Chapter 4 AP history
What were the impacts of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on the Americas?
- Chattel slavery - Immense size of the traffic in slaves - Largely based on plantation agriculture - Treated enslaved people as a form of dehumanized property - Enslaved people lacked any rights in society Status was inherited across generations - Atlantic slavery was identified wholly with Africa and race for the first time ever
What is a lateen sail and why was it significant in the 1450-1750 time period?
- Lateen sail was a triangular sail that allowed ships against the wind. This was significant because before, sailors could only travel in the direction of the wind.
Describe colonial economies in this time period.
- Many asian and african states continued to gain wealth through trade in the indian ocean, but others adopted policies of isolation.
Describe European maritime empires: Portugese:
- Bustling trade empire built throughout the Indian Ocean. Extended control after defeating Muslim fleet and captured Goa which was made the capital of their trading empire. After this they seized the Strait of Malacca which gave them control of the Moluccas also known as the Spice Islands.
What is a caravel and why was it significant in the 1450 to 1750 time period?
- Caravel was a Porteguese ship used to explore the west coast. This ship was primarly important because of being at the best sea level.
What factors caused the Columbian Exchange?
- Advanced technologies - Universalization of Christianity - The finding of the New World - Knowledge of currents and monsoon patterns and the great dying
Give examples of how state expansion and centralization led to resistance from groups on a local level.
- Ana Nzinga's Resistance - War - Fronde
Describe European maritime empires: Dutch:
- Colonies on spice islands. Calvinism was dominant. Trading companies received charters from the government. Main trade was in spices. Highly commercialized society. Brutalized native population. Worked with China for brief period of time. Profit over faith.
Explain the continuities and changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750.
- Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and include intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants.(e.g. Swahili Arabs, Omanis, Gujaratis, Javanese) - Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit'a, and introduced new labor systems including chattal slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda, and hacienda systems. - In the period 1450 to 1750, economic systems such as the Indian Ocean Trade Network and the Mit'a System remained largely the same despite the influence of European powers; however, Europeans also introduced the new forms of labor, including the Hacienda System and chattel slavery to the Americas.
Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750.
- During the period 1450 to 1750, the structures of African slave trade and Indian Ocean Trade Network remained largely the same despite European involvement, while the new Columbian Exchange and the massive increase in demand for slaves caused significant changes.
What continuities in economic and labor systems existed in the 1450 to 1750 time period?
- Economic and labor systems that existed during the 1450 to 1750 time period were-Encomienda - Chattel Slavery - Russian Serfdom - Inca Mita - Indentured Servitude - Hacienda
Describe mercantilism.
- Economic gain for the mother country - Encouraged exports - Accumulation of silver and gold - Raw materials extracted from colonies - Finished goods and services are sold/traded to colonies
How did joint-stock companies allow European states to consolidate and maintain power in their colonies?
- Encouraged investments by making it safer and less risky - Charters with their government allowed them to buy, sell, build trading posts, and make war in the company's' best interests
Describe European maritime empires: British:
- England had colonies in North America, India, and the West Indies. Most land was owned by the gentry class and worked by slaves and tenants. Very patriarchal. North American colonies practiced self government. Directed by joint-stock companies. Mainly traded tea, sugar, tobacco and later, cotton. Manipulated the markets rather than outright attacking them. Natives were wiped out by diseases. Rivalry with France. Competition with other empires. High literacy rates. Mixed religions in colonies
Describe the Columbian Exchange.
- The columbian exchange was started by Christopher -Traded luxury items - Places involved: Europe, Africa and Asia → North America - Americas → Europe, Africa, and Asia - The Great Dying (caused labor shortages) - Colonization, universalization of Christianity
Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750.
- Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks. Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies.(e.g. Ming China, Tokugawa Shogunate) - Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British. - The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence. - In the period 1450 to 1750, Portugal developed by establishing trading posts around the world and monopolizing the Indian Ocean spice trade, and the Spanish empire grew by colonizing the New World and trading American gold and silver via the Philippine Islands.
What factors drove the demand for chattel slavery?
- Expansion - Need for labor - Expanding Western economy
Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750.
- In some cases, the increase and intensification of interactions between newly connected hemispheres expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions, and contributed to religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices. - In the period 1450 to 1750, both Christianity and the native Mesoamerican religions had a strong role in the governments of the states where they were present; however, Christianity was able to spread beyond its continent of origin and survive, while the Mesoamerican religions could not and became extinct.
How was the use of slavery in this time period different from slavery in previous periods of history?
