Chapter 3
The functions of the cell wall include
-maintaining the shape of the bacterium -preventing destruction with changes in osmotic pressure
Put the following in order with the group containing the most organisms at the top
1. Species 2. Stain/subspecies
During _____, bacterial cells move by flagella motion in response to chemical signals.
Chemotaxis
Typical gram-negative bacteria are more impervious to the action of anti microbial chemicals than are gram-positives because gram-negatives have a(n)
Outer membrane
Bacterial cells are protected from rupturing in hypotonic conditions by the rigidity of the
Peptidoglycan in the cell wall
Archaea have been associated with the degree of severity of
Periodontal disease
An extrachromosomal piece of DNA that contains genes not essential for cell growth is called a(n)
Plasmid
Which of the following statements regarding plasmids are correct
Plasmids are double-stranded DNA molecules
Chains of ribosomes are termed
Polysomes
The micrograph illustrates the cell wall composition of a Gram-_____ cell
Positive
The hereditary material of a bacterial cell is a (normally) single circular strand of DNA known as the bacterial _____, which is aggregated in the nucleoid
chromosome
Bacterial DNA is organized into which of the following tightly wound discrete units
chromosomes
Nanotubes or nanowires are long extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane that bacteria use as channels to transfer
nutrients or electrons
Plasmids typically carry _____ genes
*antibiotic resistance *nonessential
Which three structures comprise a bacterial flagellum
*basal body *hook *filament
Which three structures are possessed by ALL bacteria
*cell membrane *ribosomes *chromosomes
In which three of the following sites in the human body have archaea been detected
*colon *mouth *vagina
Bergey's Manual of _____ Bacteriology is used by microbiologists whose primary interest is identification of prokaryotes, while Bergey's Manual of _____ Bacteriology is used by those who are also interested in the evolutionary relationships of prokaryotes.
*determinative *systematic
Bacterial ribosomes are located
*in the cytoplasm *attached to the cytoplasmic membrane
Which two macromolecules are the major components of cell membranes?
*lipids *proteins
Which of the following are correct words to describe the flagellum on the bacterial cell shown here
*monotrichous *polar
Which of the following are part of the cell envelope, including components found in some but not all bacteria
*outer membrane *cell wall *cytoplasmic membrane
Which two of the following cellular features are different between bacteria and archaea
*peptidoglycan in cell wall *method of DNA compaction
All of these appendages provide mobility to bacteria EXCEPT
*pili *nanowires *fimbriae
Identify the correct statements regarding plasmids
*plasmids are significantly smaller than the bacterial chromosome *plasmids encode non-essential functions of the cell
Identify the correct words to describe the flagellum on the bacterial cell shown here
*polar *lophotrichous
Which three of the following cellular features are the same in bacteria and archaea
*presence of a cytoskeleton *cytoplasmic membrane is semipermeable *DNA is the genetic material
The cell envelope is composed of the cell _____ and the cell _____.
*wall *membrane
The bacterial flagellum is composed of
A basal body,hook, and filament
Each of the following is found in ALL bacterial cell EXCEPT
A glycocalyx
The majority of bacterial cells have all of the following except
A nucleus
What is the glycocalyx
An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell
Peptidoglycan is a component of the cell wall in
Bacteria
What manual would be most likely used by a medical microbiologist to identify a microbe
Bergen's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
The cellular structure used by the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology to classify bacteria into taxonomic divisions such as the Gracilicutes and Firmicutes is the _____ _____
Cell wall
What structure is used in the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology to divide bacteria and archaea into four major divisions
Cell wall
Dormant bodies produced by bacteria for survival rather than reproductive purposes are called
Endospores
True or False: The gram-negative cell wall has more peptidoglycan than the gram-positive cell wall
False
True or False: The gram-negative cell wall has more peptidoglycan than the gram-positive cell wall.
False
For bacteria to move, the flagella ______ rotate(s) 360
Filament and hook
The protective covering called the _____ develops as a coating of repeating polysaccharide or glycoprotein units
Glycocalyx
The technique that allows a microbiologist to differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall composition/structure in the _____stain
Gram
Which common staining technique distinguishes between groups of bacterial cells based on the composition of their cell walls
Gram stain
_____ is what occurs when a cell breaks or ruptures
Lysis
Which term refers to the capacity of a cell to swim freely through an aqueous environment through self-propulsion
Motility
Which appendages act as channels to transfer nutrients such as amino acids and electrons
Nanotubes
To move away from a potentially harmful compound by flagella motion is referred to as _____ chemotaxis
Negative
A specific member of a species that simulates a distinct pattern of antibody response in its hosts is called a(n)
Serotype
A "stain" is a subgroup of a
Species
A "type" is term given to a subgroup of bacterial organisms belongs to the same
Species
Which is more impervious to the action of anti microbial chemicals
Typical gram-negative bacteria
Why is it difficult to group bacteria into species
bacteria can alter their genetic makeup, bacteria do not use a typical mode of sexual reproduction, bacterial cells can accept genetic material from other sometimes unrelated cells
The two main components of the cell envelope in most bacteria are the
cell membrane and cell wall
Which cell structure is designed to provide shape, support and resistance to osmotic pressure
cell wall
Which structure accounts for the different results of the Gram stain
cell wall
The internal gelatinous matrix of a cell, mostly composed of water, is referred to as _________.
cytoplasm
The intracellular gelatinous solution is referred to as
cytoplasm
Bacterial _____ are for cell survival under extreme environmental conditions, rather than reproduction
endospores
Which appendage provides the ability to attach to surfaces and other cells?
fimbriae
Which appendage(s) provide motility
flagellum and axial filaments
Cell breaking or rupturing is known as cell _____.
lysis
The ability to move is referred to as
motility
The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane
outer
Which term is used to describe the phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-negative bacteria
outer membrane
Antibiotics of the _____ class act on peptidoglycan, so that the cell wall is compromised and the cell will lyse
penicillin
Antibiotics of the penicillin class act on _____, so that the cell wall is compromised and the cell will lyse
peptidoglycan
The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of
peptidoglycan
The strength and rigidity of the cell wall is due to
peptidoglycan
A major structural component of the bilayer in a cell membrane are _____, a type of lipids which comprise 30-40% of the membrane mass
phospholipids
An appendage which forms a channel for the exchange of genetic material during bacterial conjugation is called a
pilus
The bacterial flagellum moves by
rotating 360 degrees
What term distinguishes between different bacteria based on the immunological response they elicit in a host?
serotype
Bacteria function as organisms comprised of
single cells
Which of the following makes bacteria and archaea different from eukaryotes
they lack a nucleus
Bacteria function as _____ organisms.
unicellular
The Gram stain differentiates bacteria based upon structural differences of the bacterial cell
wall
