Chapter 28
National Missle Defense System
(another inheritance from the Reagan era) even though this required American withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972, which barred the deployment of such systems.
To describe Bush 43'
-A passionate conservative. (shown by his large tax cuts/National Missile Defense System/ Alaska drilling for oil ) -Inherits a surplus in the budget(their collecting more money than spending therefore tax cuts made sure people got to keep more of their money).
Internet and the Election of 2008
-Obama won. -People wanted change not experience. -Obama came into office facing major problems; the economy was in crisis and the country involved in two wars.
Hilary Clinton
-Sought the Democratic nomination by emphasizing her political experience, both as First Lady and as a senator from New York
Jobless recovery
90 percent of the jobs lost during the recession of 2001-2002 were in manufacturing. Despite the renewed spirit of patriotism, deindustrialization continued. Textile firms closed southern plants and shifted production to 1188 CH. 28 September 11 and the Next American Century THE AFTERMATH OF SEPTEMBER 11 AT HOME cheap-labor factories in China and India
Mission Acomplished
A banner said this on an aircraft carrier with Bush. The defeat and fall of the Iraqi regime. But after the fall of Hussein chaos and looting followed when American liberators.
National Security Strategy
A doctrine that outlined a fundamental shift in American foreign policy. And like NSC-68, it began with a discussion not of weaponry or military strategy, but of freedom. The document defined freedom as consisting of political democracy, freedom of expression, religious toleration, free trade, and free markets.
USA Patriot Act 2001 [Uniting (and) Strengthening America (by) Providing Appropriate Tools Required (to) Intercept (and) Obstruct Terrorism Act]
A mammoth bill, . It conferred unprecedented powers on law-enforcement agencies charged with preventing the new, vaguely defined crime of "domestic terrorism," including the power to wiretap, spy on citizens, open letters, read e-mail, and obtain personal records from third parties like universities and libraries without the knowledge of a suspect
International Criminal Court
A treaty to to try violators of human rights, fearing that it would assert its jurisdiction over Americans. Critics charged that Bush was resuming the tradition of American isolationism, which had been abandoned after World War II.
Waterboarding
A way to torture an enemy that (simulated drowning), had been employed by the government during the Korean War to train soldiers how to withstand torture if captured by the enemy.
Torture and Rendition
Against Torture, which regulate the treatment of prisoners of war and prohibit torture and other forms of physical and mental coercion. In January 2002, the Justice Department produced a memorandum stating that these rules did not apply to captured members of Al Qaeda as they were "unlawful combatants," not members of regularly constituted armies. - In addition, the CIA set up a series of jails in foreign countries outside the traditional chain of military command and took part in the "rendition" of suspects—that is, kidnapping them and spiriting them to prisons in Egypt, Yemen, Syria, and former communist states of eastern Europe, where torture is practiced
Alan Greenspan and the collapse of Market Fundamentalism
Alan Greenspan, the head of the Federal Reserve Bank from 1987 to 2006, had steered the American economy through crises ranging from the stock market collapse of 1987 to the terrorist attacks of 2001. Greenspan had presided over much of the era of deregulation, artificially low interest rates, and excessive borrowing and spending. He and his successors had promoted the housing bubble and saw all sorts of speculative behavior flourish with no governmental intervention. In effect, they allowed securities firms to regulate themselves. In 2008, Greenspan admitted to Congress that there had been a "flaw" in his long-held conviction that free markets would automatically produce he best results for all and that regulation would damage banks, Wall Street, and the mortgage market
Preemptive Strike
America and allies refused to support this. -A strike attack with nulear weapons based on the assumption that the enemy will strike.
Sectarian violence
An insurgency quickly developed that targeted American soldiers and Iraqis cooperating with them. Sectarian violence soon swept throughout Iraq, with militias of Shiite and Sunni Muslims fighting each other.
Causes of the Iraq War
Attack on 9/11 Powell's adress which stated that Hussein posed a mobile chemical weopandry threat and nuclear weapons.
Government reaction to Muslims and Arabs
Bush administration made a point of discouraging anti-Arab and anti-Muslim sentiment. Nonetheless, at least 5,000 foreigners with Middle Eastern connections were rounded up, and more than 1,200 arrested. Many with no link to terrorism were held for months, without either a formal charge or a public notice of their fate.
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Bush also proposed changes in environmental policies, including opening Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to drilling for oil and allowing timber companies to operate in national forests, claiming that this would reduce forest fires.
