Chapter 24

36. A large amount of fat accumulates in the A. greater omentum. B. lesser omentum. C. coronary ligament. D. sigmoid mesocolon. E. visceral peritoneum.

A. greater omentum.

72. What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition? A. pharyngeal constriction B. peristalsis C. the tongue D. segmentation

B. peristalsis

149. Which of the following enzymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic juice? A. bile B. trypsin C. sucrase D. pepsin E. lipase

B. trypsin

53. Inflammation of the gums is called A. dental carries. B. pyorrhea. C. halitosis. D. gingivitus.

D. gingivitus.

19. Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed? A. mucosa B. muscularis C. submucosa D. serosa E. peritoneum

A. mucosa

124. Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of A. carbohydrates. B. lipids. C. proteins. D. disaccharides. E. All of these choices are correct.

B. lipids.

49. Which of the following is NOT a necessary function of the tongue? A. swallowing B. chewing C. taste D. speech E.

D. speech

22. The enteric plexus A. is found in the mucosa B. consists of the myenteric plexus and the ciliac plexus C. helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract D. contains parasympathetic neurons E. helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract and contains parasympathetic neurons

E. helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract and contains parasympathetic neurons

20. Which of the following is correctly matched? A. mucosa - controls peristalsis B. serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels C. submucosa - lamina propria D. serosa - increased surface area E. muscularis - responsible for peristalsis

E. muscularis - responsible for peristalsis

59. Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function? A. mucin - lubricant B. lysozyme - antibacterial properties C. bicarbonate - neutralizes acid D. IgA - prevents infection E. salivary amylase - begins protein digestion

E. salivary amylase - begins protein digestion

90. Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase. A. cephalic B. gastric C. intestinal D. pancreatic E. conscious

A. cephalic

134. What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder? A. cholecystokinin B. vagal stimulation C. secretin D. large amounts of protein in the chyme

A. cholecystokinin

156. The mucosa of the colon A. contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells. B. exchanges sodium ions for chloride ions. C. actively secretes sodium and chloride ions. D. produces enzymes that complete lipid digestion. E. consists of stratified columnar epithelium.

A. contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells.

2. Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract? A. esophagus B. salivary glands C. pancreas D. gallbladder

A. esophagus

61. Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the A. facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. B. vagus nerve. C. taste centers of the medulla. D. intercostal nerves. E. trigeminal nerve.

A. facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.

180. Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion? A. glucose B. amino acids C. LDL molecules D. micelles E. nucleic acids

A. glucose

63. Mastication A. increases the surface area of food particles. B. decreases the efficiency of digestion. C. occurs in both the mouth and stomach. D. is never under voluntary control. E. decreases the surface area of food particles.

A. increases the surface area of food particles.

93. The intestinal phase of gastric secretion A. is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum. B. leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2. C. only stimulates gastric secretion. D. will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum. E. is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestines.

A. is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.

161. The defecation reflex A. is stimulated by distention of the rectum. B. inhibits further peristalsis in the rectum and lower colon. C. constricts the internal anal sphincter. D. lasts several hours. E. None of these choices is correct.

A. is stimulated by distention of the rectum.

10. Which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location? A. killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach B. digestion of carbohydrates - mouth C. absorption of nutrients - small intestine D. production of mucus - esophagus

A. killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach

25. Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in A. liquefying and digesting the food. B. vitamin A and D production and storage. C. distribution of nutrients throughout the body. D. insulin production. E. bile production.

A. liquefying and digesting the food.

12. Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine? A. mastication of food B. absorption of nutrients C. complete digestion of food D. mixing by segmental contractions

A. mastication of food

83. Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure? A. muscularis - two layers; both circular B. rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa C. mucosa - gastric glands D. gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa E. lining - simple columnar epithelium

A. muscularis - two layers; both circular

64. Which part of the pharynx is NOT involved with food transport? A. nasopharynx B. oropharynx C. laryngopharynx D. All the the choices are involved with food transport

A. nasopharynx

58. The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the A. parotid glands. B. submandibular glands. C. buccal glands. D. labial glands. E. sublingual glands.

A. parotid glands.

126. Bile secretion is A. performed continuously by the liver. B. is stimulated by sympathetic nerves. C. is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts. D. stimulated by increased vitamin B12 storage. E. controlled by the gallbladder.

A. performed continuously by the liver.

125. The liver A. produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats. B. produces several digestive enzymes. C. stores vitamin C. D. receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein. E. can not synthesize new molecules.

A. produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.

35. Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be A. retroperitoneal. B. antiperitoneal. C. falciperitoneal. D. hyperperitoneal. E. mesoperitoneal.

