Chapter 3 Intro to Psychology

Behavioral confirmation is a form of ________ when individuals' social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations. - participating paradox - attribution bias - self-fulfilling prophecy - performing prediction

self-fulfilling prophecy

When we see our behaviors as intentional and admirable we attribute this to our own good reasons, not to the: - outcome. - culture. - situation. - world.

situation

Activating particular associations in memory is ______. - practicing - participating - priming - pasting

priming

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called _______-_______ _______

self; fulfilling; prophecy

Most students underestimate how long it will take to complete papers and other major assignments. Students are not alone. Which of the following also describe issues with estimating? Multiple select question. - Stockbroker confidence that experts are overconfident they can beat the stock market average - Planning fallacy in which individuals overestimate how much we will get done and how much free time we will have - Political overconfidence in which overconfident decision-makers can wreak havoc - CEO overconfidence in which one individual decides all the major decisions and judgments of the corporation

- Stockbroker confidence that experts are overconfident they can beat the stock market average - Planning fallacy in which individuals overestimate how much we will get done and how much free time we will have - Political overconfidence in which overconfident decision-makers can wreak havoc

Daniel Kahneman (2011) has classified what we would call a "gut reaction" as what brain system? - System 1 - System 2 - System 3 - System 4

System 1

A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconception is identified as confirmation ________

bias

You have an appointment with someone and they are late. If you make a fundamental attribution error in this instance, you are more likely to use a(n) _________ attribution to explain why they are late.

dispositional

According to attribution theory (Gilbert & Malone, 1995; Heider, 1958), __________ attribution assumes behavior is due to a person's traits and personality, whereas _____________ attribution assumes behavior is due to the situation or environment.

dispositional; situational

When Moana is seen yelling at Zeb, people think Moana is an angry person. This is not necessarily true, but it happens with a phenomenon called spontaneous trait: - internalization. - independence. - inference. - interrogation.

inference

Levar had a feeling he should buy Apple stock, and it proved to be an excellent choice. His decision was based on a "gut feeling" instead of logic or reasoning. This feeling is an example of ______ judgment. - imaginative - informational - initial - intuitive

intuitive

Our immediate knowledge of something without reasoning or analysis is identified as ________ judgement

intuitive

Attributing a behavior to the wrong source is identified as ______. - misapplication - misattribution - misappointment - misappropriation

misattribution

The tendency to be more confident than correct is identified as the __________ phenomenon.

overconfidence

Elaheh was home alone watching a scary movie. She had trouble sleeping as all of the house sounds kept her awake. She was affected through _____. - burglars - robberies - priming - storms

priming

When we assume that other people's actions are the same as their intentions and dispositions, we are inferring _______

traits

David prepares his cereal and accidentally puts the cereal away in the refrigerator and the milk in the cupboard. David's action is an example of Blank______ thinking. Multiple select question. - deliberate - impulsive - controlled - automatic

- impulsive - delibrate

A reason social psychologists study attribution errors is to make us more ______. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. - intelligent - in touch with reality - humane - rational

- in touch with reality - humane - rational

Studies (Cooper, 1983; Harris & Rosenthal, 1985, 1986; Jussim, 1986) have shown that teachers who know students are in the gifted range will ______. Multiple select question. - set higher standards for them - spend more time with low achievers - call on them more often for answers - look and smile at them more

- set higher standards for them - call on them more often for answers - look and smile at them more

In one study where teachers were videotaped talking to, or about, unseen students, it took a _____ clip to determine if the teachers viewed the student as a good or poor. - 2-minute - 10-second - 1-minute - 5-minute

10-second

In an experiment (Butz & Plant, 2006), people anticipated interacting with another person of a different race. When led to believe that the other person disliked interacting with someone from their race, they felt more ______. - kindness - anger - satisfaction - compassion

anger

In most trials, evidence of a confession is videotaped from an earlier police interview. The view in the tape usually focuses exclusively on the confessor, not other people in the room (such as police). This fact is sometimes called the _____ bias. - angled view - camera perspective - suspect focus - police absence

camera perspective

Jin placed second in the state wrestling meet. He spent some time thinking about what might have been if he had gotten one more take down. He is demonstrating ______ thinking. - rationalization - counterfactual - reality - conditioning

counterfactual

Colton was told to eat his cereal and he would grow big muscles. Colton ate his cereal and checked his "growing" muscles in the mirror daily. Colton is experiencing an illusory _______. - movement - milestone - untruth - correlation

correlation

Research in 1999 by Kruger and Dunning found that incompetence feeds ________

overconfidence

People see themselves as more susceptible than others to attribution errors. True/false question.

false

When partners idealize each other, it can often be self-defeating, leading to high expectations which no one could be reasonably expected to meet. True/false question.

false

When estimating chances for success on some future task, people's confidence is highest when the moment of truth is __________ away

far

A high school athlete believes he can make the varsity team as a freshman and he does it. He is demonstrating the self-______ prophecy. -aware - defeating - fulfilling - esteem

fulfilling

Eastern Asian cultures are more sensitive than Westerners are to the importance of situations, and therefore are less likely to commit the _____________ , attribution error.

fundamental

When someone loves and admires us, it helps us become the person they imagine us to be. This is called ________

idealization

According to research presented the book, students who score the lowest on tests of grammar, humor, and logic are the most prone to ________ their abilities.

overestimate

In collectivist cultures, people less often perceive others in terms of Blank______ dispositions. - uncontrollable - situational - fundamental - personal

personal

Our social beliefs and judgments influence how we feel and act to help generate our own _____. - reality - grandeur - ownership - championship

reality

Miguel is having a terrible week; he failed an exam, his stocks fell in value, and his golf score hit a low. However, He is not upset because he knows that over time, bad trends get better (just like good trends get worse). He is counting on which idea to improve his situation? - Regression toward the average - Belief perseverance - Self-fulfilling prophecy - Illusory correlations

regression toward the average

An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior is identified as _________ trait inference. - spectacular - solid - specialty - spontaneous

spontaneous

According to Daniel Kahneman's theory, actions that require our conscious attention and effort are termed ______. - System 1 - System 2 - System 3 - System 4

system 2

A teacher divides her class into groups of four students and randomly chooses one of them to write review questions for an upcoming exam. The student who writes the questions then quizzes the other three students in each group. Afterward, everyone in class agrees that the students who wrote the questions are the smartest. This error in logic is a result of not taking the situation into account, otherwise known as ______. - a self-fulfilling prophecy - the fundamental attribution error - regression toward the average - the availability heuristic

the fundamental attribution error