Chapter 3: Organic Compounds
Proteins are configured from just __ amino acid monomers.
20
Proteins are made from only __ different amino acids
20
DNA is made from just _ kinds of nucleotides.
4
Carbon can bond to __ other atoms and branch in _ directions.
4, 4
What are the two things attached to a central carbon atom in a protein?
A hydrogen atom and the R group.
Which of the DNA nucleotides match with which
Adenine pairs with Thymine, Cytosine pairs with Guanine.
DNA nitrogenous bases are ___(4).
Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine.
RNA nitrogenous bases are ___(4).
Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine.
_____ are often prescribed to treat general anemia and some diseases that destroy body muscle
Anabolic steroids
_____ are synthetic variants of testerones.
Anabolic steroids
How would you break a polymer apart?
By hydrolysis, which adds an H2O molecule.
How is high fructose corn syrup made?
By rearranging glucose atoms to make the glucose isomer, fructose.
_____ range from small sugar molecules (monomers) to large polysaccharides
Carbohydrates
_____ is used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskeleton
Chitin.
_____ proteins are found within muscle
Contractile
___ is the substance that makes up genes.
DNA
___ programs a cell's activities by directing the synthesis of proteins
DNA
How does DNA build proteins?
DNA is transcribed into RNA, and the RNA is translated into proteins.
_____ proteins include antibodies of the immune system.
Defensive
What is the shape of DNA?
Double helix.
_____ serve as metabolic catalysts.
Enzymes
_____ regulate the chemical reactions within the cell.
Enzymes.
a ___ is a lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules, ___ and ___.
Fat, glycerols, fatty acids.
Name three types of lipids
Fats, phospholipids, and steroids
____ contain three fatty acids attached to glycerol.
Fats.
____ are grouped into longer DNA molecules called _____.
Genes, chromosomes
Examples of proteins with quaternary structures include ____(2).
Hemoglobins and collagen.
__________ are unsaturated fats that have been converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. This creates _____.
Hydrogenated vegetable oils, trans fats.
Polysaccharides are usually hydro___(philic/phobic).
Hydrophilic
Amino acids are classified as either _____ or _____.
Hydrophilic or hydrophobic.
Aspartic Acid is a hydro___(philic/phobic) amino acid.
Hydrophilic.
Serine is a hydro___(philic/phobic) amino acid.
Hydrophilic.
Leucine is a hydro___(philic/phobic) amino acid.
Hyrdophobic.
_____ is a relatively recent mutation in the human genome and survival advantage for human cultures with milk and dairy products available year-round.
Lactose tolerance
_____ are important for long term energy storage.
Lipids
_____ consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds.
Lipids
_____ contain twice as much energy as a polysaccharide.
Lipids
_____ vary a great deal in structure and function
Lipids
_____ are the simplest carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides
Why is it difficult to digest the milk sugar lactose?
Most people stop producing the enzyme lactase in early childhood.
Can a protein still function if its shape is altered?
No, it cannot.
Carbon-based molecules are called ___.
Organic Compounds
Proteins are made by amino acids linked together by _____.
Peptide bonds.
_____ are structurally similar to fats.
Phospholipids.
_____ are the major components of all cells.
Phospholipids.
_____ contain two fatty acids attached to glycerol.
Phospholipids.
_____ are made from identical building blocks strung together.
Polymers.
The ____ structure of a protein is its unique amino acid sequence
Primary
What are the four levels of protein structures?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.
_____ are configured from amino acid monomers.
Proteins.
_____ are involved in nearly every dynamic function of your body.
Proteins.
_____ proteins transmit signals into cells.
Receptor
DNA works through an intermediary, __________.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Nucleotides have a 5 carbon sugar that is called ____ in RNA and ____ in DNA.
Ribose, deoxyribose.
What is the main difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms it can hold.
_____ proteins are best exemplified by hormones and other chemical messengers.
Signal
____ is used by plants for energy storage, and _____ is used by animals for energy storage.
Starch, glycogen.
