Chapter 31 & 32 - Plant Diversity and Seed Plants

Select all vascular plant innovations that evolved multiple times. - Leaves - Seeds - Alternation of generations - Spores - Embryos

- Leaves - Seeds

Select all terms that can be used to describe the tiny leaves found in modern lycophytes. - Microphylls - Pteridophylls - Nanophylls - Lycophylls

- Microphylls - Lycophylls

Choose all that belong in the kingdom Plantae. - mosses - green algae - kelp - lycophytes

- Mosses - Lycophytes

Which of the following statements describe advantages that seeds have over spores?

- Seeds are able to store food. - Seeds employ various means of dispersal, allowing colonization of more diverse habitats. - Production of seeds does not require water as a medium for sperm transport.

Which of the following comparisons between the moss life cycle and fern life cycle are valid?

- The sporophyte generation is smaller than the gametophyte generation in mosses, but the sporophyte generation is much larger than the gametophyte generation in ferns. - Both kinds of plants depend on wind for dispersal of spores.

Which of the following statements characterize euphylls?

- They are believed to have evolved from a branch that flattened and developed photosynthetic tissue between the branches. - They allow increased photosynthetic ability when compared to lycophylls.

Glittering wood-moss (Hylocomium splendens) is a species of moss that can be found in Alaska and Canada. Based on what you know about mosses, what is likely true of the female gametes of glittering wood-moss?

- They are haploid. - They lack flagella. - They are housed in archegonia.

Choose all plants that undergo double fertilization. - apple trees - tomatoes - pine trees - ferns

- apple trees - tomatoes

Which of the following are examples of Vascular Plants? - ferns - mosses - horsetails - liverworts - conifers - oak trees

- ferns - horsetails - conifers - oak tree

Which of the following features are present in both streptophyte algae and land plants? - gametes - gametangia - gametophytes - spores - sporangia - sporophytes

- gametes - gametophytes - spores

Pictured above is the flower and fruit of a cherry tree. What can you say about its seed dispersal and pollination mechanisms based on the information provided in these photos?

- its seeds are likely dispersed by passing through the guts of birds - its likely pollinated by birds

two adaptations that allow conifers to conserve water.

- leaf shape - waxy cuticle on leaves

The major plant organs include:

- leaves - roots - stems

A sporic life cycle is characteristic of which groups?

- moses - ginkgos - angiosperms - conifers

Select all of the components of the pistil in a flower.

- ovary - stigma - style

The functions of vascular tissue in plants include

- physical support of the plant - transport of water - transport of minerals - transport of organic compounds

Chara zeylanica is a complex streptophyte alga. What traits would this species need to gain in order to be classified as a land plant?

-Apical meristems that produce three -dimensional tissues -Spores surrounded by walls composed of sporopollenin -Embryos that develop within maternal tissues -A sporic life cycle

Double fertilization is

.fertilization of an egg by one sperm and an endosperm-forming cell by another sperm.

Place the steps of conifer reproduction in order, beginning at the top with the production of cones.

1. Sporophytes produce polln cones and ovule cones. 2. Megaspongrangula in ovule cones and microsporangia in pollen cones undergo meiosis. 3. Microspores and megaspores undergo mitosis to produce gametophytes. 4. Pollen grains are dispersed by wind to encounter ovules. 5. A pollen tube delivers sperm to one egg of an ovule. 6. The zygote produces an embryo in a seed.

Place the following events in the correct sequence for a typical angiosperm life cycle.

1. The flowering plant is the diploid sporophyte generation. 2.In the anther, the microsporangia produce microspores by meiosis. In the ovule, the megasporangium produces megaspores by meiosis, but only one survives. 3. Haploid microspores undergo mitosis to produce immature male gametophytes (pollen). The megaspore undergoes mitosis to produce a few-celled female gametophytes. 4. Pollen germinates on the stigma, producing a pollen tube. This tube delivers two sperm to the ovule. 5. In a double fertilization process, one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other fuses with two gametophyte nuclei to form the first endosperm cell. 6. The zygote matures into an embryo. Endosperm is a food source for development. Embyro and endosperm are enclosed in a seed coat that develops from the ovule integuments. 7. The embryo germinates into a seedling or young sporophyte.

Order the flower organs by their location in flowers, beginning with the innermost structures at the top and ending with the outermost structures at the bottom.