- In the past Europeans would use indiginous people as slaves, but because of the Great Dying and other diseases, indigenous people were soon killed off. As times grew, slavery also began to be associated with race.
Describe the difference between the trading-post empire established by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the colonies they established in the New World.
- Indian Ocean: based on manufactured goods, there were many people who made a living there, more industrialized/urban - Colonies: plantations - with slaves, communities were sprinkled out, priests and Jesuits prioritizing conversion of the natives
Describe the isolationist policies of China and Japan. Why did they enact these policies? What were the long-term outcomes?
- Japan: Shoguns and the government viewed the Europeans as a threat. Excelled christian missionaries, executed missionaries who didn't give up their beliefs, ban western books, shoguns forbade japanese to travel abroad, only the dutch could trade (only at one port), ban european travelers and merchants
Give an example of a society that gave differential treatment to a group or groups within their empire.
- Jesuits, white farmers in North America
Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time.
- Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups' roles in society, politics, or the economy. i. Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire ii. Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China iii. Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire - Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system. - The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.Ex: Ottoman timars, Russian boyars, European nobility - Over time, empires such as the Ottomans and Mughals maintained practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their inhabitants, while empires like the French and Japanese changed from toleration to suppression and limited the role of minority groups in society.
Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period from 1450 to 1750.
- Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. - Joint-stock companies or people would be sent to explore the new world and be sponsored by the mother country, was influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade. - Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.Ex: Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean, Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire - In the period 1450 to 1750, mercantilist policies and the establishment of overseas colonies by joint-stock companies were used by European rulers to consolidate and maintain power.
What were some of the economic outcomes of European maritime exploration (positive and negative).
- Negative- disease, environmental issues = more money spent towards fixing problems - Positive- new products were traded, more wealth was put into joint stock companies, plantation farming was more popular, new alliances were forged
Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Western Hemisphere (New World). Include both positive and negative outcomes.
- Negative: disease, environmental issues, slave rebellion, silver was taken from the Europeans (nothing as valuable was returned) - Positive: increase in population, food supply increases, live stock altered environment (providing meat, milk, hides, and wool, etc)
Describe new technologies of the 1450 - 1750 time period and specific examples of how they facilitated patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750.
- New types of ships that had different widths and lengths - Carrack was used for trade and was easier to withhold resources on because of its increase of size. Mostly used in Portugal. - The Caravel was a ship that had very good qualities. It increased the amount of supply they could carry, it was faster, it was able to sail against the wind, and was cheaper. - fluyt (carried two times the cargo and ½ of European sea trade).
What were the economic factors that drove maritime exploration by Europeans?
- New world silver and gold, plantation farming, joint stock companies, Columbian Exchange
Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Eastern Hemisphere (Old World). Include both positive and negative outcomes.
- No immunity to old world diseases - Slave rebellion - Environmental issues from new technologies and foods
Explain the first global economy embodied by the trade in silver.
- North and South America, Afroeurasia: The Columbian Exchange really started the widespread demand on New World silver. It was a source of currency and a luxury material that was used for jewelry and even some weapons.
Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750.
- Notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from slave trades. - The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor, including slaves, and the mixing of Africa, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis. - Although many European states had political effects including taking control of New World land from natives, economic desires that caused the division of many Sub-Saharan Africans from their home to serve in chattel slavery in the Americas and the cultural exchange that occurred from the Atlantic Ocean trade had the largest effects on society in 1450-1750.
What specific states supported maritime exploration in this time period? Give specific examples of states and what they did to support exploration.
- Portugal (agricultural products) - Spain (agricultural products) - Netherlands (animal products) - France (animal products and manufactured products) - England (manufactured products) - 13 colonies (manufactured products), coast of Africa (slave trade) - All empires supported slave trade and the Columbian Exchange
Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states.
- Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire, or controlling trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to pay duties/taxes to trade sites. - Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade. - North Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. - In the period 1450 to 1750, the economic causes of maritime exploration by the various European states included the lack of land expansion opportunities for Portugal, leading to sponsorship maritime exploration and a global trading post empire, and Spain's sponsorship of Columbus' voyage to find a new route to Asia, resulting in the discovery of the Americas and its wealth of silver.
Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750.
- Slavery in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean regions. - The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes. - In the period 1450 to 1750, the legal rights of slaves in Africa and the method of capturing and selling them remained constant; however, there were significant changes in the amount of slaves sold because of the increased European demand, and chattel slavery was introduced to the Americas.
Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750
- State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level. - Pueblo revolts, Cossack revolts, Maratha conflict with Mughals - Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas.Ex: The establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil, North American slave resistance
Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time.