A. retroperitoneal.

73. What keeps the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition? A. the epiglottis B. the uvula C. the tongue D. the upper esophageal sphincter

A. the epiglottis

182. When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated, A. water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine. B. water moves by osmosis from the intestinal lumen into the blood. C. water moves by endocytosis from intestinal lumen into interstitial spaces. D. water moves by exocytosis from interstitial spaces into the stomach. E. water does not move.

A. water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.

136. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. (1) ascending colon (2) descending colon (3) sigmoid colon (4) transverse colon A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 4, 2, 3 C. 2, 3, 1, 4 D. 2, 4, 1, 3 E. 1, 4, 3, 2

B. 1, 4, 2, 3

71. Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true? A. The voluntary phase begins in the pharynx. B. In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx. C. The uvula rises during the esophageal phase. D. Peristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing. E. Breathing occurs during swallowing.

B. In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.

14. Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in A. mastication of food. B. absorption of food. C. elimination of undigested food. D. propulsion of food through the digestive tract. E. mixing of food.

B. absorption of food.

107. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function? A. endocrine cells - produce mucus B. absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes C. granular cells - absorb nutrients D. goblet cells - produce hormones E. granular cells - produce granules

B. absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes

51. Teeth in adults A. are replaced by osteoblast activity if they are extracted. B. are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw. C. are all of the same type - molars. D. are composed of living cells called enamel cells. E. do not play a role in speech.

B. are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.

98. Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called A. bolusin. B. chyme. C. bile. D. phlegm. E. feces.

B. chyme.

127. Bile A. digests proteins in the small intestine. B. emulsifies fats in the small intestine. C. is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver. D. activates trypsin in the small intestine. E. activates the pancreas.

B. emulsifies fats in the small intestine.

116. Bile would flow directly from the A. gallbladder into the hepatic duct. B. hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct. C. bile canaliculus into the cystic duct. D. common bile duct into the gallbladder. E. cystic duct into the hepatic ducts.

B. hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.

123. Bile is produced by cells of the A. duodenum. B. liver. C. gallbladder. D. pancreas. E. hepatopancreatic ampulla.

B. liver.

15. Which of the following occurs in the large intestine? A. chemical digestion B. mass movements C. mastication D. mixing waves E. neutralization

B. mass movements

40. The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in A. speech and swallowing. B. mastication, speech, and swallowing. C. mastication and swallowing. D. mastication and sense of taste. E. deglutition and peristalsis.

B. mastication, speech, and swallowing.

3. Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior? A. pharynx, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine B. oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine C. stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine D. anus, large intestine, stomach, esophagus

B. oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

75. The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the A. nasopharynx. B. oropharynx. C. laryngopharynx. D. esophagus. E. larynx.

B. oropharynx.

77. Which of the following cell types of the stomach is correctly matched with its function? A. mucous cells - produce intrinsic factor B. parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid C. chief cells - produce mucus D. endocrine cells - produce enzymes E. chief cells - produce hormones

B. parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid

82. Which of the following are secreted by the stomach? A. amylase and lipase B. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor C. bile and lipase D. trypsin and amylase E. bicarbonate and secretin

B. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor

41. The tongue A. secretes saliva. B. plays a major role in swallowing. C. contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues. D. is attached to the hard palate. E. functions in deglutition apnea.

B. plays a major role in swallowing.

6. The movement of food through the digestive tract is A. segmentation. B. propulsion. C. mixing. D. mastication.

B. propulsion.

78. Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description? A. body - portion closest to the esophagus B. pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach C. fundus - opening from the stomach into the duodenum D. cardiac region - the largest portion of the stomach E. pyloric opening - opening from the esophagus

B. pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach

74. Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid? A. laryngeal constriction forcing liquid through the pharynx B. relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity C. the tongue might be swallowed D. nothing - swallowing will be normal E. peristalsis will not begin

B. relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity

147. When chyme enters the duodenum, ____ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates. A. gastrin B. secretin C. insulin D. cholecystokinin E. glucagon

B. secretin

8. A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called A. peristalsis. B. segmental contraction. C. deglutition. D. mass movement.

B. segmental contraction.

143. Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the A. stomach. B. small intestine. C. pancreas. D. large intestine. E. liver.

B. small intestine.

31. The role of acetylcholine in the digestive tract is to _________, while the role of norepinephrine is to ______. A. stimulate, stimulate B. stimulate, inhibit C. inhibit, inhibit D. inhibit, stimulate

B. stimulate, inhibit

32. What is the role of serotonin in the digestive tract? A. decreased nausea B. stimulates motility C. hormone release D. inhibits motility

B. stimulates motility

66. The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during A. the voluntary phase of swallowing. B. the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. C. the esophageal phase of swallowing. D. the gastric phase of swallowing. E. the oral phase of swallowing.