1. carpels 2. stamens 3. petals and sepals

The Cretaceous-Paleogene event occurred ____ million years ago.

65, sixty-five, 65.5, or 65 mya

List all products of double fertilization. - Gametophyte - Endosperm - Zygote - Spore

- Endosperm - Zygote

Select the genera included in the Gnetales order. - Gnetum - Pinus - Welwitschia - Polygonum - Ephedra

- Gnetum - Welwitschia - Ephedra

Select all of the following that are members of the informal group called bryophytes. - Hornworts - Mosses - Lycophytes - Liverworts - Gymnosperms

- Hornworts - Mosses - Liverworts

Match the appropriate traits with the corresponding category of land plants: A. Mosses (Bryophyta), Liverworts (Hepatophyta) and Hornworts B. Lycophytes and Pteridophytes C. Cycads, Ginkgos, Conifers and Gnetophytes D. Angiosperms

A. - No vascular tissue - sporophyte dependent on gametophyte - dominant free-living gametophyte generation B. - Stems, roots, leaves first seen in these plants - vascular tissues present and reproduces with spores - both gametophyte and sporophyte can be free-living C. - Vascular tissue present, pollen, naked seeds produced in cones, can produce wood, stems, leaves, roots D. - Vascular tissue present, pollen, flowers - seeds produced in fruit, can produce wood, stems, leaves, roots

Match the following characteristics shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms with the associated plant groups: A. pollen B. seeds C. leaves D. wood E. ovules

A. transport male gamete to receptive female tissues B. contain dormant embryo and nutrition for embryo C. provide a large flattened area for photosynthesis D. strengthen stem, allow for greater height and branching of stem E. enclose and protect female gametophyte and embryo

Angiosperms with a single cotyledon are called _______, and angiosperms with two cotyledons are called ______.

Blank 1: monocots, monocotyledons, or monocotyledonous Blank 2: eudicots, dicots, dicotyledons, or dicotyledonous

Gymnosperm phyla include

Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta

Match each of these five groups of plants to their correct distinguishing features. a. Bryophytes

Dominant gametophyte generation; Lack true roots, stems, and leaves

_____ are the multicellular, diploid products of mitosis of the zygote. They were one of the first critical innovations in land plants.

Embryos

______ are angiosperm reproductive structures that are specialized for the efficient production of pollen and seeds.

Flowers

What is the dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle?

Gametophyte

In addition to conifers, the conifer clade includes the ________, an order of three genera.

Gnetales

A life cycle in which the only diploid cell is the zygote is referred to as a(n) _______-_______ life cycle.

Haploid dominant

Saguaro cacti utilize both birds and bats to pollinate their flowers. How would this benefit the plant?

Having diverse pollinators increase the chance of pollination.

What is the function of a receptacle in a flower?

It supports the flower organs

Match each of these five groups of plants to their correct distinguishing features. c. Pteridophytes

Leaves relatively large with extensively branched vein system; Sporangia borne on leaves

Which of the following statements best compares the two dominant lineages of modern angiosperms?

Monocots have only one cotyledon whereas eudicots have two.

Alternation of generations means

One phase of the life cycle is diploid and the other is haploid.

What is the difference between perfect and imperfect flowers?

Perfect flowers have stamens and carpels; imperfect lack either stamens or carpels.

What might happen if bats disappeared from an ecosystem?

Populations of night-blooming flowers would decline.

What type of flower should you plant in your garden if you are particularly interested in attracting butterflies?

Purple, tubular-shaped flowers with a light floral scent.

Global deforestation remains a major concern as huge tracts of rainforest are cut down each day. How does the removal of such large numbers of trees from the world's forests affect the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

The concentration of carbon dioxide increases, which has a warming effect on the climate.

Which of the following statements best describes the life cycles of streptophyte algae and plants?

The diploid generation of streptophyte algae is unicellular, whereas the diploid generation of plants is multicellular.

Which of the following statements best compares the ovary, ovule, and egg?

The ovary is the lower part of the pistil that houses the ovules that in turn contain the eggs.

Conifers produce copious amounts of pollen during reproduction. What would be a likely consequence of a significant reduction in the amount of pollen produced by conifers?

There would be a decrease in the number of seeds produced because the chances of pollen reaching a female cone of the same species would be reduced.

During coevolution:

Two or more species influence each other's evolutionary pathways

If you were given a large showy flower with three petals, six stamens, and three carpels, would you consider it likely to be

a monocot.