Operation Iraqi freedom
Bush called this the war against Iraq. Purpose= to defend our freedom and bring freedom to others.
War in Afghanistan - Taliban, Osama bin Laden
Bush demanded that Afghanistan, ruled by a group of Islamic fundamentalists called the Taliban, surrender Osama bin Laden, who had established a base in the country. When the Taliban refused, the United States on October 7, 2001, launched air strikes against its strongholds.
Corruption in the Bush Administration
Bush may have won the 2004 election, but there was so much chaos in the house. Democrats charged that this culture of corruption had overtaken the White House, which caused Bush's popularity to increasingly decline. POLITICS AND POWER -On going chaos in Iraq
Karl Rove
Bush's chief political adviser, worked assiduously to mobilize the Republican Party's conservative base by having Republicans stress the president's stance on cultural issues—opposition to the extension of the right to marry to homosexuals (which the Supreme Court of Massachusetts had ruled must receive legal recognition in that state), opposition to abortion rights, and so on.
Bush Doctrine
Bush's speech announced a new foreign policy principle, which quickly became known as the Bush Doctrine. The United States would launch a war on terrorism. Unlike previous wars, this one had a vaguely defined enemy—terrorist groups around the world that might threaten the United States or its allies—and no predictable timetable for victory. The American administration would make no distinction between terrorists and the governments that harbored them, and it would recognize no middle ground in the new war: "Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists."
Saddam Hussein
Dictator of Iraq Islamic Fundamentalist No known link to 9/11
recession of 2001 and 2002
During 2001, the economy slipped into a recession— that is, it contracted rather than grew. Growth resumed at the end of the year, but, with businesses reluctant to make new investments after the overexpansion of the 1990s, it failed to generate new jobs.
Realists - Brent Scowcroft
Foreign policy "realists," including members of previous Republican administrations like Brent Scowcroft, the national security adviser under the first President Bush, warned that the administration's preoccupation with Iraq deflected attention from its real foe, Al Qaeda, which remained capable of launching terrorist attacks. They insisted that the United States could not unilaterally transform the Middle East into a bastion of democracy, as the administration claimed was its long-term aim.
Compassionate Conservitism
George Bush had worked to dissociate the Republican Party from the harsh anti-immigrant rhetoric of the 1172 CH. 28 September 11 and the Next American Century THE WAR ON TERRORISM In the years following September 11, 2001, fear remained a prominent feature of American life. Authorities urged Americans to monitor each other's activities. This sign, widely displayed on subway and railroad cars, advised New Yorkers, "If you see something, say something." As the sign notes, 1,944 reports of suspicious behavior were made to the police in 2007. These reports included Muslims seen counting in the subway (they turned out to be men counting prayers with the equivalent of rosary beads) and individuals taking pictures of railroad tracks. The 1,944 reports resulted in eighteen arrests. None involved a terrorist plot, though they did include persons selling false driver's licenses and dealing illegally in fireworks. mid-1990s and had proven himself an effective proponent of what he called "compassionate conservatism." Because of his narrow margin of victory in the election of 2000, he came into office without a broad popular mandate.
Obama's pledge in Inagural
He promised a foreign policy based on diplomacy rather than unilateral force, pledged to protect the environment, spoke of the need to combat income inequality and lack of access to health care, and blamed a culture of "greed and irresponsibility" for helping to bring on the economic crisis. He promised to renew respect for the Constitution. Unlike Bush, Obama said little about freedom in his speech, other than to note that the country could enjoy liberty and security at the same time rather than having to choose between them. Instead of freedom, he spoke of community and responsibility
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
He pushed through Congress a "stimulus" package amounting to nearly $800 billion in new governmentspending— for construction projects, the extension of unemployment benefits, and aid to the states to enable them to balance their budgets.The largest single spending appropriation in American history, the bill was meant to pump money into the economy in order to save and create jobs and to ignite a resumption of economic activity
Effects of the fall of Baghdad
Hussein was captured= sentenced to death for ordering the killing of many Iraqis during his reign. Iraq did not welcome American troops they welcomed them with loot and chaos. With few American troops to establish order, mobs attacked libraries, museums, government offices and businesses and seized weapons. This created militias.
Weapons of mass destruction
Hussein, administration spokesmen insisted, must be ousted from power because he had developed an arsenal of chemical and bacterial "weapons of mass destruction" and was seeking to acquire nuclear arms.
