Chapter 28 questions 175-293

261. The earliest sign of puberty in girls is A. the onset of breast development. B. the appearance of pubic and axillary hair. C. the appearance of sebaceous and axillary glands. D. the first menstrual period. E. the increase in muscle mass.

A. the onset of breast development. The onset of breast development, also known as thelarche, is typically the earliest sign of puberty in girls. It is followed by the development of pubic and axillary hair, the appearance of sebaceous and axillary glands, and eventually, the first menstrual period (menarche). The sequence of these events can vary among individuals, but breast development is generally one of the initial physical changes associated with the onset of puberty in girls.

266. During climacteric, sudden ____________ may cause hot flashes. A. vasoconstriction of cutaneous arteries B. vasodilation of cutaneous arteries C. vasodilation of cranial arteries D. vasoconstriction of cranial arteries E. vasodilation of facial arteries

A. vasoconstriction of cutaneous arteries Hot flashes during climacteric, which is commonly associated with menopause, are believed to be linked to changes in estrogen levels. Estrogen has a role in regulating body temperature, and fluctuations in its levels can affect the thermoregulatory system. Vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels, which increases blood flow to the skin. In the context of hot flashes, sudden vasodilation of cutaneous (skin) arteries can lead to an increase in blood flow to the skin, causing the characteristic sensation of warmth and redness associated with hot flashes. Therefore, when estrogen levels decline or fluctuate during climacteric, it can trigger changes in blood vessel regulation, including vasodilation of cutaneous arteries, contributing to the occurrence of hot flashes.

254. Most of the natural lubrication during female sexual excitement is provided by the A. semen. B. sperm. C. vestibular bulbs. D. greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands. E. lesser vestibular glands.

D. Greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands The greater vestibular glands, also known as Bartholin's glands, produce lubricating fluid during female sexual arousal. This fluid helps to lubricate the vaginal opening and facilitate sexual activity.

274. Which of these does not leave a follicle when it ovulates? A. a secondary oocyte B. a zona pellucida C. a corona radiata D. a second polar body E. the theca folliculi

D. a second polar body During ovulation, the secondary oocyte is released from the ovarian follicle. The corona radiata, a layer of cells surrounding the oocyte, is also released along with the oocyte. The second polar body is formed during the process of oogenesis but is typically not released during ovulation. It usually disintegrates.

. The developing individual is called a(n) ___________ during most of the first 2 weeks, a(n) _____________ from 3 through 8 weeks, and a(n) ____________ from the beginning of week 9 until birth. A. zygote; embryo; blastocyst B. zygote; blastocyst; embryo C. blastocyst; fetus; embryo D. blastocyst; embryo; fetus E. embryo; blastocyst; fetus

D. blastocyst; embryo; fetus During the early stages of development, the zygote undergoes cleavage and forms a blastocyst, which implants into the uterus. In the next stage, the developing individual is referred to as an embryo, which covers the period from the third week through the eighth week of development. After the embryonic stage, the developing individual is referred to as a fetus, starting from the beginning of the ninth week until birth.

272. After expelling the oocyte, the follicle becomes the ____________ and secretes __________. A. corpus albicans; FSH and LH B. corpus albicans; estrogen and progesterone C. corpus luteum; FSH and LH D. corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone E. corpus albicans; progesterone

D. corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure formed from the ruptured ovarian follicle after ovulation. It plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle by secreting hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, which are important for the maintenance of the uterine lining (endometrium) in preparation for a potential pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum eventually degenerates into a structure called the corpus albicans.

281. The _________ phase is the one associated with menstrual cramps and typically occurs __________ of the cycle. A. proliferative; from days 15 to 26 B. secretory; around day 5 C. menstrual; from days 9 to 14 D. premenstrual; days 27 to 28 E. premenstrual; days 13 to 14

D. premenstrual; days 27 to 28

278. Which of these blood hormone levels reaches its maximum during the luteal phase? A. GnRH B. FSH C. LH D. progesterone E. estradiol

D. progesterone After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into a structure called the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone. Progesterone levels rise during the luteal phase to prepare the uterus for a potential pregnancy by promoting the thickening of the uterine lining (endometrium) and inhibiting further ovulation. If fertilization and implantation do not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels decrease, and this leads to the start of a new menstrual cycle.

