operations management chapter 3
process selection
the development of the process necessary to produce the designed product.
product life cycle
A series of stages that products pass through in their lifetime, characterized by changing product demands over time.
computer aided design (CAD)
A system that uses computer graphics to design new products.
manufacturability
the ease with which a product can be made
break-even analysis
A technique used to compute the amount of goods a company would need to sell to cover its costs.
computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)
A term used to describe the integration of product design, process planning, and manufacturing using an integrated computer system.
flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)
A type of automated system that combines the flexibility of intermittent operations with the efficiency of continuous operations.
global positioning systems (GPS)
A type of automated system that combines the flexibility of intermittent operations with the efficiency of continuous operations.
continuous process
A type of process that operates continually to produce a high volume of a fully standardized product.
project processes
A type of process used to make a one-at-a-time product exactly to customer specifications.
line processes
A type of process used to produce a large volume of a standardized product.
batch processes
A type of process used to produce a small quantity of products in groups or batches based on customer orders or specifications.
radio frequency identification (RFID)
A wireless technology that uses memory chips equipped with radio antennas attached to objects used to transmit streams of data.
why is concurrent engineering important
All functions form a design team that develops specifications, involves customers early, solves potential problems, reduces costs, & shortens time to market
concurrent engineering
An approach that brings together multifunction teams in the early phase of product design in order to simultaneously design the product and the process.
t or f project process would be least likely to produce goods for inventory rather than for a specific customer request
false
what is the usefulness of a flowchart
for seeing the totality of the operation and for identifying potential problem areas
4 steps of the product design process
idea development product screening preliminary design and screening final design
design for manufacturing (DFM)
A series of guidelines to follow in order to produce a product easily and profitably.
characteristic of intermittent operations
-workers need to be able to perform different tasks -depending on the processing needs of the product volume of goods produced directly tied to number of customer orders -general purpose equipment -produce many different products with varying processing requirements
process flowchart
A chart showing the sequence of steps in producing the product or service.
service package
A grouping of physical, sensual, and psychological benefits that are purchased together as part of the service.
numerically controlled machine (NC)
A machine controlled by a computer that can perform a variety of tasks.
throughput time
Average amount of time it takes a product to move through the system.
3 examples of remanufactoring
Computers, televisions, automobiles
fixed costs
Costs a company incurs regardless of how much it produces.
variable costs
Costs that vary directly with the amount of units produced.
early supplier involvement (ESI)
Involving suppliers in the early stages of product design.
enterprise resource planning (ERP)
Large software programs used for planning and coordinating all resources throughout the entire enterprise.
bottleneck
Longest task in the process.
process performance metrics
Measurements of different process characteristics that tell how a process is performing.
intermittent processes
Processes used to produce a variety of products with different processing requirements in lower volumes. (such as healthcare facility)
repetitive operations
Processes used to produce one or a few standardized products in high volume.
Repetitive processes
Processes used to produce one or a few standardized products in high volume. (such as a cafeteria, or car wash)
make-to-order strategy
Produces products to customer specifications after an order has been received.
make-to-stock strategy
Produces standard products and services for immediate sale or delivery.
efficiency
Ratio of actual output to standard output.
productivity
Ratio of outputs over inputs.
process velocity
Ratio of throughput time to value-added time
utilization
Ratio of time a resource is used to time it is available for use.
information technology (IT)
Technology that enables storage, processing, and communication of information within and between firms.
remanufacturing
The concept of using components of old products in the production of new ones.
product design
The process of defining all of the product's characteristics.
reverse engineering
The process of disassembling a product to analyze its design features.
service design
The process of establishing all the characteristics of the service, including physical, sensual, and psychological benefits.
benchmarking
The process of studying the practices of companies considered 'best-in-class' and comparing your company's performance against theirs.
Process selection is based on what five considerations
Type of process; range from intermittent to repetitive or continuous Degree of vertical integration Flexibility of resources Mix between capital & human resources Degree of customer contact
characteristics of idea development
all products begin with an idea whether from: customers, competitors or suppliers
The classes that you are taking at the university use a ___________ process
batch
process flow analysis
is a tool for evaluating an operation in terms of the sequence of steps from inputs to outputs with the goal of improving its design
example of project processes
is designed for projects like building a bridge over the Mississippi River for a new highway
line proccesses
is designed to produce a large volume of a standardized product for mass production, such as automobiles
intermittent operations
is used to produce many different products with varying process requirements in lower volumes
assemble to order strategy
produces standard components that can be combined to customer specifications
bottleneck example
third stage of a repetitive line process cannot complete its activities as fast as stage one or two
how is service design unique
unique in that the service and entire service concept are being designe Must define both the service and concept Physical elements, aesthetic & psychological benefits e.g. promptness, friendliness, ambiance Product and service design must match the needs and preferences of the targeted customer group
automation
using machinery to perform work without human operators