Chapter 3: Assessment (5622)
What is an adaptive behavior scale?
Used to measure the ability of a person with an identified disability, such as mental retardation, to become self-sufficient
What is an observation?
When a teacher watches a student engaged in a learning activity to find evidence of learning
Rating scales typically ask participants to rate an idea or an experience on a number scale or category such as
strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree
Exit tickets provides insight about
students' strengths and challenges regarding new learning
In addition to annual state tests, most _____ are criterion referenced
teacher-made tests
Typically, the public considers only wide-scale, formal assessments to be standardized but district benchmarks may also be considered standardized if....
testing methods are consistent
What is an analytical checklist?
A checklist that outlines criteria of students performance that teachers check off as students show mastery of each required skill
What is an advantage of a formal test?
A great deal of effort went into ensuing that it accurately measures what it claims to measure
What is a conference?
A meeting between teacher and student in which learning is orally assessed and evaluated
What is self-assessment?
A method by which students monitor their own progress towards learning goals
What is a behavior scale?
A scale to gather information about challenging behavior, teacher targets between 1 and 3 behaviors Frequency, duration, and intensity is what is recorded
What are formative assessments used for?
Help teachers monitor students' progress so that instruction can be adjusted to meet the needs of students--typically informal
Example of percentile scores
If a student scores better on a test that 83% of the other students, that student is in the 83rd percentile
What is a raw score?
Indicates the number of questions a student answered correctly
What is an aptitude test?
Tests measure a person's ability to develop a particular skill
What is an achievement test?
Tests that measure acquired knowledge or skills
What is a criterion-referenced test?
Tests that measure students according to performance on preset standards
What is norm-referenced test?
Tests that measure students in comparison with other students of the same age
T/F a test can be reliable even if it is not valid
True
T/F a test is not considered valid if it is not reliable
True
What has to be in places for the test to be valid?
-Test items must be aligned to test foals -Weighting of the questions should be aligned to the depth and significance of each standard -social consequence of how the test is used
What is standardized test?
A test administered to all students in a consistent way and then graded in the same way so that score comparisons may be accurately made.
What is an ability test?
A test that measures a person's ability to perform a particular skill
Examples of well known achievement tests
ACT, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, STAR Early Literacy
What are summative assessments used for?
After learning occurs-can be formal or informal Accountability purposes and grades
Examples of formal assessments
Annual State Tests, ACT/SAT tests, Wechsler Scales
What is a diagnostic assessment?
Assessments given before a learning experience to measure students' baseline knowledge
What is the mean?
Average score Found by adding all the score together and dividing the sum by number of scores
How are scoring guides similar and different from rubrics?
Both online criteria for quality work and define levels of proficiency--- differ because criterion is weighted with a multiplies
What is analytical scoring?
Breaks down the general categories to be scored into more specific parts.
Anecdotal notes will accompany
Checklists
Examples of ability tests
Cognitive abilities test (CogAT), dexterity tests, typing speed tests, Woodcock-Johnson
What are informal assessments?
Collected in classroom to monitor students performance
What is reliability?
Consistency of similar results if the tests were repeated. A test can be reliable even if it is not valid.
What are some examples of formal diagnostic assessments?
DRA (Developmental Reading Assessment), DIBELS (Dynamic Indicator of Basic Early Learning Skills) and CASI (Comprehension Attitude Strategies Interests
Examples of aptitude tests
Differential Aptitude Tests, and Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery
What is a peer assessment?
Evaluation and feedback among students
Cons of formal assessment?
Expensive, time-consuming and not practical for daily application
What is a rubric?
Fixed scale that measures performance with detailed descriptions of criteria that define each level of performance
Achievement and aptitude tests are examples of what type of assessments?
Formal Assessments
What are diagnostic tests used for?
Formal or informal used to assess student's background knowledge prior to a learning experience
What are grade-equivalent scores?
Found using the average score of students who fall into that grade
What is age-equivalent score?
Found using the average score of students within an age group
What do essay tests give students?
Freedom to creatively articulate their learning at a deep level
What is validity?
It indicates how well an assessment measures what it is intended to measure. A test is not considered valid if it is not reliable
What is standard deviation?
Mathematical calculation that indicates the variability of scores in comparison with the average
What is summative assessment?
May be formal or informal. They evaluate student achievement after learning takes place.
What is a formal assessment?
Measures of progress that are supported by data to be statistically accurate
What is the median?