B. the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.

68. How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract? A. it is all skeletal muscle B. the superior part is skeletal muscle C. the inferior part is skeletal muscle D. it has alternating smooth and skeletal muscle sections

B. the superior part is skeletal muscle

117. Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder. (1) common bile duct (2) common hepatic duct (3) cystic duct (4) left and right hepatic ducts A. 3, 4, 2 B. 3, 2, 1 C. 4, 2, 1 D. 4, 1, 2 E. 1, 4, 2

C. 4, 2, 1

69. Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle? A. The first phase of swallowing is under involuntary control. B. The second phase of swallowing is under voluntary control. C. The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control. D. The second phase of swallowing is under involuntary control.

C. The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.

46. Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue A. are more easily swallowed. B. can be detected by taste buds. C. are quickly dissolved and absorbed. D. are then easy to chew. E. are not readily absorbed.

C. are quickly dissolved and absorbed.

48. What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue? A. sticking the tongue out B. moving the tongue side to side C. changing the tongue shape during swallowing D. retracting the tongue

C. changing the tongue shape during swallowing

132. What connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct? A. hepatic duct B. gallbladder duct C. cystic duct D. portal duct

C. cystic duct

5. Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system? A. cellular respiration B. food selection C. elimination of undigested food D. regulation of blood pH E. integration and coordination of other systems

C. elimination of undigested food

67. What structure moves food from the pharynx to the stomach? A. larynx B. laryngopharynx C. esophagus D. epiglottis

C. esophagus

85. Intrinsic factor A. increases gastric motility. B. causes the release of stomach acid. C. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12. D. protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid. E. stimulates the synthesis of DNA.

C. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.

95. Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion? A. acidic chyme in duodenum B. secretin C. gastrin D. cholecystokinin E. pepsin

C. gastrin

164. Insulin increases the rate of _____ transport into cells. A. sucrose B. fructose C. glucose D. galactose E. lactose

C. glucose

1. Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract? A. pharynx B. stomach C. liver D. large intestine

C. liver

160. Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called A. segmental contractions. B. churning contractions. C. mass movements. D. rectal propulsions. E. defecation.

C. mass movements.

23. Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is A. submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis. B. muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa. C. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa. D. peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria. E. submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis.

C. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

140. The major secretion of the large intestine is A. bile. B. hormones. C. mucus. D. vitamins. E. bacteria.

C. mucus.

135. Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue? A. colon B. liver C. pancreas D. gallbladder E. spleen

C. pancreas

42. Which of the following is associated with the tongue? A. uvula B. constrictor muscles C. papillae and taste buds D. periodontal ligament E. fauces

C. papillae and taste buds

52. The ____ helps hold a tooth in its socket. A. crown B. cementum C. periodontal ligament D. dental arch E. alveoli

C. periodontal ligament

86. Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach? A. activation of salivary amylase B. enhanced carbohydrate digestion C. proper environment for functioning of pepsin D. protein synthesis E. lipid digestion

C. proper environment for functioning of pepsin

16. In order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut through the A. lamina propria. B. submucosa. C. serosa. D. mucosa. E. lamina propria.

C. serosa.

113. The gallbladder A. produces bile. B. is attached to the pancreas. C. stores bile. D. produces secretin. E. breaks down red blood cells.

C. stores bile.

57. The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the A. parotid glands. B. sublingual glands. C. submandibular glands. D. labial glands. E. lacrimal glands.

C. submandibular glands.

110. Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur? A. the stomach and duodenum B. the duodenum and ileum C. the jejunum and duodenum D. the ileum and jejunum

C. the jejunum and duodenum

70. Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition? A. pharyngeal, voluntary, esophageal B. esophageal, pharyngeal, voluntary C. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal D. voluntary, esophageal, pharyngeal

C. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

84. Why doesn't the stomach digest itself? A. The stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won't attack it. B. The digestive enzymes in the stomach aren't efficient enough. C. The stomach lining is too tough to be digested. D. The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus. E. The stomach is protected by HCl.

D. The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.

9. The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is A. secretion. B. peristalsis. C. chemical digestion. D. absorption.

D. absorption.

55. Which of the following is NOT a muscle of mastication? A. temporalis B. masseter C. medial and lateral pterygoids D. buccinator

D. buccinator

17. The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is A. skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine. B. the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries. C. in direct contact with the food that is consumed. D. composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers. E. connective tissue and the peritoneum.

D. composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.

18. The enteric plexus A. is found in the mucosa. B. consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus. C. contains sympathetic neurons and fibers. D. controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract. E. is a valve in the GI tract.

D. controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.

157. One of the major functions of the large intestine is to A. produce vitamin C. B. regulate the release of bile. C. break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin. D. convert chyme to feces. E. absorb nutrients.

D. convert chyme to feces.

38. Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall? A. greater omentum B. lesser omentum C. transverse mesocolon D. falciform ligament E. round ligament

D. falciform ligament

39. The oral cavity A. opens into the nasopharynx. B. directly connects with the esophagus. C. contains the parotid salivary glands. D. has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks. E. is lined with cuboidal epithelium.

D. has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks.

76. The esophagus A. extends from the fauces to the stomach. B. has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing. C. produces two enzymes that digest proteins. D. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food. E. has thin walls of connective tissue.

D. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.

103. The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to A. liberate hormones. B. promote peristalsis. C. produce bile. D. increase surface area for absorption. E. stimulate chemical digestion.

D. increase surface area for absorption.

60. The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are A. flushing and protein digestion. B. swallowing and fat digestion. C. peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion. D. moistening and starch digestion. E. None of these choices is correct.

D. moistening and starch digestion.

56. Saliva A. is produced only when there is food in the mouth. B. increases ulceration in the mouth. C. is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth. D. moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth. E. does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth.

D. moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.

21. The myenteric plexus is found in the _____ of the digestive tract wall. A. mucosa B. serosa C. submucosa D. muscularis E. adventitia

D. muscularis

30. What are the two major neurotransmitters of the ENS in the digestive tract? A. epinephrine and serotonin B. epinephrine and norepinephrine C. acetylcholine and epinephrine D. norepinephrine and acetylcholine

D. norepinephrine and acetylcholine

148. The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is A. gastric juice. B. biliary juice. C. salivary juice. D. pancreatic juice. E. hepatic juice.

D. pancreatic juice.

33. The abdominal cavity is lined with A. the omental bursa. B. mesenteries. C. the greater omentum. D. parietal peritoneum. E. superficial fascia.

D. parietal peritoneum.

50. Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. crown - enamel B. root - root canal C. alveoli - periodontal ligament D. pulp cavity - cementum E. apical foramen - blood supply

D. pulp cavity - cementum

7. Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract? A. peristalsis B. mass movement C. deglutition D. segmental contraction

D. segmental contraction

11. Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach? A. storage B. protein digestion C. absorption of aspirin D. segmental contractions

D. segmental contractions

137. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum? A. ascending colon B. descending colon C. transverse colon D. sigmoid colon E. cecum

D. sigmoid colon

65. Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the A. epiglottis. B. palatine tonsils. C. tongue. D. soft palate. E. hard palate.

D. soft palate.

4. Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal? A. salivary gland B. liver C. gallbladder D. stomach E. pancreas

D. stomach

133. What is the function of the gallbladder? A. produce bile B. store bicarbonate C. add pigment to bile D. store and concentrate bile

D. store and concentrate bile

13. Arrange the following in proper sequence: (1) digestion (2) elimination (3) ingestion (4) absorption A. 3, 4, 2, 1 B. 1, 4, 3, 2 C. 4, 1, 2, 3 D. 3, 4, 1, 2 E. 3, 1, 4, 2

E. 3, 1, 4, 2

158. Feces consist of A. water. B. undigestible food. C. bacteria. D. sloughed-off epithelial cells. E. All of these are found in feces.

E. All of these are found in feces.

128. Functions of the liver include A. production of many blood proteins. B. interconversion of nutrients. C. detoxification of harmful chemicals. D. bile production. E. All of these are functions of the liver.

E. All of these are functions of the liver.

34. Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal? A. pancreas B. ascending colon C. duodenum D. descending colon E. All of these organs are retroperitoneal

E. All of these organs are retroperitoneal

114. The pancreatic islets A. are found in the wall of the stomach. B. excrete mucus. C. produce digestive enzymes. D. are exocrine glands. E. are endocrine glands.

E. are endocrine glands.

185. Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system? A. blood supply decreases B. more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers C. enamel on teeth becomes thinner D. blood supply decreases and more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers. E. blood supply decreases, more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers and enamel on teeth becomes thinner.

E. blood supply decreases, more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers and enamel on teeth becomes thinner.

108. Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent A. pancreatic juice from entering the duodenum. B. bile from entering the duodenum. C. lymph from entering the jejunum. D. chyme from entering the ileum. E. chyme from entering the large intestine.

E. chyme from entering the large intestine.

26. What is the function of enteric sensory neurons? A. detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents B. stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction in the digestive tract C. stimulate or inhibit glandular secretion in the digestive tract D. detect stretch of the digestive tract wall E. detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents and detect stretch of the digestive tract wall

E. detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents and detect stretch of the digestive tract wall