264. The appearance of pubic and axillary hair is a stage specifically called A. puberty. B. climacteric. C. thelarche. D. pubarche. E. menarche.

D. pubarche Pubarche refers to the development of pubic and axillary hair, which is one of the signs of the onset of puberty. It is a stage in the maturation process during which secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop. Thelarche refers to the onset of breast development, and menarche is the first occurrence of menstruation. Pubarche is specifically related to the growth of pubic and axillary hair.

267. The term menstrual cycle specifically refers to A. the sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth. B. the events that recur every month during pregnancy. C. the cyclic events happening from puberty to menopause. D. the cyclic changes in the uterus determined by shifting hormonal changes. E. the cyclic changes in the ovaries determined by shifting hormonal changes.

D. the cyclic changes in the uterus determined by shifting hormonal changes.

288. The basis for contraceptive pills is that they mimic the ____________ feedback effect of ____________. A. positive; FSH and LH B. positive; estrogens and progesterone C. negative; FSH and LH D. negative; human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) E. negative; estrogens and progesterone

E. negative; estrogens and progesterone Contraceptive pills, commonly known as birth control pills, mimic the negative feedback effect of estrogens and progesterone. These hormones normally regulate the menstrual cycle by providing negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This negative feedback suppresses the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which, in turn, inhibits ovulation. By providing synthetic forms of estrogen and progesterone (or progestin, a synthetic form of progesterone), contraceptive pills maintain a hormonal environment that prevents the release of eggs from the ovaries. This is a form of hormonal contraception that helps prevent pregnancy.

290. The _________________ provides fetal nutrition and secretes hormones that regulate pregnancy and fetal development. A. uterus B. myometrium C. endometrium D. blastocyst E. placenta

E. placenta The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy and plays a crucial role in providing fetal nutrition and secreting hormones that regulate pregnancy and fetal development. It serves as a connection between the maternal and fetal circulatory systems, allowing the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products. Additionally, the placenta produces hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), estrogen, and progesterone, which are essential for maintaining pregnancy and supporting fetal growth.

276. In the adult ovary, more than 90% of the follicles are found as A. primary follicles. B. secondary follicles. C. tertiary follicle. D. mature (graafian) follicles. E. primordial follicles.

E. primordial follicles Primordial follicles are the earliest stage of ovarian follicle development. They consist of a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat cells. The majority of follicles in the ovaries are in the primordial stage, and only a small percentage will progress to develop further into primary, secondary, and tertiary (mature or graafian) follicles during each menstrual cycle.

188. Prolactin is secreted during pregnancy to stimulate milk synthesis so that milk will be available by the time the infant is born.

False Prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland, and its primary function is to stimulate milk synthesis (lactation) in the mammary glands of the breasts. During pregnancy, prolactin levels increase in response to hormonal changes, and this prepares the mammary glands for milk production. The rise in prolactin levels is part of the complex hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy to support lactation. After childbirth, prolactin levels remain elevated, and when the infant suckles at the breast, it further stimulates the release of prolactin, promoting milk production to nourish the newborn. This process is part of the hormonal regulation of lactation in response to the demands of breastfeeding.

262. ______________ are feminizing hormones. A. Female gonadotropin-releasing hormones B. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone C. Androgens D. Androgen and progesterone E. Estrogens

E. Estrogens Estrogens are feminizing hormones that play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and secondary sexual characteristics. They are produced primarily by the ovaries, and their effects include the development of breast tissue, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and promotion of the growth of the uterine lining. Estrogens, along with progesterone, contribute to the overall hormonal balance in females.

258. Mammary glands develop with the breasts primarily A. during the last weeks of fetal development. B. at birth. C. during infancy. D. during puberty. E. during pregnancy.

E. during pregnancy Mammary glands undergo significant development and changes during pregnancy in preparation for lactation. The mammary glands respond to hormonal signals, particularly estrogen and progesterone, during pregnancy, leading to the enlargement and differentiation of the glandular tissue. This prepares the breasts for milk production and secretion after childbirth.