Middle score if all scores are lined up from least to greatest
Difference between Norm-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced tests
NR-measurer each student's performance in comparison with others the same age CR-used to measure students according to performance on preset standards
When school or state officials want information about how students or school are performing against a national average--what tests are used?
Norm-referenced tests
What is percentile?
Percentile ranks a student in comparison with what percentage of students measured higher and what percentage of students measured lower
What are the forms of student scores?
Raw scores, percentiles, grade equivalents, and/or age equivalents
Examples of adaptive behavior scales
Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised (SIB-R), Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, and American Associate on Mental Retardation Adaptive Behavior Scale 2nd edition (AAMR ABS).
What is the mode?
Score that appears most frequently
What is holistic scoring?
Scoring that uses general categories to rate the overall outcome
What is selected-response?
Something called multiple choice. Students choose the best answer from available choices
What is the SMART goal format?
Specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound
What are some examples of informal diagnostic assessments?
Student self-assessments, anticipation guides, KWL chats, and pretests
What is portfolio?
Students collect a variety of artifacts as evidence of learning to be evaluated when using portfolio assessments
Cons of selected response
Students may guess some answers and error analysis is difficult
What is performance?
Students present their learning as teachers watch to assess mastery of learning goals
Example of a test that is reliable but not valid:
Students repeatedly fail a test that is too difficult, this means it is reliable enough to get consistent failing scores, but it is not valid because it is not aligned with what students have learned
Examples of informal assessments
Teacher made tests, anecdotal records, portfolio assessments, error analysis, interest inventories, and project based assessments
What is a scoring guide?
The guide measures performance with detailed descriptions of criteria that define each level of performance and that are weighted with multipliers
What are formal tests used for?
To evaluate student's progress against a statistical average of other students the same ages
What are informal tests used for?
To make daily instructional decisions
What are anecdotal notes?
Written records of the teacher's observation of a student. Records should be specific, objective, and focused on outlined criteria
What is an essay test?
Written responses to questions that provide students the opportunity to fully articulate their learning
What are examples of portfolio assessments?
Written work, photographs of projects and video evidence
Formal achievement tests are used for
accountability and for college admissions
What is a form of assessment that is used to identify students for special education services is the
adaptive behavior scale
Regardless of type of assessment, an assessment will be an accurate measure only if it is
aligned with the instructional objectives and learning activities
Examples of formative assessment
anecdotal records, observation, pop quizzes, ticket out the door (exit ticket), think-pair-share, learning logs, discussion, questioning, signaled responses, and choral responses
What is an anticipation guide?
asks students questions about the content they are about to learn to speak student interest and activate prior knowledge
Learning logs can help teachers
assess students' level of understanding
Peer assessment should be used _____ to prevent ______ or _______ issues.
cautiously, embarrassment, confidentiality
Use of rubrics improves
consistency and reliability
Raw scores have no calculations made directly and they are not...
dependent on how other students score
Norm-Readiness tests are used to
determine school readiness, academic progress, eligibility for special-education services, or college admissions
Advantage of observations
easy to create and thorough
Advantage of performance
easy to create and thorough
Advantage of essay assessment
easy to create, thorough, and provides documentation of student learning
Advantage of selected-response
easy to grade, thorough, and provides documentation of student learning
Formal Assessments are frequently used to make
educational placement decisions and measure effectiveness of educational programs
Informal achievement tests are used by classroom teachers to
evaluate students and assign grades
Informal assessments are used to
help districts, schools, and teachers make informed classroom decisions
Checklists work best in activities that require
incremental mastery of skills like athletics, instrumental music, languages, math fluency, and prereading skills
What is a formative assessment?
informal assessment that are used throughout the learning experiences to help teachers make instructional decisions and to provide feedback to students
Criterion referenced tests may be given as a
pretest and/or post test to indicate students' mastery of the learning objectives
What is continuum
progression of learning
Rating scarers are used to
rate attitudes and opinions on a continuum
Rating scales are used for
self-assessment or peer assessment
Pop quizzes should be used to give
the teacher and student feedback rather than for grades
It is not the tests itself but ____ that determines whether it is valid
the way the test scores are used
Advantage of conferences
thorough
Advantage of portfolio
thorough and provides documentation of student learning
Cons of essay test
time-consuming in taking and grading
Rubrics work best with
writing, projects, and performance-based learning activities
Analytical checklists answers simply with _____ or _____ questions regarding whether students have accomplished learning goals
yes, no
