa recta are associated with the nephron loop. TRUE or FALSE

True

45) A reticulocyte is a cell formed during erythropoiesis that has lost its nucleus and all organelles except some ribosomes. TRUE or FALSE

True

45) The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen. TRUE or FALSE

True

47) FSH facilitates the development of a primary follicle, but estrogen released by a primary follicle inhibits production of GnRH, LH, and FSH. TRUE or FALSE

True

47) Most colony-stimulating factors are growth factors. TRUE or FALSE

True

48) Nodal cells contain fast voltage-gated calcium channels. TRUE or FALSE

True

5) During prolonged fasting, the kidneys produce glucose from noncarbohydrate sources. TRUE or FALSE

True

51) SA nodal cells are autorhythmic. TRUE or FALSE

True

51) The anterior pituitary is also called the adenohypophysis TRUE or FALSE

True

52) Fluid contained within a minor calyx is called urine. TRUE or FALSE

True

55) The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins. TRUE or FALSE

True

55) Upon leaving the renal pelvis, urine passes directly into a ureter. TRUE or FALSE

True

6) Among their many functions, hormones regulate blood volume, cellular concentration, and number of platelets. TRUE or FLASE

True

6) Prior to puberty, the anterior pituitary does not release FSH and LH. TRUE or FALSE

True

6) The epithelial lining of the oropharynx and the superior larynx (vocal cords) is nonkeratinized stratified squamous. TRUE or FALSE

True

61) Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) is one of the regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus that acts on the pituitary TRUE or FALSE

True

64) Estrogen levels rise during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, and estrogen assists with the development of the dominant follicle. TRUE or FALSE

True

64) Like skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells have an absolute refractory period prior to repolarization. TRUE or FALSE

True

64) Water and glucose are freely through the filtration membrane of a renal corpuscle. TRUE or FALSE

True

68) Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure. TRUE or FALSE

True

69) Blood colloid osmotic pressure opposes glomerular hydrostatic pressure. TRUE or FALSE

True

7) The esophagus is part of the gastrointestinal tract. TRUE or FALSE

True

7) The receiving chambers of the heart are the atria, and the forcefully pumping chambers of the heart are the ventricles. TRUE or FALSE

True

73) When follicular cells of the thyroid are stimulated to secrete thyroid hormone (TH), they take up TH precursors from the inside of the follicle, transport and enzymatically modify then within a lysosome, and release TH to the blood. TRUE or FALSE

True

74) Increases in NFP result in increases in GFR. TRUE or FALSE

True

75) During female sexual excitement, the mammary glands, clitoris, and labia become engorged with blood. TRUE or FALSE

True

76) Cholecystokinin decreases stomach motility and inhibits release of gastrin. TRUE or FALSE

True

79) Pulmonary veins carry blood toward the left atrium of the heart. TRUE or FALSE

True

79) Vascular spasm is triggered by blood vessel injury and further triggered by the release of serotonin. TRUE or FALSE

True

8) The liver contains endocrine cells. TRUE or FALSE

True

80) Tubuloglomerular feedback and myogenic response are both components of renal autoregulation. TRUE or FALSE

True

82) Immediately prior to atrial contraction, blood continues to enter the atria from the venae cavae and pulmonary veins. TRUE or FALSE

True

83) For a relatively small injury, a platelet plug is formed within 1 minute. TRUE or FALSE

True

83) Histamine release results in increased airway resistance and decreased airflow. TRUE or FALSE

True

84) If all else remains equal, an increase in the difference between atmospheric and alveolar pressure results in an increase in airflow. TRUE or FALSE

True

85) Increasing levels of cortisol inhibit the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) TRUE or FALSE

True

86) The hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) causes an increase in GFR. TRUE or FALSE

True

90) Substances that move through epithelial cells for reabsorption are said to undergo transcellular transport. TRUE or FALSE

True

90) The outer layer of the muscularis of the colon is discontinuous (does not entirely surround the colon), and forms the bundles of smooth muscles known as the teniae coli. TRUE or FALSE

True

92) Vitamin K and B vitamins produced by bacteria of the large intestine are absorbed into the blood. TRUE or FALSE

True

93) Inspiratory capacity is greater than inspiratory reserve volume. TRUE or FALSE

True

95) Preload is the stretch of the heart wall as determined by the amount of blood returned by the veins. TRUE or FALSE

True

96) Compared to young adults, older individuals have relatively less red bone marrow TRUE or FALSE

True

96) Efferent ductules contain cilia that propel sperm toward the epididymis. TRUE or FALSE

True

38) Contrast the length-tension relationship for cardiac muscle to that which is found in skeletal muscle. In other words, for each type of muscle, what is the optimal length? How is such an arrangement adaptive to cardiac muscle?

Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac musscle does not produce the greatest force at rest length, but at a somewhat longer length. In both cases the optimal length depends on actin-myosin overlap. But when the heart is especially engorged with blood, the ventricles can contract more forcibly to expel the added volume.

120) During fetal development, the vagina forms from the ______ sinus.

Urogenital

54) Parasympathetic innervation to the lungs is from the _________ nerves.

Vagus

129) Formed primarily of tunica intima and strengthened by elastic and collagen fibers, the ______ in veins prevent blood from pooling.

Valves

127) The cyclical process of contracting and relaxing of the precapillary sphincters is called ______.

Vasomotion

134) In the fetus, the blood from the umbilical vein is shunted away from the liver and sent to the inferior vena cava through the ductus _______.

Venosus

128) The inferior chambers of the heart are called ______.

Ventricles

136) The ______ is the region of the oral cavity between the gums and the cheeks or lips.

Vestibule

96) Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone ________

glucagon

36) The largest salivary gland is the _________ gland, and its duct opens near the second upper molar.

parotid

47) When the activity of one hormone requires that of a second hormone, the interaction is said to be ________

permissive

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