269. The ovulated egg is at A. prophase I. B. metaphase I. C. telophase I. D. prophase II. E. metaphase II.

E. metaphase II After ovulation, the ovulated egg is at metaphase II of meiosis. Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells). The secondary oocyte, released during ovulation, is arrested in metaphase II until fertilization occurs. If fertilization takes place, the secondary oocyte will complete meiosis II, resulting in the formation of a mature ovum (egg) and a polar body.

255. The nonpregnant uterine wall consists mostly of ___________, which is composed of ___________. A. perimetrium; areolar tissue B. endometrium; simple columnar epithelium and glands C. endometrium; blood vessels and dense regular connective tissue D. myometrium; dense irregular connective tissue E. myometrium; bundles of smooth muscle

E. myometrium; bundles of smooth muscle The nonpregnant uterine wall consists mostly of the myometrium, which is composed of bundles of smooth muscle. The myometrium is responsible for the powerful contractions of the uterus during childbirth and plays a role in the movement of sperm through the reproductive tract during sexual activity.

186. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulates the corpus luteum to grow and secrete estrogen and progesterone.

True Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. One of its functions is to stimulate the corpus luteum (the structure formed from the ovarian follicle after ovulation) to continue producing estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are essential for maintaining the uterine lining and supporting the early stages of pregnancy until the placenta can take over hormone production.

175) In the female fetus, the absence of testosterone results in the development of the external genitalia into clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora. T/F

True In the absence of testosterone during fetal development, the external genitalia of a female fetus will differentiate into the clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora. The default developmental pathway for external genitalia in mammals is female, and it occurs in the absence of specific hormonal signals. If a fetus has XY chromosomes (genetically male) but lacks functional testes or the ability to produce testosterone, the default female developmental pathway will be followed. As a result, the external genitalia will develop into structures characteristic of the female reproductive system, such as the clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora. This process highlights the importance of hormonal signals, particularly testosterone, in the determination of external genitalia during fetal development.

189. Oxytocin stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cell of the mammary acini.

True Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. One of its functions is to stimulate uterine contractions during labor, but it also plays a role in the ejection of milk from the mammary glands (letdown or milk ejection reflex) during breastfeeding. When a baby suckles at the breast, sensory signals are transmitted to the hypothalamus, leading to the release of oxytocin. Oxytocin then acts on the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli (mammary acini) in the mammary glands. The contraction of these myoepithelial cells helps propel milk from the alveoli through the ducts and towards the nipple, making it available for the baby to suckle. So, oxytocin is crucial for the milk ejection process and facilitates the efficient transfer of milk from the mammary glands to the baby during breastfeeding.

180. The number of ovarian follicles declines with age, leading to a reduction of estrogen levels. t/f

True The number of ovarian follicles in a woman's ovaries declines with age, a process known as ovarian follicle depletion. This is a natural part of the aging process in females. As the number of follicles decreases, the production of estrogen, which is primarily produced by the ovaries, also declines. This reduction in estrogen levels is a key factor in the physiological changes associated with menopause. During menopause, a woman experiences the cessation of menstrual cycles, and she may also encounter various symptoms related to hormonal changes, such as hot flashes, mood swings, and changes in bone density.

170) follicle-stimulating hormone Promotes growth of immature follicles in ovaries a) True b) False

a) True Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system. FSH promotes the growth and development of immature ovarian follicles in the ovaries. These follicles contain immature eggs (oocytes), and the stimulation by FSH initiates the process of folliculogenesis, leading to the maturation of a dominant follicle, ultimately culminating in ovulation. In males, FSH stimulates the production of sperm in the testes.

172) Leydig cells are is responsible for testosterone production in human males? a) True b) False

a) True Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells, are responsible for testosterone production in human males. These cells are located in the interstitial tissue of the testes and respond to luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland by producing and releasing testosterone. Testosterone is a crucial hormone in males, playing a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues, maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, and overall reproductive function.

171) Progesterone is primarily secreted by Corpus luteum a) True b) False

a) True Progesterone is primarily secreted by the corpus luteum, which is a temporary endocrine structure formed from the ruptured ovarian follicle after ovulation. The corpus luteum plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy. If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone to support the uterine lining. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a decrease in progesterone levels and the initiation of menstruation.