- The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world. - Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation. - The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. - Although the world's productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agriculture, major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes. - The demand for labor intensified as a result of the growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed in nature, plantations expanded, and the Atlantic slave trade developed and intensified. - Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated. - Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. - In the period of 1450 to 1750, the economic systems related to the Triangular Trade affected the social structures by creating New World European social hierarchical systems in both the British and Spanish colonies.
Describe cultural syncretism that occurred as a result of the Atlantic trading system.
- The lady of guadalupe: She was viewed as a native and spanish - Vodun/Vodou: viewed as catholics dancing around and making sacrifices. Was mainly practiced and originated in West and Central Africa
Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
- The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange. - Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves.(e.g. Horses, pigs, cattle (cows), Okra, rice) - American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East. - Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. - European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas. - In the period 1450 to 1750, the causes of the Columbian Exchange included contact between Europeans and the natives, leading to the transfer go European diseases to the natives and the death of most of the natives in the Western Hemisphere, as well as the colonization of the Americas by Europeans resulting in the adoption of American foods like corn and potatoes in the Eastern hemisphere, leading to a population boom there.
What continuities in networks of exchange existed in relation to the 1200 to 14 50 time period?
- The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants. - The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including slaves. - Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased.Ex: Western Europe - wool and linen, India - cotton, China - silk
What were the impacts the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West Africa?
- The overall population in Africa grew during this period because of new food crops introduced by the Columbian exchange. The gender imbalance due to the demand for male, african slaves led to to polygamy.
What is the mit'a system and how was it exploited by the Spanish empire?
- The spanish adopted this system that already existed in the Inca empire. This system is something like a tax or tribute of a set of days of labor each year
How did the Ottoman and Mughal Empires attempt to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their empires?
- The sultan and the government administered the diverse population by using millets. Millets were administrative groups used to organize religious groups.
Describe indentured servitude. Who were typically indentured servants in this time period and how would that change in the 1750-1900 time period?
- The system where land owners would pay transportation costs for migrants in Africa and Asia to come to the Americas or sometimes other parts of the Maritime empire. In exchange, these migrants worked essentially for free for usually around seven years.
What changes in networks of exchange existed in relation to the 1200 to 1450 time period?
- Trans-Atlantic slave trade (slavery based on race and hierarchy), joint stock companies, more knowledge on current patterns
What is the encomienda?
- a Spanish encomendero was granted a number of native laborers who would pay tributes to him in exchange for his protection. - enslave Native Americans and the purpose was to use the slaves as a labor source. - as encomenderos ignored the laws and revolted against any attempt to weaken their power of their laborers.
Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750.
- a new vessel: the caravel was created - triangular sails adopted from the Arabs - astrolabe from the Muslims was created - magnetic compass from the Chinese In summary: technology advanced which made it easier for people to travel to one place and back with new technology and ideas - Thesis: In the period 1450 to 1750, the cross-cultural interactions between Europe and Asia resulted in the diffusion of technology such as lateen sails and compasses, which enabled Europe to shift focus from land-based exchanges to maritime exploration and trade.
Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750.
- lack of land in Portugal, leading to voyage to find passage west for India. Leading to the global trading empires to be made. - technological advances allowed easier travel, faster, safe, and cheaper
Describe European maritime empires: Spanish:
- purpose- exploit gold and provide population outlet; conquistadors established this empire; predominantly located in the americas (exception is the phillipenes)
Give an example of technology in the 1750-1900 time period that facilitated trade and travel during that later time period.
- telephone - steam engine
Describe technological diffusions that occurred in the 1450-1750 time period. Name the technology, its origins, and where it diffused.
- the astrolabe was spread by Muslim merchants and travelers to Europe, it was used for navigating on water - the compass was diffused from Asia(China), to Europe. It provided further developments in ocean travel. - cartography/map making and the knowledge of wind patterns improved navigation and spread by Europeans
What is a hacienda?
- working on the land in debt in some way or another so that they could not leave the land that they were working. - The hacienda system was established to keep people that were in debt working on a piece of land - workers revolted against the landlords and started defending their rights.
Describe the casta system that was a result of the Atlantic trading system.
1. Peninsulares (those born on the Iberian peninsula-Spain & Portugal) 2. Criolles (those of Spanish descent, but born in the Americas) 3. Castas (people of mixed-race ancestry) -Mestizos (mixed European and indigenous ancestry) -Mulattoes (mixed European and African ancestry) -Zambos (mixed indigenous and African ancestry) 4. African slaves & Indigenous peoples