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001
In 2001, he persuaded Congress to enact the largest tax cut in American history. With the economy slowing, he promoted the plan as a way of stimulating renewed growth. In keeping with the "supply-side" economic outlook embraced twenty years earlier by Ronald Reagan, most of the tax cuts were directed toward the wealthiest Americans, on the assumption that they would invest the money they saved in taxes in economically productive activities.
Axis of evil
In Bush's State of the Union address of January 2002, the president accused Iraq, Iran, and North Korea of harboring terrorists and developing "weapons of mass destruction"—nuclear, chemical, and biological—that posed a potential threat to the United States. He called the three countries an "axis of evil," even though no evidence connected them with the attacks of September 11 and they had never cooperated with one another.
Affordable Health Care Act of 2010/"Obamacare"
In March 2010, Congress passed a sweeping health-care bill that required all Americans to purchase health insurance and most businesses to provide it to their employees. It also offered subsidies to persons of modest incomes so they could afford insurance, and required insurance companies to accept all applicants. This was the most farreaching piece of domestic social legislation since the Great Society of the 1960s.
Rasul v Bush Hamdi v Rumsfeld (2004) Hamdan v Runsfeld (2006) Boumediene v Bush
In Rasul v. Bush, the Court allowed a British citizen held at Guantànamo Bay, Cuba, to challenge his incarceration in federal court. In Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, it considered the lawsuit of Yasir Hamdi, an American citizen who had moved to Saudi Arabia and been captured in Afghanistan. Hamdi was imprisoned in a military jail in South Carolina without charge or the right to see a lawyer. The Court ruled that he had a right to a judicial hearing. -By the time the next significant case, Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, came before the Court in 2006, President Bush had appointed two new justices—Chief Justice John Roberts, to replace William Rehnquist, who died in 2005, and Samuel Alito Jr., who succeeded the retiring Sandra Day O'Connor. The Court was clearly becoming more conservative. But in June 2006, by a 5-3 margin (with Roberts not participating because he had ruled on the case while serving on an appeals court), the justices offered a stinging rebuke to the key presumptions of the Bush administration—that the Geneva Conventions do not apply to prisoners captured in the war on terrorism, that the president can unilaterally set up secret military tribunals in which defendants have very few if any rights, and that the Constitution does not apply at Guantànamo. -In Boumediene v. Bush affirmed the detainees' right to challenge their detention in U.S. courts.
Roots of the Crisis of 2008
In mid-2008, when the median family income was around $50,000, the average American family owed an $84,000 home mortgage, $14,000 in auto and student loans, $8,500 to credit card companies, and $10,000 in home equity loans. All this borrowing fueled increased spending. The yearly savings of the average family amounted to less than $400. An immense influx of cheap goods from China accelerated the loss of manufacturing jobs in the United States
Guantanamo / Abu Ghraib
In this atmosphere and lacking clear rules of behavior, some military personnel—in Afghanistan, at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, and at Guantànamo—beat prisoners who were being held for interrogation, subjected them to electric shocks, let them be attacked by dogs, and forced them to strip naked and lie atop other prisoners. Some prisoners in U.S. custody died from their maltreatment. As it turned out, the military guards and interrogators who committed these acts had not been adequately trained for their missions
Enemy Combatants
Justice Department declared that American citizens could be held indefinitely without charge and not allowed to see a lawyer, if the government declared them to be "enemy combatants."
elimination of "social contract"
Major companies also moved to eliminate the remnants of the post-World War II "social contract," in which industries provided manufacturing workers with both high-paying jobs and the promise that they would be provided for in old age. Many eliminated or sharply reduced pensions and health benefits for retired workers
Hurricane Katrina, response and aftermath
Mayor did not evacuate people until day before the strom hit because he feared it would hurt their tourist cite, and did not accomodate for the people who did not have the means of transfportation. Hit hard in Luisianna and Mississippi Gulf Coast. -August 2005; a further blow to Bush's administration. This hurricane slammed into New Orleans. Nearly the entire city was flooded and nearby areas were also hit hard. Bush had an inept attitude toward it, though with slow evacuation warnings. FEMA, the organization that was supposed to prepare against natural disasters, didn't even react to it. The gov't was not even aware that thousands of people were without food, water, or shelter. PEOPLING: 2/3 of the city's population was displaced -In November 2002, a new Department of Homeland Security had been created, absorbing many existing intelligence agencies, including the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which is responsible for disaster planning and relief within the United States. FEMA was headed by Michael Brown, who lacked experience in disaster management and had apparently been appointed because he was a college friend of his predecessor in the office. -Poor people had no way of help -Shut down oil. -Blow of American automobile manufacturers. -Hit in August of 2005 in New Orleans (below sea level).