The route followed by a sperm from production to fertilization in a flowering plant is

a pollen grain is produced in the anther, transported to a stigma where it produces two sperm cells that pass through a pollen tube that grows down the style to the ovary. One of the sperm cells enters the ovule and joins with the egg cell.

The development of decay resistant tissues in early vascular plants likely led to:

a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

Sporopollenin is

a tough protective covering on spores.

A tissue is defined as:

an association of similar types of cells

Endosperm is found in

angiosperms

The division Anthophyta contains _________, which are also known as flowering plants.

angiosperms

Which of the following groups of plants are considered "flowering plants"?

angiosperms

Eudicots are

angiosperms with two cotyledons.

The portion of the stamen known as the ______ contains clusters of microsporangia that produce pollen and then open to release it.

anther

Pollinators transfer pollen from the _______ of one flower to the ________ of other flowers of the same species.

anther, stigma

Moss sperm are produced in

antheridia

What flower structure produces pollen?

anthers

The function of nectar is

attraction of pollinators

Ancient nonvascular plants likely influenced climate by sequestering ______ from the atmosphere.

carbon

What flower structure produces ovules?

carpel

Ovules are produced by the ________ of a flower.

carpels

Angiosperms and different animals have shaped each others evolution in a process called ____.

coevolution

The process by which two or more species influence each other's evolutionary pathways is called

coevolution

Match the conifer cone type with the proper description. b. ovule cone

complex

Sweet, juicy fruits are adapted for animals to eat them and _____ seeds after they pass through the animal's digestive tract.

disperse

New crop species have been generated by humans by artificially selecting wild plants for desirable features; this process is called .

domestication

What is a pistil?

either a single or fused carpel

The conspicuous green patches of mosses that you see in the woods are mostly sporophytes.

false

Of the features in plants and the animals that resulted from coevolution,

features of the plant and the interacting animal change in response to and in concert with one another.

The union of an egg cell with a sperm cell is a process called ________, which produces a diploid zygote that develops into the embryo.

fertilization

The attraction of a pollinator to a particular type of flower is called ______ and it increases the probability that pollen will be picked up and deposited on the correct species' ________.

fidelity; stigma

Incomplete flower

flowers lacking one or more organ type

Complete flower

flowers with all 4 organ types

imperfect flower

flowers with either stamen or carpels, not both

perfect flower

flowers with stamen and carples

There is also coevolution between plants and the animals that disperse their _____ with ____inside of them.

fruits; seeds

Plants that produce only one type of spore are said to be ______.

homosporous

What is pollen?

male gametophyte

You discover a rare plant with white flowers that open at night and have a long, narrow floral tube. In developing a conservation plan for this species, what other organisms should you particularly focus on protecting in order to ensure this plant's continued reproductive success?

moths

To promote visitation, some plants also offer food rewards such as sugar-rich _____ or protein-rich _____.

nectar; pollen

In angiosperms, the _____ develops into a fruit after fertilization.

ovary

What portion of a flower will develop into a fruit?

ovary

In seed plants, the sporangium containing one spore that develops into an egg-producing gametophyte is called a(n) _____.

ovule

In seed-bearing plants, what structure becomes the seed following fertilization?

ovule

In seed plants, tiny male gametophytes enclosed by walls are called

pollen

In the ________ cones of conifers, meiosis occurs in structures called microsporangia.

pollen

Stamens are the flower structures that produce and disperse _______

pollen

What do microsporangium-bearing cones produce in conifers?

pollen

What is the function of flowers?

pollen and seed production

In conifers, microspores develop into

pollen grains

Conifers produce two types of cones: more simple ______-bearing cones and more complex ________-bearing cones.

pollen; ovule

The delivery of pollen to the female region of a flower is called: - pollination - placental tissue transfer - fertilization

pollination

The process by which pollen comes into contact with ovules is called _____.

pollination

Animals play important roles in angiosperm reproduction either by visiting flowers for the process of _________ or eating fruits which aids in ________.

pollination; seed dispersal

An animal that transfers pollen between plants is known as a(n) _____.

pollinator

Some flowers have certain traits that are strong attractants for certain types of ______.

pollinators

Which of the following are arranged in the sequence in which the various taxa first appeared in time?

prokaryotes, protists, streptophytes, mosses, ferns, conifers, angiosperms

Plants originated from a photosynthetic _____ ancestor.

protist

For example, bees are attracted to fragrant flowers with ______ coloration, but birds are attracted to _____ flowers.

purple; red

Plant embryos

rely on protection and resources supplied from the maternal plant.