173) The scrotum is responsible for regulating the temperature of the testes a) True b) False

a) True The scrotum is responsible for regulating the temperature of the testes. The scrotum is a pouch of skin and muscle that houses the testes outside the body. Maintaining a slightly lower temperature than the core body temperature is essential for proper sperm production (spermatogenesis). The contraction or relaxation of the muscles in the scrotum adjusts the position of the testes, helping to regulate their temperature and ensure optimal conditions for sperm development.

174) the path of a mature sperm, during normal male ejaculation, is Seminiferous tubule → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct a) True b) False

b) False The correct path of a mature sperm during normal male ejaculation is: Seminiferous tubule → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra The sperm travel from the seminiferous tubules, where they are produced, to the epididymis for maturation and storage. From the epididymis, they move through the vas deferens during ejaculation. The vas deferens then connects to the ejaculatory duct, and finally, the sperm are expelled through the urethra.

292. Milk ejection occurs as a result of stimulation of nerve endings in the ____________ , which leads to the release of ______________ from the pituitary. A. mammary acini; oxytocin B. mammary acini; prolactin C. nipple and areola; oxytocin D. nipple and areola; prolactin E. nipple and areola; progesterone

c. nipple and areola; oxytocin Milk ejection (also known as the let-down reflex) occurs as a result of stimulation of nerve endings in the nipple and areola, leading to the release of oxytocin from the pituitary gland. Oxytocin acts on the mammary glands, causing them to contract and expel milk.

291. Which is the longest stage of labor? A. the dilation (first) stage B. the expulsion (second) stage C. the placental (third) stage D. the postpartum stage E. the puerperium stage

A. the dilation (first) stage The dilation stage is further divided into two phases: the latent phase and the active phase. This stage involves the dilation (opening) of the cervix and can be the most time-consuming part of the labor process.

169) An environmental toxin has been found to directly disrupt normal gamete production in women. The toxin is likely localizing in the Ovaries a) True b) False

A) True

263. _______________ act/s primarily in the uterus. A. Estrogens B. Androgens C. Progesterone D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) E. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

C. progesterone Progesterone primarily acts in the uterus. It plays a key role in preparing and maintaining the uterine lining (endometrium) for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary after ovulation and is essential for the regulation of the menstrual cycle and the support of early pregnancy. It helps create a suitable environment for the embryo and prevents the shedding of the uterine lining during pregnancy.

253. The ____________ is the site of attachment of the embryo. A. endometrium B. perimetrium C. myometrium D. uterine tube E. vagina

A. Endometrium The endometrium is the innermost layer of the uterus and is the site of attachment of the embryo during implantation.

250. The internal female genitalia include the A. vagina. B. clitoris. C. labia majora. D. labia minora. E. mammary gland.

A. Vagina

265. The midlife change in estrogen and progesterone is called ___________, whereas the cessation of menstruation is called ______________. A. climacteric; menopause B. menopause; climacteric C. menopause; atresia D. atresia; climacteric E. climacteric; atresia

A. climacteric; menopause

275. Oogenesis starts A. during embryonic development. B. at birth. C. during thelarche. D. during pubarche. E. during menarche.

A. during embryonic development Oogenesis, the process of egg cell formation, begins during embryonic development. The initial stages of oogenesis occur in the developing female fetus, and the process continues through various stages, but it pauses at different points until puberty. The final stages of oogenesis occur during each menstrual cycle after puberty begins.

270. The ovum finalizes meiosis A. during fertilization. B. during implantation. C. as a secondary follicle. D. as a primary follicle. E. as a mature (graafian) follicle.

A. during fertilization The ovum finalizes meiosis during fertilization. When a sperm fertilizes the secondary oocyte, it triggers the completion of meiosis II. This results in the formation of a mature ovum (egg) and a second polar body. Fertilization is the process by which the sperm and egg combine their genetic material, forming a zygote with a complete set of chromosomes.