Similarities to the Vietnam War
Militias and insurgencies were at war with eachother over the government control of Iraw. -But in both wars, American policy was made by officials who had little or no knowledge of the countries to which they were sending troops and distrusted State Department experts on these regions
Preemptive War
National Security Strategy announced a new foreign policy principle—"preemptive" war. If the United States believed that a nation posed a possible future threat to its security, it had the right to attack before such a threat materialized.
American Empire
New Global empire both militarily and economically. -alarmed people at home and abroad who did not desire to have the United States reconstruct the world in its own image.
John McCain
Obama faced Senator John McCain, the Republican nominee, in the general election. At age sevety-two, McCain was the oldest man ever to run for president, and he seemed even more a representative of the old politics than Clinton -Chose Sarah Palin as running mate.
Bush's speech to Congress September, 2001
On September 20, 2001, Bush addressed a joint session of Congress and a national television audience. His speech echoed the words of FDR, Truman, and Reagan: "Freedom and fear are at war. The advance of human freedom . . . now depends on us." The country's antagonists, Bush went on, "hate our freedoms, our freedom of religion, our freedom of speech, our freedom to assemble and disagree with each other."
Election of 2004
President Bush ran for a second term -Democrats chose Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts, a Vietnam War hero who turned against the war -Kerry's war record was questioned during the campaign; portrayed as inconsistent on issues, including the Iraq War -High voter turnout gave Bush a sizeable popular vote but a narrower electoral victory
Regime Change
Replacement of one administration or govt by another. Bush administration announced a goal to replace Hussein govt.
Powell
Secretary of State Powell delivered a speech before the UN outlining the administration's case. He claimed that Hussein possessed a mobile chemical weapons laboratory, had hidden weapons of mass destruction in his many palaces, and was seeking to acquire uranium in Africa to build nuclear weapons. (Every one of these assertions later turned out to be false.) Shortly after Powell's address, the president announced his intention to go to war with or without the approval of the United Nations. Congress passed a resolution authorizing the president to use force if he deemed it necessary.
Great Recession
Severe ongoing global economic problem that began in December 2007 and took a particularly sharp downward turn in September 2008; has affected the global economy, with higher detriment in some countries than others; sparked by the outbreak of the late-2000s financial crisis
Crusade for a New World Order
The Iraq War severely strained the United Nations and the Western alliance created in the aftermath of World War II. But whatever the outcome, for the third time in less than a century, the United States had embarked on a crusade to create a new world order. -
Critical elections - 1800, 1828, 1860, 1896, 1932, 1980, 2008(?)
The election of Jefferson in 1800 dealt a death blow to the Federalist Party. Jackson's in 1828 ushered in the politics of popular democracy. Lincoln's in 1860 ended southern control of the national government. William McKinley in 1896 and Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 created new political alignments and enduring national majorities for their parties. Ronald Reagan's election in 1980 established a new set of governing principles. Most presidential elections, however, have left the policies of the federal government largely unchanged, even when a new party was victorious. Only time would tell whether Obama's election announced the end of the Age of Reagan, the era of economic deregulation, the demonization of the federal government, and an aggressive foreign policy abroad, and the beginning of something fundamentally different.
Sonia Sotomayor
The first Hispanic and third woman in the Court's history, to replace Supreme Court justice David Souter (he retired).
Enduring Freedom
The war in Afghanistan was given this name.
Lawrence v Texas
This declared that a Texas law declaring homosexual acts a crime as illegal. Liberty includes not only "freedom of thought, belief, and expression" but "intimate conduct" as well. IDEAS, BELIEFS, AND CULTURE
Guantanamo Bay
U.S naval base Detention camp in Cuba for persons captured in Afghanistan or otherwise accused of 1184 CH. 28 September 11 and the Next American Century THE AFTERMATH OF SEPTEMBER 11 AT HOME President Bush standing on the deck of the aircraft carrier Abraham Lincoln on May 10, 2003, announcing the end of combat operations in Iraq. A banner proclaims, "Mission Accomplished." Unfortunately, the war was not in fact over. terrorism. More than 700 persons, the nationals of many foreign countries, were detained there
American International Group (AIG)
Wall Street bankers developed complex new ways of repackaging and selling these mortgages to investors. Insurance companies, including the world's largest, American International Group (AIG), insured these new financial products against future default.