Match the evolutionary innovation of seed plants with the advantage it provides. d. seeds

reproduction in diverse environments

All plants produce molecules called __________ metabolites, which are not essential for cell structure and growth but play a role in reproduction and survival.

secondary

Molecules that are synthesized by organisms but are not essential for cell structure and growth are known as:

secondary metabolites

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are collectively referred to as ______ plants.

seed

The coevolution of plants and certain animals has led to the appearance of fruits with very efficient ______ dispersal.

seed

The need for efficient _______ dispersal has led to the coevolution of plants and fruit- eating animals.

seed

Conifers are named for their:

seed cones, of which pine cones are an example

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are:

seed plants

The outer layer of a flower bud is the:

sepals

Angiosperms typically use flowers for:

sexual reproduction

Match the conifer cone type with the proper description. a. pollen cone

simple

A pollination syndrome is

specializations of plants that attract a specific kind of pollinator.

During fertilization in bryophytes, a gametophyte structure called the antheridium releases ______ cells, which swim toward the ______ cell that is contained in a gametophyte structure called the archegonium.

sperm; egg

What flower structure produces and disperses pollen?

stamen

The land plants evolved from a:

streptophyte alga

Because seeds can remain dormant, they allow plants to

survive in unpredictable conditions

The term angiosperm refers to

the enclosure of the seed within a fruit

What is a pedicel?

the tip of a flower stalk

What is pollination?

the transfer of pollen among flowers

All of the following are considered evolutionary advantages of seeds except - they provide an additional site of nutrient synthesis for the parent plant.they provide protection to the embryo. - they can have modifications of the seed coat that can promote dispersal of offspring. - they allow for a period of dormancy when conditions are unfavorable. - their development is not limited by sperm having to swim through water to reach the egg.

they provide an additional site of nutrient synthesis for the parent plant.

What is the main function of a fruit?

to disperse the enclosed seeds

Although land plants, mosses are still tied to water because of their flagellated sperm.

true

Flowers, fruits, and endosperm are defining characteristics of the angiosperms.

true

Meiosis does not occur in gametophytes.

true

The conspicuous green parts of ferns that you see in the woods are mostly sporophytes.

true

Coevolution is

two species reciprocally influencing each other's evolution.

What are tracheids?

water transport cells

The plant material, composed of xylem tissue, that allows trees like sequoias to grow very tall is known as

wood

What trait of plant evolution allows for trees to grow in height?

wood

The products of double fertilization are:

zygote and endosperm

Select all features of plant embryos. - Multicellular - Cloned - Diploid - Unicellular - Haploid

- Multicellular - Diploid

Which of the following statements are true of the haploid-dominant life cycle? - There are both haploid and diploid multicellular bodies. - There is an alternation of generations. - The diploid generation consists of one cell. - The diploid generation consists of two cells. - The zygote is the only cell that undergoes meiosis.

- The diploid generation consists of one cell. - The zygote is the only cell that undergoes meiosis.

Select all effects of the first land plants on life on Earth. - They added to atmospheric carbon dioxide levels - They moved vast amounts of water from the soil to the atmosphere - They helped to create the first substantial soils - They aided animals in the colonization of land

- They helped to create the first substantial soils - They aided animals in the colonization of land

Which two groups comprise the seed plants? - angiosperms - gymnosperms - lycophytes - hornworts - pteridophytes

- angiosperms - gymnosperms

The two types of seed plants are _________ and __________.

- angiosperms or angiosperm - gymnosperms or gymnosperm

Flowers contain four major types of organs. What are they?

- carpels - stamens - sepals - petals

Select all features of Ginkgo biloba. - leaves with unusual forked veins - most diverse gymnosperm lineage - only remaining species of its phylum - many evergreen representatives - spreading, palm-like leaves - sex chromosome system similar to humans

- leaves with unusual forked veins - only remaining species of its phylum - sex chromosome system similar to humans

Properties of conifers.

- many evergreen representatives - named for seed cones - tracheid pits with tori - most diverse gymnosperm lineage

The four major types of flower organs are the sepals, the ________, the pollen-producing _______, and the ovule-producing _________.

