Chapter 3

The functions of the cell wall include

-maintaining the shape of the bacterium -preventing destruction with changes in osmotic pressure

Put the following in order with the group containing the most organisms at the top

1. Species 2. Stain/subspecies

During _____, bacterial cells move by flagella motion in response to chemical signals.

Chemotaxis

Typical gram-negative bacteria are more impervious to the action of anti microbial chemicals than are gram-positives because gram-negatives have a(n)

Outer membrane

Bacterial cells are protected from rupturing in hypotonic conditions by the rigidity of the

Peptidoglycan in the cell wall

Archaea have been associated with the degree of severity of

Periodontal disease

An extrachromosomal piece of DNA that contains genes not essential for cell growth is called a(n)

Plasmid

Which of the following statements regarding plasmids are correct

Plasmids are double-stranded DNA molecules

Chains of ribosomes are termed

Polysomes

The micrograph illustrates the cell wall composition of a Gram-_____ cell

Positive

The hereditary material of a bacterial cell is a (normally) single circular strand of DNA known as the bacterial _____, which is aggregated in the nucleoid

chromosome

Bacterial DNA is organized into which of the following tightly wound discrete units

chromosomes

Nanotubes or nanowires are long extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane that bacteria use as channels to transfer

nutrients or electrons

Plasmids typically carry _____ genes

*antibiotic resistance *nonessential

Which three structures comprise a bacterial flagellum

*basal body *hook *filament

Which three structures are possessed by ALL bacteria

*cell membrane *ribosomes *chromosomes

In which three of the following sites in the human body have archaea been detected

*colon *mouth *vagina

Bergey's Manual of _____ Bacteriology is used by microbiologists whose primary interest is identification of prokaryotes, while Bergey's Manual of _____ Bacteriology is used by those who are also interested in the evolutionary relationships of prokaryotes.

*determinative *systematic

Bacterial ribosomes are located

*in the cytoplasm *attached to the cytoplasmic membrane

Which two macromolecules are the major components of cell membranes?

*lipids *proteins

Which of the following are correct words to describe the flagellum on the bacterial cell shown here

*monotrichous *polar

Which of the following are part of the cell envelope, including components found in some but not all bacteria

*outer membrane *cell wall *cytoplasmic membrane

Which two of the following cellular features are different between bacteria and archaea

*peptidoglycan in cell wall *method of DNA compaction

All of these appendages provide mobility to bacteria EXCEPT

*pili *nanowires *fimbriae

Identify the correct statements regarding plasmids

*plasmids are significantly smaller than the bacterial chromosome *plasmids encode non-essential functions of the cell

Identify the correct words to describe the flagellum on the bacterial cell shown here

*polar *lophotrichous

Which three of the following cellular features are the same in bacteria and archaea

*presence of a cytoskeleton *cytoplasmic membrane is semipermeable *DNA is the genetic material

The cell envelope is composed of the cell _____ and the cell _____.

*wall *membrane

The bacterial flagellum is composed of

A basal body,hook, and filament

Each of the following is found in ALL bacterial cell EXCEPT

A glycocalyx

The majority of bacterial cells have all of the following except

A nucleus

What is the glycocalyx

An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell

Peptidoglycan is a component of the cell wall in

Bacteria

What manual would be most likely used by a medical microbiologist to identify a microbe

Bergen's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

The cellular structure used by the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology to classify bacteria into taxonomic divisions such as the Gracilicutes and Firmicutes is the _____ _____

Cell wall

What structure is used in the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology to divide bacteria and archaea into four major divisions

Cell wall

Dormant bodies produced by bacteria for survival rather than reproductive purposes are called

Endospores

True or False: The gram-negative cell wall has more peptidoglycan than the gram-positive cell wall

False

True or False: The gram-negative cell wall has more peptidoglycan than the gram-positive cell wall.

False

For bacteria to move, the flagella ______ rotate(s) 360

Filament and hook

The protective covering called the _____ develops as a coating of repeating polysaccharide or glycoprotein units

Glycocalyx

The technique that allows a microbiologist to differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall composition/structure in the _____stain

Gram

Which common staining technique distinguishes between groups of bacterial cells based on the composition of their cell walls

Gram stain

_____ is what occurs when a cell breaks or ruptures

Lysis

Which term refers to the capacity of a cell to swim freely through an aqueous environment through self-propulsion

Motility

Which appendages act as channels to transfer nutrients such as amino acids and electrons

Nanotubes

To move away from a potentially harmful compound by flagella motion is referred to as _____ chemotaxis

Negative

A specific member of a species that simulates a distinct pattern of antibody response in its hosts is called a(n)

Serotype

A "stain" is a subgroup of a

Species

A "type" is term given to a subgroup of bacterial organisms belongs to the same

Species

Which is more impervious to the action of anti microbial chemicals

Typical gram-negative bacteria

Why is it difficult to group bacteria into species

bacteria can alter their genetic makeup, bacteria do not use a typical mode of sexual reproduction, bacterial cells can accept genetic material from other sometimes unrelated cells

The two main components of the cell envelope in most bacteria are the

cell membrane and cell wall

Which cell structure is designed to provide shape, support and resistance to osmotic pressure

cell wall

Which structure accounts for the different results of the Gram stain

cell wall

The internal gelatinous matrix of a cell, mostly composed of water, is referred to as _________.

cytoplasm

The intracellular gelatinous solution is referred to as

cytoplasm

Bacterial _____ are for cell survival under extreme environmental conditions, rather than reproduction

endospores

Which appendage provides the ability to attach to surfaces and other cells?

fimbriae

Which appendage(s) provide motility

flagellum and axial filaments

Cell breaking or rupturing is known as cell _____.

lysis

The ability to move is referred to as

motility

The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane

outer

Which term is used to describe the phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-negative bacteria

outer membrane

Antibiotics of the _____ class act on peptidoglycan, so that the cell wall is compromised and the cell will lyse

penicillin

Antibiotics of the penicillin class act on _____, so that the cell wall is compromised and the cell will lyse

peptidoglycan

The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of

peptidoglycan

The strength and rigidity of the cell wall is due to

peptidoglycan

A major structural component of the bilayer in a cell membrane are _____, a type of lipids which comprise 30-40% of the membrane mass

phospholipids

An appendage which forms a channel for the exchange of genetic material during bacterial conjugation is called a

pilus

The bacterial flagellum moves by

rotating 360 degrees

What term distinguishes between different bacteria based on the immunological response they elicit in a host?

serotype

Bacteria function as organisms comprised of

single cells

Which of the following makes bacteria and archaea different from eukaryotes

they lack a nucleus

Bacteria function as _____ organisms.

unicellular

The Gram stain differentiates bacteria based upon structural differences of the bacterial cell

wall