277. During the follicular phase, granulosa cells secrete ____________, which stimulates secretion of ___________. A. estradiol; LH B. estradiol; FSH C. estradiol; GnRH D. progesterone; FSH E. progesterone; LH

A. estradiol; LH The follicular phase is the first half of the menstrual cycle, during which follicles in the ovary develop and mature. Granulosa cells within the developing follicles secrete estradiol, which, in turn, stimulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland. FSH plays a key role in promoting the growth and development of ovarian follicles.

285. During ____________, the uterus is tented (erected) and the cervix is withdrawn from the vagina. Typically, the clitoris is engorged and the labia are bright red to violet due to hyperemia. A. excitement B. detumescence C. orgasm D. resolution E. pregnancy

A. excitement During the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle, various physiological changes occur in the female genitalia. The uterus becomes tented (erected), the cervix is withdrawn from the vagina, and there is increased blood flow to the pelvic region. This increased blood flow leads to engorgement of the clitoris, and the labia may appear bright red to violet due to hyperemia (increased blood flow). These changes are part of the overall sexual response in females.

286. In early pregnancy, ____________ stimulates growth of the corpus luteum. A. human chorionic gonadotropin B. follicle-stimulating hormone C. human chorionic somatomammotropin D. adrenocorticotropic hormone E. progesterone

A. human chorionic gonadotropin Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the developing embryo after fertilization and implantation in early pregnancy. Its primary function is to support the corpus luteum, a structure formed from the ovarian follicle after ovulation. The corpus luteum plays a crucial role in early pregnancy by producing progesterone, which is essential for the maintenance of the uterine lining (endometrium). Progesterone helps create a favorable environment for the embryo's implantation and early development. hCG acts on the corpus luteum, preventing it from degenerating and ensuring continued production of progesterone. This is important because, in the absence of pregnancy, the corpus luteum typically degenerates, leading to a decrease in progesterone levels and the initiation of menstruation. The presence of hCG in early pregnancy helps sustain the corpus luteum, allowing progesterone levels to remain elevated and supporting the early stages of pregnancy until the placenta takes over hormone production.

282. During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle A. several follicles are developing antrums. B. the corpus luteum is shrinking. C. the corpus luteum is enlarging. D. oogonia are transforming into primary oocytes. E. the oocyte completes meiosis II.

A. several follicles are developing antrums The proliferative phase is the first half of the menstrual cycle, during which ovarian follicles (primarily one dominant follicle) are developing and maturing. Antrum formation is a part of the follicular development process, and during this phase, the selected dominant follicle is growing, and the antrum, a fluid-filled cavity within the follicle, is forming. This phase is characterized by the increasing levels of estrogen, which stimulates the thickening of the endometrial lining in the uterus.

259. Breast size is determined by A. the amount of adipose tissue. B. the amount of collagenous fiber. C. the size of lactiferous sinuses. D. the amount of mammary gland tissue. E. muscle tone.

A. the amount of adipose tissue. Breast size is primarily determined by the amount of adipose (fat) tissue in the breasts. The mammary glands are embedded within this adipose tissue. Factors such as genetics, hormonal influences, and overall body composition can contribute to variations in breast size among individuals. While other factors mentioned (collagenous fiber, lactiferous sinuses, mammary gland tissue, and muscle tone) play roles in the structure and function of the breasts, adipose tissue is the major contributor to breast size.

279. ____________ inhibit/s the secretion of ____________ during the female sexual cycle. A. GnRH; FSH and LH B. Estradiol and progesterone; FSH and LH C. Estradiol; progesterone D. Estradiol; LH E. FSH and LH; androgens

B. Estradiol and progesterone; FSH and LH During the female sexual cycle, high levels of estradiol and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, provide negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This negative feedback inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) during certain phases of the menstrual cycle. This is a regulatory mechanism to control the timing of ovulation and the overall reproductive cycle in females.

271. Most ovulation home test kits measure _________ surge, which happens about 24 hours before ovulation. A. FSH B. LH C. estradiol D. progesterone E. temperature

B. LH Luteinizing Hormone surges about 24-48 hours before ovulation, and the surge triggers the release of the mature egg from the ovary. Home ovulation test kits detect this surge in LH levels to help predict the timing of ovulation.