- petals - stamens or stamen - carpels or carpel

Identify the critical evolutionary innovations found in all seed plants but absent in seedless plants.

- pollen - ovules

Select all conifer reproductive structures that are haploid. - megasporangium - microsporangium - pollen grains - sporophyte - female gametophytes - egg - male gametophytes

- pollen grains - female gametophytes - egg - male gametophytes

Select all properties of cycads. - spreading, palm-like leaves - beetles act as pollinators - represented by only one species - bilobed leaves - coralloid roots

- spreading, palm-like leaves - beetles act as pollinators - coralloid roots

Match each of these five groups of plants to their correct distinguishing features. d. Gymnosperms

Lack flowers and fruits; Seed food stored before fertilization in female gametophyte

Match each of these five groups of plants to their correct distinguishing features. b. Lycophytes

Leaves generally small with a single, unbranched vein; Sporangia borne on sides of stems

What does it mean for a conifer to be evergreen?

Leaves live for more than one year and all are not shed at the same time.

In seed plants, this structure matures into a seed.

Ovule

The kingdom ______ is composed of land plants.

Plantae

Match each of these five groups of plants to their correct distinguishing features. e. Angiosperms

Possess flowers and fruits; Seed food stored after fertilization in endosperm tissue

True or False: Angiosperms are also called flowering plants.

True

In bryophytes, ______ hold sperm, and ______ hold eggs.

antheridia; archegonia

Where do flowers form on a plant?

at the stem tips

The Ginkgo _______ tree is a gymnosperm which has bilobed leaves with forked veins.

biloba

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are members of what informal grouping of nonvascular plants?

bryophytes

The simplest and most ancient phylum of modern plants is the ______.

bryophytes

Pine trees are members of the group of gymnosperms called the _______, which are common in mountain and high-latitude forests.

conifers

What is the most diverse group of gymnosperms?

conifers

What gymnosperms are named for their seed cones?

conifers (pine trees)

The gymnosperm lineage known as _________ contains tracheid pits with tori in them that can act as valves.

conifers, pinophyta, Coniferophyta, Coniferae, conifer wood, or conifer trees

Conifers have needle-shaped leaves coated by a thick, waxy cuticle as an adaptation to:

conserve water

In this figure of the life cycle of the genus Pinus, the structures at the tips of the arrows:

contain cells that will undergo meiosis

A billion years ago, photosynthetic life on land was likely composed of:

cyanobacteria

If environmental conditions are unfavorable, seeds can remain in a state of _____ until conditions improve.

dormancy

Fertilization is the union of these two entities.

egg sperm

One of the first critical innovations in land plants was the:

embryo

Plants whose leaves live for more than one year and all are not shed at the same time are said to be:

evergreen

Gymnosperms are characterized by _______

exposed, rather than enclosed, seeds

In angiosperms, what structure contains the organs necessary for sexual reproduction?

flower

Match the evolutionary innovation of seed plants with the advantage it provides. c. pollen

gametophyte dispersal

Match the evolutionary innovation of seed plants with the advantage it provides. b. ovules

gametophyte protection

Pollen grains are tiny male ______ enclosed by walls.

gametophytes

Plants that produce only one type of spore that develops into one type of gametophyte are called:

homosporous

The tiny leaves of modern lycophytes are called ______.

lycophylls or microphylls

How often did the innovations of leaves and seeds likely evolve?

many times

Conifers are best adapted to:

mountain and high-latitude forests

Gymnosperms get their name from the Greek "gymnos" and "sperma" meaning _________ ________, which describes their seed structure.

naked seed

Flowers are produced at the tips of

stems

Match the evolutionary innovation of seed plants with the advantage it provides. a. wood

tall growth

Sixty-five million years ago at least one large meteorite crashed into Earth near the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico. This is referred to as:

the K/T event

The embryo was a critical innovations in land plants because:

the young sporophyte received protection and nourishment from the maternal tissues

The coralloid roots of cycads derive their name from ________

their branching growth form

The bodies of land plants are made of several types of ______ which are close associations of cells of the same type.

tissues

In conifer wood, specialized vascular cells called _______ are adapted for efficient water and mineral conduction.

tracheids

The three major plant organs contain ______ tissue.

vascular

During double fertilization, a(n) _______ is produced when one sperm fertilizes the egg cell.

zygote