Chapter 4 Cellular Energy
A class of biology students performed a series of experiments to determine optimum rates of fermentation for a particular strain of yeast. The graphs were produced from the data they collected. Analyze their results to answer the question. For this strain of yeast, what are the optimum conditions for maximizing the rate of fermentation?
A temperature around 30℃ and a pH around 4.5
How is ADP different from ATP?
ADP has one less phosphate group and stores less energy
Why do cells tend to have more ADP molecules than ATP molecules?
ATP does not store long-term energy
The graph could be used to represent which cellular process?
Cellular respiration
In photosynthesis, energy from the sun is converted to (and stored in) which of the following?
Chemical bonds in carbohydrates
What type of energy is formed in ATP?
Chemical potential
Which describes the type of energy stored in glucose?
Chemical potential
The source of energy for cellular respiration is light, but the source of energy for photosynthesis is the chemical bonds in carbohydrate molecules.
False
Which of these is broken down during cellular respiration to obtain energy?
Glucose
The first stage of all energy-releasing pathways for organisms is ___.
Glycolysis
A student participating in an exercise physiology lab notices a burning sensation in her leg muscles. She is observing the side effect of which process in her legs?
Lactic acid fermentation
Aerobic Cellular respiration mostly occurs where?
Mitochondria
Which one of the following characteristics could describe a heterotroph?
Obtains energy by consuming glucose
During photosynthesis, what occurs in the light dependent reactions?
Oxygen is released
Which of the following statements is true about photosynthesis? Photosynthesis uses oxygen and water to produce glucose and carbon dioxide Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and oxygen to produce glucose and water Photosynthesis uses glucose and water to produce oxygen and carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis uses water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen
A molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups as shown. Why are these three phosphate groups important to living organisms?
Releasing a phosphate group from ATP releases energy that can be used by a cell
A molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups. Why are these three phosphate groups important to living organisms?
Releasing a phosphate group from ATP releases energy that can be used by a cell
In which structure does the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
Stroma
In their experiments, students used glucose as the sugar being fermented. A group of students wanted to experiment further to see if different types of sugar would affect the rate of fermentation. They graphed their experiment further to see if different types of sugar would affect the rate of fermentation. They graphed their results. Which type of sugar showed the greatest rate of fermentation?
Sucrose
The diagram summarizes the reactions involved in photosynthesis. In the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis, energy from light is used to split water molecules. The solar energy from the light is transferred to NADPH and ATP. how is that energy related to the formation of glucose?
The energy is transferred to and stored in the bonds of glucose
A student constructs a closed aquatic ecosystem to study the effects of light intensity on the rates of photosynthesis and oxygen concentrations. She places several aquatic plants along with water and nutrients in a sealed 1 liter glass bottle. She follows all rules for experiments. She finds that oxygen formation increases as light intensity increases, but the oxygen concentration does not continually rise. She concluded that she must have a leak in her closed ecosystem. What could be an alternative explanation for her oxygen concentration readings?
The plants are also using oxygen while undergoing cellular respiration
All organisms undergo some form of cellular respiration. What is the purpose of this process?
To convert glucose into cellular energy
Which statement best describes the main purpose of cellular respiration in cells?
To obtain energy to use in other processes
What is the most important purpose of photosynthesis to plants?
To store energy in the chemical bonds of glucose
Cellular respiration is needed in all cells and takes place all the time, but photosynthesis only occurs in certain plant cells when light is available
True
During both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, energy is stored when chemical bonds are created, and energy is released when chemical bonds are broken.
True
During photosynthesis, electromagnetic energy from the sun is transformed into chemical potential energy stored in the bonds of glucose.
True
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration cycle carbon between living organisms and the atmosphere.
True
The chemical reactions in cellular respiration use glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. The chemical reactions for photosynthesis do the opposite.
True
Which of the following statements are true about ATP? Select all that are true. Used ATP is discarded by the cell as waste A single molecule of ATP stores more chemical energy than glucose
When ATP releases energy, ADP is formed, ATP provides energy for cells to function, ATP stores chemical potential energy in its phosphate bonds
How is energy released from ATP? When an adenine base is added When an additional phosphate group is added When the ribose sugar is changed to deoxyribose
When a phosphate group is removed
What three components make up both ADP and ATP?
adenine, Ribose sugar and Phosphates
___ processes require oxygen.
aerobic
Study the diagram. Which process is represented by the question mark?
aerobic respiration
___ processes do not require oxygen.
anaerobic
Bacteria in the intestines of humans break down glucose into lactic acid. Which cellular process do these bacteria most likely use to produce energy?
anaerobic respiration
An organism that makes its own food.
autotroph
The diagram shows how a plant interfaces with its environment in various ways. How is the process occurring in the plant best described?
autotrophic nutrition by photosynthesis
Chemical bonds store energy that can be released when the bond is ___.
broken
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration cycle which of the following between the atmosphere and living organisms?
carbon and oxygen
The diagram shows oxygen as a product. Which compound would be a reactant in this process?
carbon dioxide
What are the reactants or raw materials of photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide and water
During which set of reactions is energy from glucose converted into ATP?
cellular respiration
A green pigment that traps energy from sunlight is ___.
chlorophyll
Photosynthesis involves an energy conversion from sunlight to chemical energy. Which of the following represents the molecule that is capable of absorbing this energy from the sun?
chlorophyll
Elodea is generating oxygen. In what organelle did that oxygen originate?
chloroplast
Which process produces the most ATP?
electron transport chain
Consider the following chemical reaction that can take place in plants and yeast. C6H12O6 (glucose)→C2H5OH (ethanol, alcohol) + CO2 (carbon dioxide)+ ATP (energy) Which process is represented by this reaction?