_____ proteins serve as a source of amino acids for developing embryos.
Storage
_____ proteins provide associations between body parts.
Structural
What do the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids do? (2 things)
They cause kinks and bends in the carbon chain and prevent them from solidifying at room temperature
_____ proteins carry oxygen.
Transport
a Double helix is made up of _____.
Two long strands of nucleotides.
The four classes of biological molecules contain _____
Very large, or macromolecules.
How do polynucleotides form?
When the phosphate of one nucleotide bonds to the sugar of the next nucleotide by dehydration reaction, producing a repeating sugar phosphate backbone with protruding nitrogenous bases.
Who's a good boy?
You are, yes you are.
Glucose is formed by combining _____(2 things).
a glucose monomer and a fructose monomer.
The tolerance of a lactose is a result of ______.
a mutation caused by microevolution that helped people survive by consuming milk year round.
The ________ causes the polypeptide to assume a particular shape.
amino acid sequence
Amino acids have an _____ group and a _____ group.
amino, carboxyl.
Phospholipids cluster into a _____.
bilayer.
How are monomers linked together?
by removing H2O via a dehydration reaction.
What are the four classes of molecules important to organisms?
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
You can think of _____ as the drill and the _____ as the drill bit you add for a specific job
carbon, functional group
Diverse molecules found in cells are composed of carbon bonded to ____ (2 things).
carbons and atoms of other elements.
Bath towels are often made of cotton, which is mostly _____ and therefore very _____.
cellulose, water absorbent
What are three ways a protein can be denatured?
change in salt concentration, pH, or high heat.
How would you link monomers together to form polymers? How does it do that?
dehydration reaction, which removes a an H2O molecule.
In the process of _____, a polypeptide chain unravels, losing its shape and function
denaturation
Two monosaccharides can bond to form a _____ in a _____.
disaccharide, dehydration reaction.
All biological reactions of this sort are mediated by _____, which speed up chemical reactions in cells
enzymes.
Which is sweeter: fructose or glucose?
fructose is sweeter than glucose.
A _____ affects a biological molecule's function in a characteristic way
functional group.
Male and female sex hormones differ only in _____
functional groups
DNA is the substance that makes up ____.
genes.
Glycogen is composed of _____.
glucose monomers.
Starch is composed of _____.
glucose monomers.
maltose is formed from two _____
glucose monomers.
Methane and other compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen are called _____.
hydrocarbons!
Compounds containing functional groups are _____.
hydrophilic.
The outside of a phospholipid bilayer is hydro___(philic/phobic).
hydrophilic.
Lipids are hydro___(philic/phobic).
hydrophobic
The inside of a phospholipid bilayer is hydro___(philic/phobic).
hydrophobic.
Tertiary structure generally results from _____.
interactions between the R groups of the various amino acids.
The building blocks of polymers are called _____.
monomers.
Sugar monomers are _____.
monosaccharides.
What is used as the main fuel for cellular work and used as raw material to manufacture other organic molecules?
monosaccharides.
monosaccharides can be hooked together to form _____ and _____.
more complex sugars, polysaccharides.
Lipids differ from carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids in that they are ______ and _____.
not huge molecules, not built from monomers.
DNA and RNA are composed of monomers called _____.
nucleotides
Starch is a ____-saccharide.
poly
Glycogen is a ____-saccharide.
poly.
A ________ contains hundreds or thousands of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
polypeptide chain
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
ribose/deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Most animal fats are _____(saturated/unsaturated).
saturated.
The ____ of a protein determines its specific function.
shape
An organic compound has unique properties that depend upon the _________ and __________.
size and shape of the molecule, groups of atoms (functional groups) attached to it.
Polysaccharides may function as _____ (2 things).
storage molecules, structural compounds.
What determines the specific properties of the 20 amino acids used to make proteins?
the R group attached to the central carbon.
The correct amino acid sequence is determined by __________.
the cell's genetic information.
Fats are often called _______ because of their structure.
triglycerides