Housing Bubble
What caused the recession of 2008. As housing prices rose rapidly, a new bubble formed, where people who owned houses took second mortgages and borrowed money, which increased spending. Banks and lending institutions issued "subprime" mortgages to people who lacked the income to pay them back monthly. This was all held on the hope that housing prices would continue to rise, but it finally fell in 2006-2007. Investments became worthless and banks stopped making loans, businesses dried up, and the stock market crashed. WORK, EXCHANGE, AND TECHNOLOGY
Wall along US/Mexican border
When the Senate passed a different immigrant bill, tightening patrols of the border but offering a route to citizenship for illegal aliens, the House refused to approve it. All Congress could agree on was a measure to build a 700-mile wall along part of the U.S.-Mexico border. In early 2007, the immigration issue was at a stalemate and its ultimate resolution impossible to predict.
Midterm Election of 2006
With President Bush's popularity having plummeted because of the war in Iraq and the Hurricane Katrina disaster, Congress beset by scandal after scandal, and public opinion polls revealing that a majority of Americans believed the country to be "on the wrong track," Democrats expected to reap major gains in the congressional elections of 2006. They were not disappointed. Interest in the election ran high. Voter turnout in 2006 exceeded 40 percent of those eligible, the highest figure for a midterm election since 1990. In a sweeping repudiation of the administration, voters gave Democrats control of both houses of Congress for the first time since the Republican sweep of 1994. In January 2007, Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California became the first female Speaker of the House in American history.
Bernard Madoff
a Wall Street investor who claimed to have made enormous profits for his clients, had in fact run a Ponzi scheme in which investors who wanted to retrieve their money were paid with funds from new participants. Madoff sent fictitious monthly financial statements to his clients but he never actually made stock purchases for them. When the scheme collapsed, Madoff's investors suffered losses amounting to around $50 billion. In 2009, Madoff pleaded guilty to fraud and was sentenced to 150 years in prison.
Cheney, Rumsfeld, Wolfowitz
a group of conservative policymakers including Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and Deputy Defense Secretary Paul D. Wolfowitz were determined to oust Hussein from power. They developed a military strategy to accomplish this—massive initial air strikes followed by invasion by a relatively small number of troops.
Barack Obama
a relatively littleknown forty-seven-year-old senator from Illinois when the campaign began. Obama was the first black candidate to win the nomination of a major party. His triumph was a tribute both to his own exceptional skills as a speaker and campaigner, and to how American politics had change.
Lehman Brothers
a venerable investment house, recorded a $2.3 billion loss and went out of existence, in history's biggest bankruptcy. Leading banks seemed to be on the verge of failure. - a company that went bankrupt (and, it later turned out, had shortchanged New York City by hundreds of millions of dollars in corporate and other taxes), received $5.7 billion in bonuses in 2007 and 2008.
Global Warming
caused when gases released by burning fossil fuels such as coal and oil remain in the upper atmosphere, trapping heat reflected from the earth.
Immigration Debate
immigrants both legal and illegal receive regular paychecks, spend money, and pay taxes. They fill jobs for which American workers seem to be unavailable because the wages are so low -in 2006, with many Americans convinced that the United States had lost control of its borders and that immigration was in part responsible for the stagnation of real wages, the House of Representatives approved a bill making it a felony to be in the country illegally and a crime to offer aid to illegal immigrants.
Bailout of AIG, Citigroup, Bank of America, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae
insured most mortgages in the country, were deemed "too big to fail"—that is, they were so interconnected with other institutions that their collapse would drive the economy into a fullfledged depression
Jim Jeffords
soon after the passage of the tax bill, Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont, a moderate Republican, abandoned the party and declared himself an independent. His action gave Democrats a one-vote margin in the Senate and made it difficult for Bush to achieve further legislative victories
Kyoto Protocol
sought to combat global warming—a slow rise in the earth's temperature that scientists warned could have disastrous effects on the world's climate.
Sarah Palin
the little-known governor of Alaska, in part as an attempt to woo Democratic women disappointed at their party's rejection of Hilary Clinton. Palin quickly went on the attack, accusing Democrats of being unpatriotic, lacking traditional values, and not representing the "real America."
Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003
the president signed into law a $320-billion tax reduction, one of the largest in American history. In accordance with supply-side theory, the cuts were again geared to reducing the tax burden on wealthy individuals and corporations. Left to future generations were the questions of how to deal with a rapidly mounting federal deficit (which exceeded $400 billion, a record, in 2004) and how to pay for the obligations of the federal government and the needs of American society.
Toxic Assets
—billions and billions of dollars in worthless loans.