252. After puberty, the vaginal lining becomes _________ to ________. A. simple squamous epithelium; allow fast diffusion of nutrients in case a zygote is implanted B. stratified squamous epithelium; resist abrasion C. transitional epithelium; provide more elasticity necessary for coitus and delivery D. simple columnar; facilitate sperm absorption and secretion of vaginal lubricants E. simple cuboidal; provide protection and lubrication

B. Stratified squamous epithelium; resist abrasion

269. The ovulated egg is A. a primary oocyte. B. a secondary oocyte. C. a primary follicle. D. a secondary follicle. E. a tertiary follicle.

B. a secondary oocyte After ovulation, the egg released from the ovary is in the form of a secondary oocyte. Ovulation is the process by which a mature follicle releases an egg from the ovary into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. The secondary oocyte is arrested in the metaphase II stage of meiosis and only completes meiosis if fertilization occurs.

260. Follicles are located in the A. medulla of the ovary. B. cortex of the ovary. C. center of the ovum. D. epithelium of the endometrium. E. placenta.

B. cortex of the ovary

287. The basis of pregnancy test kits is the presence of ____________, which is secreted by the _________________. A. human chorionic somatomammotropin; endometrium and myometrium B. human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG); blastocyst and placenta C. progesterone; corpus luteum and corpus albicans D. progesterone; blastocyst and embryo E. estrogens; blastocyst and placenta

B. human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG); blastocyst and placenta Pregnancy test kits detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is a hormone produced by the developing embryo after implantation. Initially, the blastocyst produces hCG, and later in pregnancy, the placenta takes over the production of this hormone. Detection of hCG in a woman's urine or blood is an indicator of pregnancy and is the basis for most pregnancy test kits.

256. Which of these is not found in the vestibule? A. urinary orifice B. mons pubis C. vaginal orifice D. labia minora E. clitoris

B. mons pubis The mons pubis is not found in the vestibule. The mons pubis is a rounded, fatty prominence located over the pubic symphysis, and it is part of the external genitalia but is not specifically within the vestibule. The vestibule is the space between the labia minora that contains the urinary orifice, vaginal orifice, and the opening of the ducts of the greater vestibular glands.

283. The _________ sometimes expel/s copious fluid similar to prostatic fluid, which constitutes the female ejaculate. A. prostate gland B. paraurethral glands C. bulbourethral glands D. vestibular bulb E. vaginal epithelium

B. paraurethral glands The paraurethral glands, also known as Skene's glands, are located around the female urethra. These glands can expel a fluid similar to prostatic fluid during sexual arousal and orgasm. This fluid is sometimes referred to as female ejaculate or female ejaculation. It's important to note that the existence and nature of female ejaculation can vary among individuals, and there is ongoing research and discussion about this phenomenon.

280. Lutein cells develop from A. the corona radiata. B. the corpus luteum. C. the theca interna. D. granulosa cells. E. the corpus albicans.

C. the theca interna After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into a structure called the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum is composed of granulosa cells and theca interna cells. The theca interna cells, in particular, play a role in the development of lutein cells within the corpus luteum. These lutein cells are responsible for the production of progesterone, which is important for the maintenance of the uterine lining during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

257 ____________ are found in both male and female external genitalia, but the ___________ is/are only found in the female. A. Corpora cavernosa; urethral orifice B. Corpora cavernosa; bulbourethral glands C. Corpora cavernosa; vestibular bulbs D. Corpora spongiosa; mons pubis E. Corpora spongiosa; urethral orifice

C. Corpora cavernosa; vestibular bulbs Corpora cavernosa are found in both male and female external genitalia, providing erectile tissue. However, the vestibular bulbs are specific to the female reproductive anatomy. These bulbs are located on either side of the vaginal orifice and become engorged with blood during sexual arousal, contributing to the swelling of the vestibular region.

293. Why is breast milk superior to cow's milk for an infant? A. Cow's milk provides fewer calories per mL. B. Cow's milk provides less calcium per mL. C. Cow's milk provides less phosphorous per mL. D. Cow's milk has too much protein and minerals in it. E. It is a myth; cow's milk is equal in quality to breast milk.

