Chapter 4 Biol 189 Homework

Covalent

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? - ionic - covalent - hydrogen - carbon is an inert element

differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond This is the definition of cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers).

Cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers) are molecules that _____. - differ in their molecular formulas - are mirror images - are isomers in which one of the molecules contains an amino group and the other contains a phosphate group - differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond - are isomers that differ in the covalent partnerships between their atoms

Carboxyl The carboxyl group can release a hydrogen ion when in solution.

Citric acid makes lemons taste sour. Which of the following is a functional group that would cause a molecule such as citric acid to be acidic? See Concept 4.3 (Page) - carboxyl - amino - hydroxyl - carbonyl - hydrocarbon

are mirror images This is the definition of enantiomers.

Enantiomers are molecules that __ - contain a carboxyl group - are mirror images - differ in the arrangement of their molecules about a double bond - contain an -OH group - are isomers that differ in the covalent partnerships between their atoms

Alcohol: is polar and makes compounds more soluble to water Carboxylic acid: acts as an acid Aldehyde: may be a structural isomer of a ketone Thiol: forms disulfide bonds Amine: Acts as a base Organic phosphate: contributes negative charge. Some biologically important functional groups include the hydroxyl group, the carbonyl group, the carboxyl group, the amino group, the sulfhydryl group, and the phosphate group. Phosphate groups, for example, are an important part of the structure of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), an energy storage molecule in cells.

Functional groups confer specific chemical properties to the molecules of which they are a part. In this activity, you will identify which compounds exhibit certain chemical properties as well as examples of those six different compounds. Drag one molecule and one chemical property to each bin. If one property can apply to more than one functional group, choose the best answer for each functional group.

Isomers differ in the arrangement or bonding of atoms. Isomers may differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms or the position of double bonds within the molecule and thus have different chemical properties.

How do isomers differ from one another? - Isomers differ in molecular formulas. - Isomers differ in the arrangement or bonding of atoms. - Isomers differ in charge.

Amino and carboxyl are functional groups. Read about the variety of biologically important functional groups and note the structure and functional properties of amino and carboxyl groups.

Identify the functional groups. - Amino and carboxyl are functional groups. - DNA and RNA are functional groups. Lipids and proteins are functional groups.

Parkinson's disease People with Parkinson's disease lack dopamine.

L-dopa is used to treat _____. - Marfan's syndrome - muscle sprains = Alzheimer's disease - Parkinson's disease - laryngitis

the study of carbon compounds.

Organic chemistry is currently defined as - the study of natural (as opposed to synthetic) compounds. - the study of carbon compounds. - the study of hydrocarbons. - the study of compounds made only by living cells.

Carbon With four electrons to share, carbon-based molecules can be multibranching and three-dimensionally variable.

The large diversity of shapes of biological molecules is possible because of the extensive presence of __________ in the molecules. -sulfur -carbon -oxygen -nitrogen -hydrogen

A functional group is a group of atoms bonded together in a specific way that can replace a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon. The molecule shown here contains four functional groups (−OH, −SH, −NH2, and −OPO^2 ↓−3) attached to a carbon chain that is six carbon atoms long.

The molecule shown here contains four functional groups. Highlight all the atoms of the four functional groups, but do not highlight any bonds. When you click on each atom, it will change color. To deselect an atom, click on it again. Before you submit, check that you have not selected any bonds.

cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers) These molecules differ in how their atoms are arranged about a double bond.

These molecules are _____. - ATP and ADP - cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers) - enantiomers - thiols - structural isomers

enantiomers These molecules are mirror images.

These molecules are _____. - enantiomers - cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers) - R-dopa and L-dopa - thiols - structural isomers

structural isomers The two molecules differ in the covalent bond relationships among their atoms.

These molecules are _____. - enantiomers -thiols - structural isomers - amines - cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers)

not isomers These molecules have different molecular formulas.

This pair of molecules are - not isomers - cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers) - identical - structural isomers - enantiomers

C2H4

Visualize the structural formula of each of the following hydrocarbons. Which hydrocarbon has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? -C2H6 -C3H8 -C2H2 -C2H4

phosphate The addition and release of phosphate groups to and from ADP and ATP is how cells store chemical energy and expend it to accomplish work.

What functional group is commonly used in cells to transfer energy from one organic molecule to another? -sulfhydryl -carboxyl -amino -phosphate -hydroxyl

None R-dopa has no effect on Parkinson's disease.

What kind of effect does R-dopa have on Parkinson's disease? -It alleviates the symptoms. - At first it makes the symptoms worse but over the long term it alleviates the symptoms. - None. - At first it alleviates the symptoms but over the long term it makes the symptoms worse. - It makes the symptoms of Parkinson's disease worse.

amino

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base? - amino - phosphate - carbonyl - hydroxyl

carboxyl

Which functional group is present in this molecule? methyl sulfhydryl carboxyl phosphate

first, third and fourth Since carbon atoms are tetravalent (able to form four bonds), atoms may branch off a carbon atom in as many as four places. The ability of a carbon atom to form four different bonds allows carbon to form many different sizes and types of molecules. Carbon atoms may form chains, rings, or combinations of chains and rings. The tetravalence of carbon makes it particularly well-suited to forming the backbone of a huge diversity of organic molecules.

Which molecules show an appropriate number of bonds around each carbon atom?

The amino group is most likely to gain a proton. An amino group acts as a base and can pick up protons from the surrounding medium, becoming positively charged.

Which of the functional groups shown above is most likely to gain a proton and become positively charged? - The amino group is most likely to gain a proton. - The hydroxyl group is most likely to gain a proton. - The carboxyl group is most likely to gain a proton.

A The electronegativity of nitrogen means that amino groups tend to pick up hydrogen ions

Which one of these functional group behaves as a base? - A - B - C - D - E - F

F

Which one of these functional group behaves as an acid? - A - B - C - D - E - F

D Hydroxyl groups are characteristic of alcohol.

Which one of these functional group is characteristic of alcohol? - A - B - C - D - E - F

E Thiols are characterized by the presence of a sulfhydryl group.

Which one of these groups is characteristic of thiols? - A - B - C - D - E - F

B Phosphate groups are a component of ATP.

Which one of these groups plays a major role in energy transfer? - A - B - C - D - E - F

C

Which one of these is a carbonyl group? - A - B - C - D - E - F

F

Which one of these is a carboxyl group? - A - B - C - D - E - F

D This is a hydroxyl group.

Which one of these is a hydroxyl group? - A - B - C - D - E - F

B Of the choices, this is the only one that contains phosphorus.

Which one of these is a phosphate group? - A - B - C - D - E - F

A This is an amino group, NH2.

Which one of these is an amino group? - A - B - C - D - E