fermentation
Which of the following is a product of photosynthesis?
glucose
Study the chemical reaction shown that creates carbon dioxide as a product and releases energy in the form of ATP. X, Y, and Z represent unknown compounds. X + Y →CO2 + Z + ATP Which two of the following compounds could represent X and Y in this reaction?
glucose and oxygen
What happens during cellular respiration?
glucose is broken down, releasing energy
The breakdown of sugar is called ___.
glycolysis
Which process occurs in the cytoplasm?
glycolysis
An organism that cannot make its own food.
heterotroph
Which of the following is produced by the Calvin cycle?
high-energy sugar
In a eukaryotic cell, where does most aerobic respiration take place?
in mitochondria
Where can lactic acid fermentation be found to occur?
in muscle cell
The drawing shows the cross section of a plant leaf. The guard cells open and close the stomata. How does the stoma contribute to the survival of the plant?
it allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaf so that photosynthesis can take place
If a student is conducting a photosynthesis experiment, which part of the plant should she use to obtain a sample?
leaves
The glucose produced during photosynthesis is an example of a ___.
mmosaccharide
Cells use ATP energy to move materials across cell membranes. Which process(es) would you expect to use ATP to release energy for cellular work? Select all that apply.
nerve transmission, Exocytosis, Muscle contraction
The diagram below represents the gas exchange relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. What gas does the arrow labeled 2 represent?
oxygen
What are the products of photosynthesis?
oxygen and glucose
In the oxygen cycle, which of the following processes releases oxygen gas back into the atmosphere?
photosynthesis
Plants use sunlight to make food in a process called ___.
photosynthesis
What process is being shown?
photosynthesis
Which process is correctly aligned with the organelle in which it occurs?
photosynthesis: chloroplast/ respiration: mitochondria
Humans can undergo either aerobic or anaerobic respiration. Choose the two activities where you would expect human muscle cells to undergo anaerobic respiration.
sprinting, weight lifting
The Calvin cycle takes place in the ___.
stroma
What happens during photosynthesis?
the cell uses the energy in sunlight to make food
The energy that powers photosynthesis comes from ___.
the sun
Energy from sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll located in the ___.
thylakoids
A botanist performs an experiment to compare the amounts of carbon dioxide produced by aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plant cells. The results were graphed. Which line on the graph represents aerobic respiration - with or without air?
with air
If a student wants to demonstrate cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen, what process should he expect to take place after glycolysis?
Krebs cycle
Aerobic respiration requires which of the following compounds?
Oxygen
The tropical rainforests are sometimes called the "lungs of the earth" because of the abundance of plant species. Which two atmospheric gases are balanced by tropical rainforests?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Which stages are found in cellular respiration. Select all that apply.
The Krebs cycle, electron transport , Glycolysis
Which statement below best describes why a student would not observe green color in onion bulb cells using a compound light microscope?
The onion bulb cells do not contain chloroplasts
ATP releases energy when a bond is broken between which of the following?
The second and third phosphate groups
Chlorophyll traps ___ from sunlight.
energy
What are the raw materials of respiration?
glucose and oxygen
What are the products of cellular respiration?
water and carbon dioxide
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a strain of yeast used by a teacher to demonstrate glycolysis to his students. How many ATP molecules should the students expect to be produced for each glucose molecule?
2
Which of the following shows the correct net equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight →C6H12O6 + 6O2
Which summarizes aerobic cellular respiration?
6O2 + C6H12O6→6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
When is energy released from ATP?
A chemical bond is broken and a phosphate is removed
A botanist performs an experiment to compare the amounts of carbon dioxide produced by aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plant cells. The results were graphed. The botanist concluded that plants create more energy when they have air than then they are deprived of air. How does the data justify this conclusion?
A greater production of carbon dioxide indicates a more efficient conversion of glucose into energy
Which process(es) use ATP in a cell?
Active transport , moving organelles, Sodium-potassium pump
Which of the following are part of an ATP molecule? Choose all that apply.
Adenine , phosphate , Ribose sugar
A botanist performs an experiment to compare the amounts of carbon dioxide produced by aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plant cells. The results were graphed. Which type of respiration produces more carbon dioxide - aerobic or anaerobic?
Aerobic
Which of the following processes produces the most ATP?
Aerobic respiration
How is aerobic respiration best compared or contrasted to fermentation?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more energy
Which of the following describes how aerobic and anaerobic respiration are different?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, but anaerobic respiration doesn't
After glycolysis, what will happen next in the leaf cells of a tobacco plant in the absence of oxygen?
Alcoholic fermentation
Which of the following organisms can convert sunlight energy into chemical energy? Choose all that apply.
An oak tree , a tomato plant
Gardeners often create compost piles where they allow bacteria to convert grass clippings, fruit and vegetable peels, egg shells, etc. into usable organic humus to add to their gardens. In one type of composting, the compost pile is kept very wet so as to drive out any available oxygen. What type of bacteria will thrive in this type of compost pile?
Anaerobic bacteria
A class of biology students performed a series of experiments to determine optimum rates of fermentation for a particular strain of yeast. The graphs were produced from the data they collected. Analyze their results to answer the question. For this strain of yeast, how does yeast concentration affect the rate of fermentation?
As yeast concentration increases, the rate of fermentation increases
How do cells most directly utilize the energy needed to do cellular work?
By breaking a phosphate bond in ATP to form ADP
The diagram shows how a plant interfaces with its environment in various ways. Using the diagram in the above picture, which series of steps best represents nutrition?
C + D + E → A + B
Which of the following shows the correct net reaction for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