C. Cow's milk has too much protein and minerals in it. Cow's milk is higher in protein and minerals, such as sodium and potassium, than what is appropriate for the nutritional needs of infants. The protein content of cow's milk can be hard for a baby's immature kidneys to process, and the high mineral content may lead to issues with dehydration and electrolyte balance. Additionally, cow's milk lacks some essential nutrients that are present in breast milk, such as certain antibodies and growth factors, which contribute to the infant's immune system development. Breast milk is specifically tailored to meet the nutritional needs of infants, providing the right balance of nutrients and promoting optimal growth and development. It also contains antibodies and other components that support the baby's immune system. Therefore, breastfeeding is recommended as the preferred source of nutrition for infants when possible.

251. The __________ arteries rhythmically constrict and dilate causing the uterine mucosa to blanch and flush with blood. A. uterine B. arcuate C. spiral D. internal iliac E. ovarian

C. Spiral During the menstrual cycle, the spiral arteries within the uterus rhythmically constrict and dilate. This constriction and dilation contribute to the changes in blood flow to the uterine mucosa. This process is part of the menstrual cycle and is particularly significant during the menstrual and proliferative phases.

273. A follicle is A. an organ in the ovary. B. an oocyte. C. an oocyte enclosed in follicular or granulosa cells. D. a group of granulosa cells. E. a group of follicular cells.

C. an oocyte enclosed in follicular or granulosa cells In the context of the ovary, a follicle consists of an oocyte surrounded by layers of supportive cells called granulosa cells. The follicle provides a microenvironment for the development and maturation of the oocyte. As the follicle matures, it undergoes changes, and when it is ready for ovulation, it releases the oocyte from the ovary.

284. During the plateau phase, the glans and clitoris swell as the _________ arteries dilate and the corpus or corpora ____________ engorge with blood. A. dorsal; cavernosa B. deep; spongiosum C. deep; cavernosa D. dorsal; spongiosum E. dorsal; vaginalis

C. deep; cavernosa During the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle, various physiological changes occur in the genital region. In females, the clitoris, which is a highly sensitive organ, undergoes changes similar to the male erectile response. The erectile tissue in the clitoris becomes engorged with blood. The clitoris has two erectile structures known as the corpora cavernosa, which are similar to the erectile tissues found in the male penis. The blood flow to these structures increases during sexual arousal, leading to swelling of the glans and clitoris. The arteries responsible for this dilation are often the dorsal arteries.d

289. The most abundant estrogen of pregnancy is __________, but the one that accounts for most of the estrogenic effects in pregnancy is ______________. A. estrone; estradiol B. estrone; estriol C. estriol; estradiol D. estriol; estrone E. estradiol; estrone

C. estriol; estradiol During pregnancy, the placenta is a significant source of hormones, including estrogens. Estriol is a form of estrogen that is produced in large quantities by the placenta. While estradiol (another form of estrogen) is also produced, estriol becomes the predominant estrogen during pregnancy. Estriol is often used as an indicator of fetal well-being and is monitored in maternal blood or urine during pregnancy. It is considered a marker for the health and functioning of the placenta and the developing fetus. While estradiol contributes to estrogenic effects in pregnancy, estriol is the estrogen that becomes particularly prominent during this period.

176. The uterus is a thick muscular chamber inferior to the urinary bladder. t/f

False

181. T/F The ovarian cycle typically lasts about 28 days, with day 1 considered to be the first day after ovulation.

False In the context of the ovarian cycle, day 1 is typically considered to be the first day of menstruation, not the day after ovulation. The ovarian cycle is divided into two main phases: the follicular phase and the luteal phase. Follicular Phase: This phase begins on the first day of menstruation (day 1). It involves the development of ovarian follicles, each containing an immature egg (oocyte). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) plays a crucial role in stimulating the growth of these follicles. Ovulation: Around the middle of the menstrual cycle (typically around day 14 in a 28-day cycle), one dominant follicle releases a mature egg during ovulation. Luteal Phase: After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into a structure called the corpus luteum. This phase lasts until the start of the next menstrual period and is characterized by the secretion of progesterone, a hormone that prepares the uterine lining for a potential pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, hormone levels drop, and menstruation begins again, marking the start of a new ovarian cycle.

