Chapter 3 (True/False)

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1. Nerves of the autonomic nervous system control skeletal muscle responses.

F

11. Hydrocephalus is caused by insufficient cerebrospinal fluid.

F

12. Ninety percent of the cells within the CNS are neurons.

F

15. The brain lacks plasticity of functions.

F

16. The cerebral cortex is an inner core of white matter.

F

17. The dura mater is the fragile, innermost meningeal layer that closely adheres to the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.

F

18. The cerebrospinal fluid comes into direct contact with the neuronal and glial cells.

F

21. The cells that form the walls of the brain capillaries have the inherent ability to form tight junctions.

F

24. An electroencephalogram is a record of action potential activity in the cerebral cortex.

F

26. The occipital lobe is in the anterior region of the brain.

F

32. Sound sensation is initially received by the parietal lobes.

F

33. The amount of cortical space in the primary motor cortex devoted to a given body part is proportional to the size of the part.

F

34. The right hemisphere is usually dominant in right-handed persons.

F

35. Stimulation of the frontal lobe produces changes in personality and social behaviour.

F

37. The right and left cerebral hemispheres perform identical functions except for controlling opposite sides of the body.

F

38. A flat EEG always signifies brain death.

F

41. Centres for the control of respiration and circulatory function are located in the hypothalamus.

F

43. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to recall recent past events.

F

46. Somatotopic maps of the cerebral cortex are static through the life of the organism.

F

52. Sleep is accompanied by a reduction in neural activity.

F

55. The cell bodies in the spinal cord are located primarily in the white matter.

F

56. Ascending tracts carry information from the periphery to the CNS.

F

57. Reciprocal innervation refers to the dual innervation of organs by the autonomic nervous system.

F

59. Efferent neurons leave the spinal cord through the dorsal root.

F

6. The cell bodies of afferent and efferent neurons both originate in the CNS.

F

62. The withdrawal reflex is a monosynaptic reflex.

F

63. The stretch reflex is a polysynaptic reflex.

F

65. CREB is a brain neurotransmitter.

F

66. There are 15 pairs of cranial nerves.

F

7. Efferent neurons are the most abundant type of neuron.

F

9. Oligodendrocytes form myelin around the axons of the CNS.

F

10. The blood-brain barrier prevents an increase in the concentration of potassium ions in the ECF surrounding brain cells.

T

13. Microglia are phagocytic cells delivered by the blood to the central nervous system.

T

14. Most brain tumours of neural origin consist of glial cells.

T

19. Transport across the brain capillary walls is anatomically prevented between the cells and is physiologically restricted through the cells.

T

2. Efferent neurons are motor neurons.

T

20. Cells forming the brain capillaries are joined by tight junctions that completely seal the capillary wall.

T

22. The brain cannot produce ATP in the absence of oxygen.

T

23. Gray matter refers to regions of the central nervous system composed primarily of densely packed cell bodies, whereas white matter consists of bundles of myelinated nerve fibres.

T

25. The gray matter in the CNS consists of parts of neurons not covered with myelin.

T

27. Different parts of the body are not represented by equal areas of the sensory homunculus of the parietal lobe.

T

28. The two regions of gray matter within the cerebrum are the cerebral cortex and the basal nuclei.

T

29. Different parts of the body are not equally represented in the somatosensory cortex and in the primary motor cortex.

T

3. If neuronal pathways present at birth are not used during sensitive developmental periods, they may be eliminated.

T

30. White matter consists primarily of myelinated nerve fibres.

T

31. Gray matter consists predominantly of neuron cell bodies and dendrites.

T

36. Complex thought is a function of the frontal lobe.

T

39. The basal nuclei are part of the cerebrum.

T

4. Interneurons lie entirely within the central nervous system.

T

40. Resting tremors are associated with diseases of the basal nuclei.

T

42. The motor cortex on the frontal lobe is not the only brain region involved in motor control.

T

44. Working memory involves comparing current sensory data with relevant stored knowledge and manipulating that information.

T

45. The recycling of newly acquired information through short-term memory increases the likelihood of long-term memory consolidation.

T

47. A retrograde chemical messenger from the postsynaptic neuron can influence neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron at a synapse during long-term potentiation.

T

48. Disorders of the cerebellum are characterized by an intention tremor.

T

49. The cerebellum is important in coordinating voluntary movements.

T

5. Afferent neurons have a long peripheral axon and a short central axon.

T

50. The majority of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain stem.

T

51. Consciousness refers to subjective awareness of the external world and self.

T

53. The outer layer of the brain is gray matter but the outer layer of the spinal cord is white matter.

T

54. There are no nerves in the CNS.

T

58. Aphasia is a language disorder.

T

60. A central bundle of interneuronal axons is known as a tract, whereas a peripheral bundle of afferent and efferent neuronal axons is called a nerve.

T

61. Information as to whether a finger was touching an ice cube or being hit by a hammer would be carried to the brain in different ascending tracts within the spinal cord.

T

64. The limbic association cortex is involved with motivation and emotion.

T

8. Astrocytes take up the neurotransmitter GABA.

T


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