CHAPTER 26: The Urinary System

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At a volume of ________ mL, there may be sufficient pressure in the bladder to force the opening of the internal urinary sphincter and, consequently, the external urinary sphincter.

500

The average pH for normal urine is about

6.0

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

99

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

Antidiuretic hormone

Osmotic pressure resulting from suspended proteins, drawing water out of the filtrate

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate.

Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

Force of the fluid in the glomerular capsule on the blood

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Layer of collagen fibers covering and protecting the kidney

Fibrous capsule

Difference between the hydrostatic pressure and the colloid pressure across the glomerular capillaries

Filtration pressure

Amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute

Glomerular filtration rate

Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

The sympathetic division of the nervous system has which of the following effects on the kidney?

It causes a decrease in the GFR because of the constriction of the afferent arteriole.

Difference between the pressure pushing water and solutes out of the blood stream and the pressure pushing water and solutes into the blood stream

Net hydrostatic pressure

Which portion of the nephron contains cuboidal cells covered with microvilli?

PCT

Dilation of the afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause

elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels

Countercurrent refers to the

exchange occurring between fluids moving in opposite directions

Bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex

Renal columns

Which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the filtrate are relatively high?

facilitated transport

Sympathetic innervation of the afferent arterioles causes

a decrease in GFR and slowing of filtrate production

The fibrous capsule is

a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of each kidney

Aldosterone stimulates ion pumps along the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct, causing

a reduction in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine

The filtration process within the renal corpuscle involves passage across the filtration membrane, which consists of

fenestrated capillary endothelium, dense layer, and filtration slits

Cortical radiate arteries branch to form __________, which enter __________.

afferent arterioles; glomeruli

Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.

albumin

During reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule, what causes water to osmose from the lumen into the interstitial space?

an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium

A muscular sac for temporary storage of urine

bladder

The process of filtration is driven by

blood hydrostatic pressure

ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system

The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the

capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

What are the opposing forces of the filtration pressure at the glomerulus?

capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure

The thick segments in the nephron loop

contain transport mechanisms that pump materials out of the filtrate

In which region of the kidney would you find the renal corpuscles?

cortex

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.

cortex

To which vessels does blood flow immediately after it passes through the arcuate arteries?

cortical radiate arteries

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of

cotransport

What is the term for the type of transport where two substrates cross the membrane while bound to a carrier protein, with at least one following its concentration gradient?

cotransport

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

cotransport with Na and K ions

Inadequate ADH secretion results in the inability to reclaim the water entering the filtrate, causing

dehydration

What is the triple-layered muscle responsible for urinary bladder contractions?

detrusor

Which of the following disorders describes the production of very dilute urine as a result of a lack of ADH production?

diabetes insipidus

What is the primary site for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate?

distal convoluted tubule

Which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation?

distal convoluted tubule

In which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions?

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

What are the three concentric layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys?

fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, and renal fascia

When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the transport maximum (Tm), and

glucose appears in the urine

What results from the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct?

increased conservation of sodium ions and water

The collecting system in the kidney is responsible for

making final adjustments to the sodium ion concentration and volume of urine

The inner layer of the kidney is the

medulla

After passage through the nephron loop, the filtrate is

more concentrated

When antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes

more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases

Because of the small diameter of the glomerular capillaries, the blood pressure in the efferent arteriole is ___________ that of the pressure in the afferent arteriole.

much higher than

In which of the following areas of the nephron would countercurrent multiplication occur?

nephron loop

Which of the following parts of the nephron has two limbs with thick segments and thin segments?

nephron loop

What is the primary site in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?

nephron loop and collecting duct

Urine production begins in the

nephrons

The difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the net colloid osmotic pressure is the

net filtration pressure

What is the limiting factor for the reabsorption of most actively transported solutes in the proximal tubule?

number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane

During the micturition reflex, increased afferent fiber activity in the pelvic nerves facilitates

parasympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord

Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the _

peritubular capillaries

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are

peritubular capillaries

Juxtaglomerular nephrons

produce concentrated urine

The renal papilla

projects into the renal sinus

In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the

proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop

In which of the following areas of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed?

proximal convoluted tubule

Sixty to 70 percent of the water is reabsorbed in the

proximal convoluted tubule

What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron?

proximal convoluted tubule

Which portion of the nephron reabsorbs most of the important nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids as well as any plasma proteins?

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

pyramids

Aldosterone __________ in the proximal convoluted tubule.

regulates potassium and sodium exchange

Which of the following brings oxygenated blood into the kidney?

renal artery

In which region would you find interlobar arteries?

renal column

The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the

renal corpuscle

The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule form the

renal corpuscle

An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is

renal failure

Which of the following is a dense fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures?

renal fascia

In what part of the kidney are the renal pyramids located?

renal medulla

The region of the kidney containing the renal pyramids, renal columns, and interlobar arteries is called the

renal medulla

What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney leading to the ureter?

renal pelvis

The active transport of which ion out of proximal convoluted tubule cells causes the reabsorption of both water and solutes?

sodium

The high osmotic concentrations found in the kidney medulla are primarily caused by the presence of

sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea

Net filtration pressure can be measured as

the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloid osmotic pressure

The renal corpuscle consists of

the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of

the loop of Henle and the collecting duct

Which of the following causes urinary incontinence?

the loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

the osmolarity of the urine decreases

The decreased intracellular concentration of sodium in tubular cells during active transport is caused by which of the following mechanisms?

the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane

The capillaries surrounding the nephron loop are called

the vasa recta

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?

tip of the medullary pyramid

Most solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule use which of the following pathways?

transcellular

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

transitional

The ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine?

transitional

The mucosa of the urinary bladder consists of what type of epithelia?

transitional epithelium

The collecting system

transports fluid to the renal pelvis and adjusts the concentration and composition of urine

The area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the

trigone

The openings of the urethra and the two ureters mark an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the

trigone

Which of the following organic wastes is generated from the catabolism of amino acids?

urea

Passageway carrying urine to storage area

ureter

What is the urinary structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?

ureter

Conduction pathway to the exterior

urethra

Contraction of the muscular bladder forces the urine out of the body through the

urethra

Which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine?

urinary bladder

Renal blood flow is about

1 liter/min

Which of the following transporters in the luminal membrane results in secretion?

Na+-H+ countertransport

Produces steroid hormones essential for life

Suprarenal gland

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

The detrusor muscle

In which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries?

filtration

What is the initial factor that determines whether urine will be produced?

filtration

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx?

final urine enters here

In countercurrent multiplication, the countercurrent refers to the fact that an exchange occurs between

fluids moving in opposite directions

The thin segments in the nephron loop are

freely permeable to water and relatively impermeable to ions and other solutes

The process of filtration occurs at the

glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the

glomerular filtration rate

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

What is the outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerulus wall?

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following is the term for the blood pressure in the capillaries of the renal corpuscle?

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

The renal corpuscle consists of the

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion:

hydrogen ions

A histological examination of the nephron would reveal simple squamous tissue

in the nephron loop

The fluid in the ascending limb of the nephron loop moves __________ the fluid in the descending limb.

in the opposite direction of

During periods of strenuous exercise, sympathetic activation causes the blood flow to

increase to the skin and skeletal muscles and decrease to the kidneys

To regulate pH, all of the following are secreted into the fluid in the collecting system EXCEPT

iron

The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the

juxtaglomerular complex

Organ that filters blood and maintains fluid homeostasis

kidney

Which organ in the urinary system produces urine?

kidney


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