179. Inhibin modulates the section of LH. t/f

False Inhibin primarily modulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), not luteinizing hormone (LH). Inhibin is produced by the ovaries in females and the testes in males. Its primary role is to inhibit the secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland, thereby regulating the development and maturation of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males. LH, on the other hand, is regulated by factors such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and plays a role in the maturation of the ovarian follicle and ovulation in females, as well as the production of testosterone in males.

182. Most primary oocytes undergo atresia during climacteric.

False The term "climacteric" typically refers to the period of life during which both male and female individuals undergo physiological changes associated with the end of reproductive capacity and the transition to senescence. In females, this period is often referred to as menopause. "Atresia" refers to the degeneration or death of cells. In the context of oocytes, atresia can occur during various stages of development in the ovaries. However, it's important to note that most primary oocytes actually undergo atresia much earlier in life, during fetal development. During fetal development, a female is born with a finite number of primary oocytes in her ovaries. By the time she reaches puberty, this number has significantly decreased due to atresia. After menarche (the onset of menstruation), only a small number of oocytes continue to mature and are released during the menstrual cycle. The process continues until menopause when the ovaries cease to release eggs. So, while atresia is a normal part of oocyte development, it is not accurate to say that most primary oocytes undergo atresia during the climacteric (menopause) itself; rather, it occurs throughout the lifespan, particularly during fetal development and the early reproductive years.

187. Progesterone stimulates uterine contractions

False. Because Oxytocin does. Progesterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system, particularly during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. One of its main functions is to prepare the endometrium (lining of the uterus) for implantation of a fertilized egg and to maintain the uterine lining during early pregnancy. Progesterone has a relaxing effect on the smooth muscle tissue of the uterus, which helps prevent contractions during pregnancy. Contractions of the uterus are typically stimulated by the hormone oxytocin, especially during labor and childbirth. Therefore, progesterone's role is more associated with maintaining the uterine environment for pregnancy rather than stimulating uterine contractions.

177. The vagina had no glands but it is moistened by mucus from glands in the cervical canal. t/f

True

183. The proliferative phase of the uterus is driven by estrogen from the ovaries.

True The proliferative phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle is characterized by the growth and thickening of the endometrial lining of the uterus. This phase is primarily driven by the influence of estrogen, which is produced by the developing ovarian follicles. Here's how it generally works: Menstrual Phase (Days 1-5): Menstruation occurs, and the old functional layer of the endometrium is shed. Proliferative Phase (Days 6-14): Following menstruation, the endometrium enters the proliferative phase. Rising levels of estrogen, secreted by the developing ovarian follicles, stimulate the regeneration and thickening of the endometrial lining. This phase prepares the uterus for a potential implantation of a fertilized egg. Ovulation (Around Day 14): Ovulation occurs when a mature follicle releases an egg from the ovary. Secretory Phase (Days 15-28): After ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces both estrogen and progesterone. These hormones cause the endometrium to become more vascular and glandular, preparing it for the possible implantation of a fertilized egg. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, hormone levels drop, and the endometrial tissue is shed during the next menstrual phase, restarting the cycle. The intricate interplay of hormones, particularly estrogen, regulates these phases of the menstrual cycle.

184. In the excitement phase, the uterus rises from its forward-tilted (anteverted) position.

True The uterus can indeed experience positional changes during sexual arousal. During sexual arousal, the uterus may undergo a phenomenon known as "tenting," where it is lifted and pulled upward. This is part of the overall changes in the pelvic organs during sexual arousal.

185. Unlike men, women lack a refractory period and may experience successive orgasms.

True Unlike men who often experience a refractory period after orgasm, during which they are not able to achieve another erection or orgasm immediately, women do not typically have a refractory period. Some women are capable of experiencing multiple orgasms in quick succession without a recovery period. It's important to note that individual experiences can vary, and not all women experience multiple orgasms or have the same sexual response pattern.

178. Although two breast cancer genes are known, most cases are nonhereditary. t/f

True While there are known breast cancer genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, the majority of breast cancer cases are nonhereditary. Nonhereditary cases are often referred to as sporadic, and they result from a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.